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Question 1

a) Major Issues for Theo that could be addressed in counselling:

• Physical Pain and Discomfort: Theo's severed leg is causing him ongoing physical pain, itching, and discomfort. His general health and sleep are both impacted by this pain.
• Emotional Trauma: Theo is coping with the emotional fallout from the tragedy, especially the loss of his friend Daniel and the upsetting events he saw during the incident.
• Loss of Identity and Role: Theo is having a hard time dealing with losing his leg and being unable to resume his prior job and way of life. He no longer engages in the things that used to make him happy and has lost his sense of identity.
• Substance Abuse: Theo has been using alcohol as a painkiller and a sleep aid, but this use of alcohol may be turning into a problematic behaviour.
• Relationship Strain: There is a lack of communication, emotional distance, and worries between Theo and Angie.
• Social Isolation: Theo's withdrawal from his friends and social life is adding to his sense of loneliness.

b) Issues to Address First in Short-Term Counselling:

• Physical Pain and Discomfort: Addressing Theo's acute bodily discomfort and pain is essential in a short-term setting. It has an impact on his everyday activities, sleep, and general mental health. He can collaborate with Crystal to create pain management plans that will lessen his need on drugs. Theo's daily life is significantly disrupted by the physical discomfort he experiences from having his leg amputated. It limits his capacity to carry out ordinary tasks, such as basic movement, self-care, and involvement in family life. As a result, treating pain is crucial to assisting Theo in regaining a sense of normalcy in his daily life. It is really concerning that Theo uses alcohol as a coping method for his discomfort and sleep problems. Consequences of excessive alcohol consumption might include addiction and health issues. To control this problem from becoming a long-term issue, it is imperative to address it right away.
• Sleep Issues: Another issue that requires quick action is poor sleep. Theo's general health can benefit from assistance in creating sleep-quality improvement plans because sleep is crucial for both physical and mental recuperation. Sleep is fundamental to both physical and mental rehabilitation. The brain processes and organises information as the body heals and regenerates in deep sleep. Poor sleep can impede these vital functions, leaving Theo exhausted both physically and emotionally. Emotional distress might be made worse by sleep disruptions. Theo's emotional health is already suffering as a result of his ongoing pain, trauma, and the loss of his limb. Lack of sleep can worsen anxiety and depressive symptoms, making it challenging for him to manage his current situation.

The cognitive processes of memory, focus, and decision-making are all impacted by insufficient sleep. Such cognitive limitations can make it more difficult for Theo, who is dealing with many difficulties, to adjust to his new situation and make crucial judgements. Numerous physical health issues, including a higher chance of developing chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease, are linked to poor sleep. Theo's general physical health is extremely important given his recent amputation. Enhancing sleep quality can benefit his physical health.

c) Issues Suited for Longer-Term Counselling:

• Emotional Trauma: Coping with the accident's emotional trauma, particularly the loss of his friend Daniel, is a difficult and deeply rooted problem. Longer-term therapy may be more appropriate in this case so that Theo can express his emotions, get support, and heal from the trauma at his own pace.
• Loss of Identity and Role: It can take some time to address Theo's loss of identity and role. This entails examining his perception of himself, his sense of worth, and his transition to a new way of life without his limb. The process of self-discovery and adaptability takes longer.
• Relationship Stress and Social Isolation: To improve the trust and communication in Theo's marriage and re-establish social ties with friends, these difficulties may also require longer-term counselling. It entails working with long-term interpersonal and personal issues.

Question 2

Short-Term Intervention Plan for Theo's Counselling (4 Sessions):

Rationale for Short-Term Approach:

The chosen interventions are evidence-based and focus on the most urgent issues first to ensure Theo experiences some relief and improvement in the short term. A short-term approach is appropriate because it allows Theo to address immediate concerns, such as pain management and substance use, within a constrained timeframe. For Theo's long-term wellbeing, sessions 3 and 4 include trauma processing and future planning. The emphasis is still on doable tactics that may be started over the four sessions, though. The short-term strategy can provide Theo with some temporary solace and coping mechanisms while laying the groundwork for future counselling or support, if necessary. It is intended to give Theo the necessary resources to take care of his urgent issues.

Question 3

Some critical condition to be considered are:

• Crystal needs to start by recognising Theo's experiences, sharing his difficulties, and supporting his feelings. This builds a foundation of rapport and trust.
• Throughout the discussions about the feedback and treatment, Crystal should remain a non-judgmental and sympathetic demeanour.
• Crystal should emphasise Theo's qualities and perseverance, and resist from passing any judgement on Theo's actions or decisions. Recognising how he has so far dealt and managed will help him feel more in control and improve his self-esteem.
• Crystal needs to give Theo precise, succinct psych education about his problems, including the psychological effects of trauma, drug use, and the healing process. Education can aid Theo in comprehending his experiences and the justifications behind various therapy modalities.
• Crystal needs to investigate Theo's current coping mechanisms, both constructive and destructive. It's crucial to comprehend how he has been handling his pain and emotions so that solutions can be successfully tailored.
• Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and trauma-focused therapy are just a few of the several treatment approaches Crystal may discuss. She needs to discuss the advantages and probable results of each strategy.
• Regarding the treatment strategy, interventions, and prospective participation of Theo's wife or other parties in the counselling process, Crystal should clearly outline the boundaries of confidentiality and gain his informed agreement.

