Assignment3
Assignment3
7372351397000
Detailed Progress Report
Title:
Eveleigh Railway Shed Construction Progress Report
Name: Rishabh Parmar
Student Number: 20814100
Unit Name: Project Management Integrated Project
Email Address: r.parmar1@student.curtin.edu.auDate Submitted: 26th september 2022
Word Count: 4929
URL (if applicable): Curtin University
Declaration:
I have read and understood the University Policy on Plagiarism and this piece of work conforms to this policy. I declare that this assignment is all my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another unit, degree, or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Ideas or information derived from the published or unpublished work of others have been appropriately cited in the text; words or passages directly taken from other sources are acknowledged with quotation marks and a list of references is provided.
I have retained a copy of this assignment and understand that the University accepts no responsibility for lost work.
___________________________
(Date/Signature)
<CHARLES RENOLDS PVT LTD>
<Eveleigh Railway Shed Construction>
DETAILED PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
DETAILS
Project Title Eveleigh Railway Shed Construction
Project ID A105092022
Document ID A109052022
Version 1.0
Date 23rd Sept 2022
Project Manager Rishabh Parmar (Project manager)
Sponsor Charles Reynolds (Owner of Charles Reynolds Pvt Ltd )
REPORTING PERIOD
From 22nd aug 2022
To 23rd sept 2022
DISTRIBUTION
This document has been distributed to:
Name Title
Nishath Fatima Chairman
Benjamin Lai Senior Project Manager
Axel Pyvis Program Leader
-457199152400-457199152400
-50799976200-50799976200
1.0 Project Managers Report
Schedule: Due to extra on-site installation designing of the steel shed structure and detailed documentation of the design, the schedule of the project has been delayed by two days. Mitigation strategies, early completion, and restructuring have lowered the existing 2-day postponement to a 1-day postponement to the construction baseline schedule.
Budget: The project budget presently anticipates a $241,060 overrun against the accredited project baseline spending plan of $220,850. This overrun is counterbalanced in component by authorised change requests totalling $15,830, for an overall forecasted overrun of $20,530. This externalisation falls inside the endeavour contingency entitlements, which must be approved by the Project Sponsor.
Quality: Quality assurance as well as management operations are carried out under the plan for quality management.
1.1 Summary of Performance This Reporting Period
The management used all of the data to accurately assess the overall condition of the building.
Preserved the overall situation, which could change.
Authorized to select the complete details which will be generated through the primary details throughout the structure of project management.
The quality assurance management offered an accurate report based on the construction's performance.
The construction projects board has implemented the decision.
Controlled all aspects of this railway station's construction site.
The regulations of the work zone which can be governed by the advancing report have been regulated.
1.2 Corrective Actions Undertaken This Reporting Period
Summary of Performance Overall
There was a delay in material transportation to the respective site due to the remote location of the railway shed. To tackle this issue, locally available materials were used and temporary manufacturing plants were built in nearby towns.
Due to construction work,various types of construction equipment and machinery were kept in open which were dangerous for the pedestrian traffic. In order to deal with this issue, a temporary equipment storing facility was built on site.
Due to the high temperature and heat wave, the health of construction workers could have been an issue, therefore, a proper health management plan of a 20 minute break after every 3 hours was implemented.
The dust from construction work as well as the debris was seen as a major problem for the ongoing passenger traffic; therefore, the debris was put in the temporary storage facility built nearby the site.
Minor design changes were made in the drawings by the stakeholder due to financial issues but those design changes were completed in respective time with negligible effect on the project.
2.0. Benefits Status since the last report
Benefits Key Performance Indicators Current Status Comment
Accommodation of more number of passengers Rise in accommodation of passengers by 20% by the year 2025. Unchanged All benefits are unaffected by the latest project finalisation delay, and significant events for Key performance indicators measurement techniques are unaffected as well. The project's results are also unaltered.
Safety Enhancements. 12%-15% increase in safety against rainfall and sunlight after the completion of railway shed. Unchanged Railway shed can also be used as a storage facility for older/used trains. 30% less train traffic on railway tracks due to construction of new railway shed by the year 2023. Unchanged Business growth 20% increase in monthly revenue due to selling of food and beverages by the year 2023. Unchanged The Eveleigh building's operating system provided for escape routes in case of emergencies. resulting from the project's lengthy development, which is essentially sent to the higher authority for the project's construction.
