Major Depressive Disorder of Sarah and possible therapeutic solutions

The report focused on the "Major Depressive Disorder" of Sarah and its classification under ICD-10. Additionally, the root cause, therapies as well and global and historical viewpoints of the disease have been discussed.

Major Depressive Disorder as per ICD-10 classifications

According to the symptoms from the cases, it has been observed that Sarah was undergoing an episode of depression. This illness is classified within a group of Mood (Affective) Disorders in the "International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10)" (ICD10 data., 2023). It is categorised under F-32 of ICD-10. In a more precise categorisation, the observed condition may be identified as" Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)", characterised by recurrent episodes, as demonstrated by Sarah's fluctuating mood patterns over a duration of two months. Episodes of major depression are distinguished by the presence of persistent and continuous mood swings, a notable decrease in interest or enjoyment in many activities, substantial changes in weight and food, disruptions in sleep patterns, exhaustion, thoughts of meaninglessness or regret, and challenges in maintaining focus and attention (World Health Organization, 2020). Sarah's symptoms, including swings in mood, decreased energy levels, less interest in activities, substantial weight loss, and deficiencies in job performance, align with the diagnostic criteria for a severe depressive episode.

Sarah must seek the guidance of a healthcare expert to undergo a thorough evaluation, get an accurate diagnosis, and receive suitable therapy. The ICD-10 categorisation system functions as a diagnostic framework, and a competent mental health professional may conduct an appropriate assessment and offer tailored treatment to meet her requirements and enhance her general welfare (Sawchuk, 2022). Depression is an illness that may be effectively treated, and people such as Sarah can get a substantial reduction of their symptoms and restore their overall well-being with prompt intervention.

A brief description of this disorder

“Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)", referred to as clinical depression is a pervasive and consequential psychological disorder that includes a chronic and pervasive state of sadness. This illness is accompanied by a variety of mental, emotional, and physical signs that have a major influence on an individual's daily functioning. It is categorised under F32 in the "International Classification of Diseases

Extensive low mood:

A person detected with "Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)" presents a persistent state of depressed mood that persists for a minimum duration of two weeks, often extending beyond this timeframe (Sawchuk, 2022). Here, Sara faced issues for the last two months which affected her normal functioning.

Physical and cognitive symptoms:

Common symptoms include alterations in food and weight, disruptions in sleep patterns such as insomnia or hypersomnia, feelings of weariness, and challenges in maintaining concentration. According to Sarah's case, lack of hunger, decreased weight, and early awakening indicate the loss of these activities.

Loss of interest:

One crucial determinant of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the presence of anhedonia, which refers to the diminished interest in things that were previously satisfying including hobbies, social contacts, and job-related responsibilities (Bhandari, 2020).

Sleep disturbances

Sleep patterns are often disturbed, exhibiting a range of symptoms that include insomnia, defined as difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, and hypersomnia, characterised by excessive sleepiness (Felson, 2020).

Fatigue and less energy

Individuals diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) often experience a state of physical and mental fatigue, which may result in performing basic activities with huge obstacles (Felson, 2020).

Cognitive impairment:

The impairment of attention and decision-making skills often leads to reduced productivity and challenges in memory retention. In this case, Sarah faced issues in concentrating her work.

Feelings of worthlessness and guilt:

Individuals diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) may encounter unjustified and severe emotions characterised by thoughts of inadequacy remorse, or self-criticism.

Potential causes of psychological disorder

The root cause of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is diverse and often includes an interaction of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological determinants. Although the precise origin of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) may exhibit variability across individuals. The possible causes are described below:

Genetic factors

It has been observed that "Major Depressive Disorder" is influenced by genetics. Individuals who possess a parental history that includes past episodes of depression may potentially face an elevated susceptibility to this mental health condition.

Neurochemical imbalances

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is linked to the dysregulation of some neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (Filatova et al. 2021). These chemical compounds have a crucial role in the regulation of feelings and emotions.

Hormonal imbalances

Changes in hormonal levels, including those experienced throughout pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause, and also imbalances in thyroid function, have the potential to develop or worsen symptoms of depression.

Environmental factors

The occurrence of distressing life experiences, such as the death of a significant individual, instances of mistreatment, or persistent psychological strain, might be influential factors in the development of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (Remes et al. 2021). Childhood challenges have the potential to raise the symptoms of Sarah.