Crystal can design a therapy setting that fosters Theo's healing and development while honouring his autonomy and specific needs by carefully taking into account these important considerations. For counselling to be effective, a client-cantered and sympathetic approach is necessary.

Question 4

Theo needs specific care and support, so finding the best referral alternatives for him requires a careful and thorough procedure. The following are the measures to take in order to find such options:

1. Assess Theo's Needs: Start by thoroughly evaluating Theo's needs and challenges right now. His emotional health, ongoing pain management, substance usage, trauma symptoms, and any other problems that have come up during counselling should all be covered in this. Learn more about Theo's emotions, such as his sentiments of loss, sadness, rage, and worry. In order to customise counselling tactics to address his unique issues, it is crucial to comprehend his emotional terrain. Calculate Theo's level of bodily and mental anguish and pain. The location, severity, and frequency of the pain should be evaluated, along with how it affects daily activities and sleep cycles.
2. Consult with Theo: Talk openly and cooperatively with Theo about if more counselling is necessary. Make sure he actively participates in the choice to look for more assistance. Create a comfortable, judgment-free environment for Theo to express himself before the consultation begins. Let him know that his opinions and feelings are respected and that he is free to express them without worrying about being judged or criticised. Start off by going over the development he has experienced over his prior counselling sessions. Encourage him to consider any beneficial adjustments, realisations, or coping mechanisms he has acquired from the counselling procedure.
3. Identify Appropriate Specializations: Determine the kinds of counsellors or therapists who specialise in those fields in light of the particular problems Theo is experiencing. For instance, trauma-focused therapists may be appropriate if trauma is a major concern. Trauma-focused therapists, such as those trained in Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) or Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT), may be particularly appropriate given the traumatic experience of the industrial accident, which included the loss of his leg and the death of his friend Daniel. These therapists specialise in assisting clients in managing the impacts of trauma and moving towards recovery.
4. Research Local Mental Health Providers: Look for regional counselling services, clinics, and mental health professionals that provide the specialised assistance Theo needs. Utilise online directories, referral services, or referrals from reputable sources, such as businesses or healthcare providers.
5. Verify Credentials and Licensure: Make sure any prospective service providers are licenced, accredited, and qualified to handle Theo's specific needs. Verify their credentials and experience in the field.
6. Evaluate Therapeutic Approaches: Examine the therapy methods and techniques that prospective therapists offer. Make sure they are in line with Theo's preferences and have solid supporting data for the problems he is experiencing.
7. Consider Accessibility and Location: Evaluate the accessibility and location of the counselling services. Consider factors like proximity to Theo's home, office hours, and the ease of scheduling appointments.
8. Evaluate Cost and Insurance: Determine the cost of services and whether they are covered by Theo's health insurance. Assess whether the providers accept his insurance or offer affordable options.
9. Client Reviews and Testimonials: Review client testimonials, reviews, and feedback about the potential providers to gauge their effectiveness and client satisfaction.

Sourcing appropriate referral options for Theo is a collaborative effort, and it's essential to prioritize his unique needs and preferences throughout the process. Crystal, as his current counsellor, plays a vital role in supporting him during this transition to additional counselling services.

Question 5

Counsellor Crystal faces several ethical considerations in her work with Theo, particularly in the context of Employee Assistance Program (EAP), online therapy, and the involvement of multiple stakeholders. Crystal must ensure that Theo's confidentiality is maintained, as per ethical guidelines. She should clearly explain the limitations of confidentiality to him, especially given the involvement of multiple stakeholders. Discussing what information will be shared with his HR manager and obtaining Theo's informed consent are important steps.

Crystal should obtain informed consent from Theo, making sure he fully understands the nature of counselling, the potential involvement of third parties, and the use of online therapy platforms. Theo should be able to revoke informed consent at any point and it should be ongoing. It is essential to guarantee the privacy and security of online therapy sessions. Crystal ought to use a safe and HIPAA-compliant platform to safeguard the integrity and confidentiality of their communications. With Theo, Crystal needs to respect acceptable professional limits. She shouldn't have concurrent relationships because they can jeopardise the therapeutic alliance or give rise to moral dilemmas. Given that various stakeholders may be involved in the EAP scenario, this is particularly crucial.

