Security Challenges Facing Humanity in Post Pandemic - Nursing Assignment Help

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Introduction
Recent pandemic has shaken the whole world and forced the humankind to bent down on their knees. The pandemic not only devastated the human life in terms of socio-economic downgrade but also threatened various security challenges on humanity by converting bipolar world to multipolar world.During the pandemic the whole world at large came to standstill. The wheel of the life path slowed down which ultimately raised the threats of inflation, unemployment, environmental crisis, resource scarcity in terms of food, drugs, supply chain and various crime generated as by-product of pandemic and multi polar world.Till world war-II the whole world was categorised as bi-polar and globalization forced to make it uni-polar world however, pandemic re-forced it to become multi polar world. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates thatthe global economy declined more than 3% in 2020. Certain industries, such as travel and hospitality, felt the pandemic’s impact most directly, the effect also spread to unrelated industries. World Economic forum , Devos estimated that nearly half of the GDP in cities around the world or USD 31 trillion is at risk of disruption from nature loss.Country like China tried to gain the advantage of pandemic by shifting the world economy in its favour which fuelled the sour relationships among the rest world and China. It ultimately posed the threat of multi polar world issues on the humanity in the field of economy, cyber realm, geo politics and boundary issues.Though various security challenges posed on humanity however, majorly following three security challenges-imposed threat on humankind: Disruptive supply chain, cyber threat and climate change.
Cyber Threat
Cybercrime that scarcely existed a decade ago are now part of our everyday language, as criminals use new technologies to commit cyberattacks against governments, businesses and individuals. These crimes know no borders, either physical or virtual, cause serious harm and pose very real threats to victims worldwide.With sharp advancement in digital technology, global shift to teleworking, governments, organizations, corporations have had to rapidly deploy remote systems, networks and applications. This advancement pushed the services globally on e-platform. Recent outbreak of pandemic further has created an environment of digital dependency which resulted out as increased data consumption and dependency on e-platform. Due to pandemic and world polarization globally unemployment and widening socio-economic gap among the people, changed the crime and its pattern.
As a result, criminals are taking advantage of the increased security vulnerabilities arising from remote working to steal data, generate profits and cause disruption. Cybercrime is progressing at an incredibly fast pace, with new trends constantly emerging. Cybercriminals are becoming more agile, exploiting new technologies with lightning speed, tailoring their attacks using new methods, and cooperating with each other in ways we have not seen before. Complex criminal networks operate across the world, coordinating intricate attacks in a matter of minutes.As per interpole the cyber crime statics during a quarter of pandemic 907,000 spam messages, 50,000 malacious URl and millions of fraudulent calls resulting in following diagram:

• Fraud and phishing campaigns as well as the illegal online sale of fake medical supplies, drugs and personal protective equipment.
• The lack of cybersecurity awareness and cyber ‘hygiene’ was named the main challenges in this region.
• It is estimated that around $233 billion were lost of 100 most valued companies.
• Fraud and phishing campaigns as well as the illegal online sale of fake medical supplies, drugs and personal protective equipment.
• The lack of cybersecurity awareness and cyber ‘hygiene’ was named the main challenges in this region.
• It is estimated that around $233 billion were lost of 100 most valued companies.

Post pandemic data usage jumped from 20MB per user to 1GB/day/user. The inclusion of 4G/FTTH which allows OTT and WFH further escalated the usage as well as data breach. In Indian scenario data breach complained rose from few thousand to millions. As per RBI and Sequretek1, cyber firm around 400 million brute force attack received and around 8 million data of 8TB worth /quarter were breached or stolen during and post pandemic. The most breached companies were Airtel(2.5mn), MobiKwik(3.5mn),Bigbasket(20.0mn),Unacademy(22.0mn) and Juspay(35.0mn). It is estimated that around 500% jump in cyber crime have been registered during and post global pandemic.From the defence perspective, cyberthreats through ransomware, Internet of things (IoT), drones and breach in sensitive and secured data increased the worry of not only Indian government but also world widely.Due to surge in online payment, financial frauds reached at a new height. According to Trust Checkr firm2, around 1million frauds together in B2B and B2C segment reported during 15 months post pandemic-25% scams in KYC, 20% QR code fraud, 30?ke identities and25% synthetic identity frauds. Similarly suspected fraudulent digital transactions attempts originating from India increased 29 % over the 12 months.

