Pharmaceutical Assignment

Question 1

1. The parts of the brain that are harmed in aphasia are the language regions, which normally reside in the hemisphere with the dominant function. The majority of persons have higher left hemisphere dominance. Arcuate fasciculus, Wernicke area, and Broca area are some of these regions. The leading cause of aphasia is CVA. A CVA occurs when an ischemic event such as an embolism or thrombosis or a haemorrhagic event such as an intracerebral or subarachnoid haemorrhage results in a considerable decrease in blood flow to a specific region of the brain or its entire stoppage. When subcortical regions deep inside the left hemisphere are damaged, such as the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and both the inner and outer capsules, aphasia can occasionally follow (Deng et al., 2015).
2. The description of the right-sided facial droop and right-sided weakness in the upper and lower limbs is indicative of the cause that defines the face nerve's paralysis mechanism. The facial nerve passes through the infratemporal course in a narrow bone canal; therefore any irritation or growth of the nerve will result in compression, which may cause ischemic changes. The part of the nerve where compression is most likely to occur is the labyrinthine section. Any skeletal anomalies or injuries may break the connection between the face nerve and its bone canal, which could cause paralysis. Any skeletal anomalies or injuries may cause the facial nerve and its bone canal to become separated, which could cause paralysis. In some cases of surgery, such as those for acoustic neuromas, secondary stretching forces as a result of the procedure result in iatrogenic factors that cause facial nerve palsy (Xu et al., 2022).

Question 2

The non-pharmaceutical category 1 intervention is chosen for the therapy of cardiac heart patients internal carotid artery (ICA) blockage.

1. Patients who have had cardiac arrests revived should undergo continuous arrhythmia monitoring in the emergency room because they are more likely to experience recurring arrhythmias. A cardiac monitor or defibrillator should be connected to a patient when they check into the emergency room so that the staff can ascertain their underlying rhythm. Monitoring needs to go on until the cause of the incident is found or until an implanted defibrillator is installed. Patients who have survived a cardiac arrest should also have continuing cardiac monitoring when leaving the emergency room for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures or when being taken to the critical care unit for admission (Zegre et al., 2016).
2. The 12-lead ECG, which is performed every six hours, allows for the detection of the most common arrhythmias, such as supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias (SVT and VT), atrial flutter and fibrillation, monomorphic and multiple morphological VT, long QT syndrome, supraventricular and ventricular premature complexes, dominant atrioventricular accessory pathways, atrioventricular block, right and left bundle branch block, and left anterior (Su et al., 2013).
3. Monitoring LOC and Additional Oxygen if SpO2: Hemodynamic changes can result from both hypoxia and hyperoxia in people with cardiopulmonary illness. The production of vasodilatory compounds by tissue and endothelial cells lowers systemic vascular resistance and increases heart rate in hypoxia, which is caused by sympathetic activation. Instead of affecting peripheral circulation, hypoxia produces pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction, which is brought on by the mitochondrial detection of low oxygen tension in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (Dunham et al., 2017).
4. Keep an eye out for hematemesis, melaena, and haematuria: Major bleeding patients frequently have advanced age and significant co-morbidities related to their kidney, cerebrovascular, and cardiorespiratory systems. Given that the majority of fatalities are caused by the decompensation of general medical diseases brought on by either the actual bleeding or postoperative complications, which are substantially more likely in the presence of medical co-morbidity, this needs to be recognised and supported. Patients with heart disease and the elderly can benefit from central venous pressure monitoring to assist them choose the optimal options for fluid replacement. Giving intravenous fluids requires the use of a large cannula inserted in an antecubital vein. In turn, this will lead to the removal of the blood clot and the treatment of haematuria (Minto and Hollingworth, 2021).

Question 3

1. Heparin 5000iu IV
2. Labetalol
3. Thrombolysis with Alteplase
4. Endovascular clot retrieval (ECR)
5. Cardiac monitoring

Question 4

1. Maintain Nil by Mouth: For patients who remain underweight or unable to eat or drink for a variety of causes or at various stages of their treatment, including surgery, are referred to as being Nil by mouth (NBM), also known as being unable to eat or drink. Due to Mrs Mary Fenech's heart condition, the fluid balance is maintained by the nil-y-mouth strategy for intravenous management.
2. Watch for haematemesis, melaena, and haematuria, among other symptoms: Significant co-morbidities involving the renal, cerebrovascular, and cardiorespiratory systems are typically present in elderly patients with significant bleeding. The majority of fatalities result from the decompensation of underlying medical problems brought on by either the bleeding itself or postoperative complications, which are far more likely in the presence of comorbid medical illnesses, therefore this needs to be acknowledged and supported. Haematemesis, melaena, and haematuria are tracked in order to manage Mrs Mary Fenech's cardiorespiratory condition.
3. Cardiovascular disease and hemodynamic instability provide challenges during nasogastric tube insertion. Pharyngeal manipulation during NGT insertion may be utilised to treat cardiac patients by increasing demand, especially in hypertensive people with uncontrolled blood pressure. Through the installation of a nasogastric tube, Mrs. Mary Fenech's cardiorespiratory condition and blood pressure are regulated.
4. Working with the family: Supporting a family member during admission to an acute care facility can be difficult. Patients and relatives frequently experience extreme levels of helplessness and anxiety both during and after hospitalisation. Family involvement in acute cardiac care attempts to improve patient and family experiences of care and decrease any potential post-hospitalization trauma. More opportunities for family visits may make patients feel less isolated while receiving acute care. Liberal visitation policies that allow family members to visit for up to 24 hours each day are associated with lower levels of anxiety and melancholy in family members when compared to more restrictive visiting laws (Najafi, 2021).
5. Collaborations amongst healthcare teams: Healthcare for those with HF is often provided in a range of settings and medical specialities. HF management was designed in order to offer a comprehensive system of treatment that integrates the community and hospital at every stage of the patient's journey. Multidisciplinary team management and cross-setting coordination have considerably reduced hospital admissions and death when included in comprehensive disease management programmes (DMPs). As a result of the healthcare team's cooperation and Mrs Mary Fenech's heart condition, cardiac disease is managed (Takeda et al., 2019).

Are you struggling to keep up with the demands of your academic journey? Don't worry, we've got your back! Exam Question Bank is your trusted partner in achieving academic excellence for all kind of technical and non-technical subjects.

Our comprehensive range of academic services is designed to cater to students at every level. Whether you're a high school student, a college undergraduate, or pursuing advanced studies, we have the expertise and resources to support you.

To connect with expert and ask your query click here Exam Question Bank