As internet counselling brings specific obstacles and considerations, Crystal must be proficient in online therapy techniques and best practises. She must possess the required education to deliver efficient online counselling services. Theo's wellbeing and the HR manager's interest in Theo's return to work could provide a conflict of interest that Crystal will need to resolve. Theo's welfare should come first, and she shouldn't let outside demands interfere with his treatment. In order to respect different cultural backgrounds and values of Theo, Ange, and other parties involved, Crystal needs to be culturally sensitive. For counselling to be ethical and effective, cultural knowledge is crucial.

The counselling process becomes more complex when multiple parties, including Ange and the HR manager, are involved. Crystal needs to keep her major attention on Theo's demands and objectives while also taking into account how their engagement will affect their therapy relationship with him. Theo's welfare should come first, and Crystal should make sure her actions don't hurt him or anybody else. This might entail standing up for Theo's mental health despite conflicts with other interests.

Crystal needs to keep an eye on Theo's development and evaluate how well the counselling is working. She should think about appropriate interventions, including referring Theo to a different counsellor, if she thinks he is not benefiting from the therapy or if any ethical questions come up. If Crystal has challenging moral decisions, she should seek supervision or advice from a senior therapist or counsellor with expertise in moral judgement. It can be difficult to strike a balance between these ethical considerations, especially when various stakeholders, internet treatment, and EAP are involved. It is Crystal's moral obligation to put Theo's welfare first, uphold the strictest standards of professionalism and secrecy, and steer clear of any difficulties that might emerge throughout the course of the counselling session.

Question 1

1. IPSec datagram protocol

Following are major components of the IPSec datagram protocol:

• Outer IP header: It includes the source and destination addresses of the routers and other standard IP header fields. For instance, it contains the address of RTA and RTB.
• ESP header: This header contains information about ESP protocol. It includes sequence number, security parameter index and other details [1].
• ESP trailer: it includes authentication trailer and padding when there is use of authentication mechanism.
• Inner IP address: it contains the original source and IP address along with information about the original protocol [2].

Figure 1: IPSec datagram protocol

2. Source and destination IP addresses in original IP datagram

In the original datagram:

• Source IP address: 10.28.1.17 – It is the address of the local host located in the headquarter from which data is sent into the network system.
• Destination IP address: 10.28.2.48 – It is the original IP address of the device which is receiving the payload in IPSec communication.  

3. Source and destination IP addresses in new IP header

In the new IP header:

• Source address: It is the public IP address of RTA which is 23.1.1.3.
• Destination address: it is the public IP address of the RTB which is 12.1.1.1

4. Protocol number in the protocol field of the new IP header

In new IP header, protocol number is defined according to the encapsulating security payload. Typically, it is set to 50 for this purpose [1].

5. Information and Bob

Bob can extract the outer IP header information and encapsulating header information. However, the outer source and destination address and protocol cannot be directly used to identify the target devices in the network [2]. Therefore, the Bob cannot extract the original IP datagram and its payload along with other specific details.

Question 2A

1. SYN and ACK numbers in the SYN+ACK packet

In three-way handshaking, host H is sending SYN package with sequence number and the server S sends SYN+ACK packet in reply. The server acknowledges the SYN package of the host and starts a new sequence number in response. This response of the server is acknowledged by the client by sending ACK in return [3].

In SYN+ACK packet, a random number is used as the sequence number. Suppose, the initial sequence number is 200 which is used as ACK number in SYN+ACK then at server side, it is increased by 1 and it becomes 201 [4]. The server uses a random number for acknowledge. Suppose, the ACK is 100. Here is the diagrammatic presentation of the values and three-way handshaking:

Figure 2: Three-way handshaking

2. Congestion and receive window sizes

It is given that initially, congestion window is 32KB and receive window is 20KB. Up to the eighth acknowledge, the client sends eight segments where each is of 1KB in size and server acknowledges each segment in communication. Therefore, the congestion window size is increases to maximum segment size for each acknowledgement [3]. It means, the congestion widow size becomes 40KB but the receiving window size remains unchanged at 20KB. Here is the detailed calculation for the same:

CWND after eight ACK = initial CWND + (Maximum segment size x number of ACKS)

= 32KB + (1KB x 8)

= 32KB + 8KB

= 40KB

3. Sequence number of the 9th segment

As indicated in three-way handshaking diagram, the SEQ of the ninth segment to server would be the next in the sequence where each segment is of size 1KB.

SEQ of ninth segment = Initial SEQ + (number of segments sent x Segment size)

= 100KB + (8 x 1KB)

= 100 + 8 x 1024B

= 8292

4. Segments received successfully by the server prior to announcement

The server has receiving window size of 20KB and maximum segment size is 1KB. It means the server can receive maximum 20 segments at once. If RWND is 0, it means the server cannot accept more data and it happens once the server has data in all the 20 segments. Given that the average round trip time is 200ms.

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