National security in terms of stealing national secrets and financial disruption is most affecting from cyberattacks. The motive may be different like espionage, intellectual property theft, destructive capability for potential conflict etc. Chris Painter of the U.S. Department of State commented in a Brookings Institution article that China and North Korea “have frequently exercised their cyber power to achieve their strategic goals around the globe.” Using cyberbreach, terrorist, enemy country may disrupt, electricity, telecommunication, financial instability and digital interlinkage which is very grave concern for national security.Nation States were also having agendas for Stealing of pharma research to avoid investment and the resources(90% drug companies were attacked). Bioweapons and other medical research have national security/defense implications. Most of the hack was related to Covid-19 research and related to bio weapons. This put a great threat on misuse of reaserch and hacking for bio-weapons. It was estimated that China and North Korea including Russia made large no of hack attacks on US and European Labs.

2. Disruption of Supply Chain
The Global pandemic affected the supply chain (SC) disruptions significantly after the World Health Oganization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease outbreak to be global health emergency at the end of January 2020. The impacts of supply chain disruption are shortages, inflation, factory closures, goods waiting at ports to be unloaded. The impact of supply chain failure on national security, broadly defined as a nation's ability to protect and ensure the well-being of its population.The government measures and actions significantly impacted the supply chains leading to abandon exports, imports, travelling, transportations, and social isolations. Globally, shutting down shops, deleting orders, and suspending production. According to Institute of Supply Management (ISM), about 75% of the companies reported supply chain (SC) disruptions, 62% reported delays in receiving goods, and 53% of firms reported difficulties in getting information of supply from China (McCrea, 2020a, 2020b). More than five million companies were impacted by the pandemic (Dun and Bradstreet, 2020).The supply chain disruptions stemming from the pandemic continues to impact businesses and consumers as the flow of consumer goods is restricted by the continued shutdowns of major global ports and airports. Longer waiting time at ports, excessive inspections, rejecting materials etc. is far worse than pre pandemic era.3   The pandemic has significantly impacted end?to?end SC activities, especially medical and food supplies. This is further compounded by intercepting shipments, where countries scrutinised anything that enters in respective territories, impacting profoundly the supply chain.
Consequent to disruption in supply chain, the following trends emerged globally:
(1) Exorbitant Price fluctuation- affected the manufacturer, retailer and consumer due to delays in material supply from the source and delays in distribution. In India post pandemic inflation increased around 3-4% as average.

(2) Shipment Delay-due to restrictions of cargo movement, unavailability of manpower for loading/de loading, multi check at ports and borders
(3) Compromising with quality due to non-availability of right material.
(4) Production capacity and manufacturing capability decrease and affects the sources of production.
(7) Difficulties in getting information and data from partners and lack of visibility.
The disruption led to panic phenomena accompanied by delivery delays, unpredicted practices, stockpiling, hoarding goods to sell later with inflated prices, reduction in quality assurance of products, reduction in data access, banning exports, and panic?induced buying. 
The supply chain disruption can create instability globally, promoting conditions for conflict between and within nations.
This can have shortages of commodities like pharmaceuticals & personal protective equipment, energy, food, raw materials used in manufacturing, and semiconductors used in multiple different systems including military applications, which are essential for the nation to ensure national security. Such shortages can make the need for a national government to act more dire and immediate and thus raise the risk of conflict.Supply chain disruptions create both leverage for some nations and reasons for other nations to minimize leverage. Taiwan dominates the semiconductor market, which gives it leverage with China. However, its dependence on the China for other commodities, may give the reasons to China to take aggressive military action to ensure access to a key commodity. This can range from a “quarantine” to military threats to an actual invasion.Due to Pandemic, transportation and shutting of shops (manufacturer, traders, retailers) or opening with limited capacity and migration of labor made the whole situation very critical. It not only impacted the prices of regular items like food, vegetables, grocery item etc. but compounded the impact on medicine, drugs, personal equipment and made the life of lower strata as unviable. The prices of all items rose to the exorbitant level which is beyond the reach of common man. The long hour delays at the ports, declining raw material supply, essential items supply disruption made the hostile environment among the countries.

Pre pandemic era was having heavy interdependency among nations. Pandemic has created a suspicious environment and further US-China dialogue made the interdependency very critical. As most of the raw material is being supplied from China(60%) and the polarization of the countries made it worse. Now the essential raw material for pharmaceuticals. PPE kit, vaccine, pesticides, chip and semiconductor etc. became out of reach and pushed the countries toward de-globalization era and the situation of the governments became tragic as one way they felt cheated and another way felt helpless to see the hell bound situation of citizens. Hegemony of supplier country, undue benefit in terms of escalated price, trade negotiations on unequal footing and dictatorship for barriers compelled the nations to think toward self sufficiency. The supply chain disruption created the national threat in terms of failure to provide the defence against the odd to the citizens. However, at the same time it also showed the path of resilience and becoming self sufficient.

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