Physical health condition

Physical well-being impacts the mental condition of individuals. Depression may be linked with long-term illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and persistent pain.

Medication issues

Certain drugs, particularly those that influence the central nervous system, have the potential to induce depressive symptoms. Substance misuse, such as both alcohol and drug utilisation, constitutes an adverse factor.

Social isolation

The absence of social interaction and the experience of isolation may be influential factors in the development of Major Depressive Disorder (Remes et al. 2021). Stigma is related to mental health issues and creates obstacles to treating the psychological issues of individuals. The establishment of healthy relationships is crucial for the maintenance of mental wellness.

Possible treatments to mitigate the symptoms of Sarah

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychological condition that can be cured by proper medical treatment. The therapy is dependent on the seriousness of the depression, and some individualistics variables. Some following treatments help Sarah to mitigate the severity of her symptoms and back to her normal life.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(CBT):

The technique is frequently employed to assist people in identifying and modifying detrimental cognitive patterns and behaviours that contribute to their depressive symptoms (NHS. (2021).

Interpersonal therapy(IPT):

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) emphasises enhancing interaction and fostering connections, resulting in offering potential benefits in cases when depression is associated with social conflicts or interpersonal challenges (World Health Organization, 2020). It might be helpful to treat Sarah.

Medication

Medicines which include "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)", "serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)", and other similar medications can modulate neurotransmitter activity that is linked to mood regulation (Bains & Abdijadid, 2022). Sarah needs to consult a psychiatrist to understand the appropriate medicine based on the intensity of the illness.

Electro Convulsive therapy(ECT)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often used in instances of major depressive disorder (MDD) that are deemed severe, or in situations where other therapeutic interventions have shown to be ineffective (Bains & Abdijadid, 2022). The procedure includes the deliberate induction of regulated seizures to produce favourable alterations in brain chemistry.

Lifestyle changes

Regular exercise:

Sarah must engage in physical exercise which might have a positive impact on mood enhancement and the reduction of depression symptoms (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Healthy diet:

Sarah needs to consume a balanced diet that includes vital nutrients that have the potential to positively impact one's mental well-being.

Sleep hygiene:

It is required for Sarah to make a consistent sleep routine to enhance the sleep quality which may contribute to the management of depression (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Support groups:

Group therapy may facilitate the development of a communal environment where individuals can collectively discuss their experiences to foster psychological assistance and provide participants with effective coping mechanisms (Remes et al. 2021).

Self-help strategies

Self-counseling and practices such as meditation and deep inhaling have the potential to decrease stress levels of Sarah and enhance their emotional well-being.

Historical and global viewpoints on this psychological illness

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has a substantial historical foundation, defined by progressive concepts. During ancient times, there was a connection between this concept with physical humour, whereas, in the Middle Ages, it was frequently understood from an ethical or spiritual perspective. During the 20th century, there was a notable emergence of a medical viewpoint which subsequently resulted in significant improvements in the field of therapy.

The cultural perspective of depression exhibits significant variation on a worldwide scale. The occurrence is shaped by cultural norms, emotions, and perceptions of symptoms. The presence of stigma continues to serve as a prevalent obstacle in the pursuit of getting assistance (Borenstein, 2020). There exists variation in treatment techniques, which cover both conventional and contemporary procedures. From a global perspective, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has a significant influence on mental well-being, efficiency, and overall quality of life. Numerous entities endeavour to tackle these major difficulties, focused on raising awareness, mitigating social stigma, and enhancing the availability of psychological care provisions. An extensive viewpoint acknowledges the worldwide prevalence of depression and emphasises the requirement to utilise a range of culturally suitable methods for its treatment.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the depressive symptoms of Sarah indicate the need for immediate treatment to manage her symptoms and improve her quality of life.

Are you struggling to keep up with the demands of your academic journey? Don't worry, we've got your back! Exam Question Bank is your trusted partner in achieving academic excellence for all kind of technical and non-technical subjects.

Our comprehensive range of academic services is designed to cater to students at every level. Whether you're a high school student, a college undergraduate, or pursuing advanced studies, we have the expertise and resources to support you.

To connect with expert and ask your query click here Exam Question Bank