3.0 Scope Status
3.1 Work packages completed and approved during this reporting period: progress to date
WBS # Work Package Name
1.1 Opportunity/Problem Found
1.2 Initiative Charter
1.3 Identification of Stakeholders
1.4 Project given the go-ahead
2.1 Scope Control
2.2 Creating a schedule
2.3 Designing of railway shed structure
2.4 Project Management Plan
2.5 Project Budget
2.6 Human Resources Plan
2.7 Plan for Managing Stakeholders
2.8 Plan for Communications
2.9 Plan for Managing Risk
2.10 Plan for Managing Quality
2.11 Management Plan for Procurement
2.12 Plan for Waste Management
2.13 Detailed documentation of the Design
3.1 Opening project meeting
3.2 Confirm the needs for on-site resources
3.3 Selection of Subcontractor
3.4 Assistance Services
3.5 Requirements for System Loading
3.6 Design for Temporary Works
3.7 Work Method Declarations
4.1 Acceptance of subcontractor materials in Eveleigh
4.2 Acceptance of Temporary Works Materials in Eveleigh
During the fiscal quarter, the very next scope changes were approved.
3.2 Scope changes since the last report:
Due to the technical errors made by the engineering team during the preliminary reports where the engineering team did not properly calculate the actions of wind pressure as well as the soil strength, new technical reports were made with proper calculations which lead to change in the grade of steel from medium strength to high strength steel. This report was signed and approved duly by the project engineer.
As mentioned in the point above, due to miscalculations by the engineering team, the selection of the cement grade for the construction of the sub structure/foundation was also wrong. This was also changed as soon as the correct calculated reports were made by the team. This report was also approved and signed by the project manager and changes in the design structure were done on time.
The construction of this railway shed was undertaken by Charles Reynolds Pvt LTD, which included the labors contract as well. In later meetings held between the contractor and the stakeholder, it was decided and approved by the authoritiesto purchase labor insurance for the safety and security of the labors. This additional purchase increased the labor cost from $20000 to $32000 for the entire project length.
In any construction project the initial step is to clear out the unwanted things like trees and shrubs from the construction site. In order to clean the surface before the commence of the construction, a contract was given to Charles Reynolds Pvt LTD which was approved by the project manager and later included in the project budget.
3.3 Tasks or Work Packages that must be finished by the following reporting period
KPI has been managed with a 10% decrease in potential risk events for future references. All cost adjustments are made during cost estimation. A 12% improvement in facilities and quality levels. The most recent project completion delay has no impact on any benefits, and it has no bearing on significant events used to measure KPIs. The results of the project remain unchanged. The project elements that have been involved in the precise building of this train shed at the Eveleigh Railway will identify the entire human resource. The project planning has been accurately identified, and each of the criteria is a necessity. The project structure of the train shed can be determined using the necessary elements in this assessment. Another thing is that the HR team has been in charge of this project's project planning. With an emphasis on quality work, the project progressed while taking into account all of the engineers' responsibilities. By assigning the proper accomplishments to the proper studies and monitoring the fundamental details, the overall details have been managed.
The work packages and related tasks that are anticipated to be completed during the upcoming reporting period are listed in Table C below.
Table C: Tasks to be finished by the following reporting period
3.9 Site engineer management
3.9.1 Workforce management
3.9.1.3 Schedule approval
3.9.1.4 Risk management of Project
3.9.1.5 Risk of material failure
3.9.1.6 Risk of design failure
3.9.1.7 Risk of life of the workforce
3.9.1.8 Project HR Management
3.9.1.8.8 HR management plan
3.9.1.8.9 Project quality management
3.9.1.8.10 Material Quality management
3.9.1.8.11 Quality management plan
3.9.2 Project completion report
3.9.2.1 project hand over to the Stakeholder
3.9.2.2 Stakeholder Feedback
3.9.2.3 Complete construction report
4.0. Time Status
4.1. Overall Time Performance
Primary Baseline Date of completion (as PM Plan) 29/11/2022
Forecast final report date of completion 10/11/2022
Estimated Date of Closure for This Study 15/11/2022
Baseline vs. Forecast Closure Date Variability 5 Days
Comments
The additional scope endorsed under section 4.3 has caused a 2-day delay throughout the endeavour. Early beginning and early completion of project tasks that were already finished or in progress helped to cut this delay from two days to just one. Section 5.3 provides more information about work package period movements.
The "ballasted railway track" has been expanded to include components for this project. The implicit benefits of the other methods have been indicated for the Eveleigh train shed area. The specific structure of this construction is the result of the overall fundamental thing to get the overall effect. This construction system was necessary due to other interacting circumstances. The Waterloo railway station's overall projects are managed by the system of the quality control team. The entire workflow in the construction of the train shed can be organised with the alternative part of the fundamental requirement. The management team has managed using a variety of concepts, abilities, techniques, and knowledge. Installing the specific changes can be handled as part of the overall process, which will be carried out in the Waterloo Railway train shed area by skilled engineers or workers. The issue with this Australian train shed's fundamental condition was brought about by the overall construction planning, but it was disconnected by potential conflicts.
4.2. Detailed Time Performance
Table D provides an overview of the current situation in relation to the work packages. The following significant changes are described:
3.4 Assistance Services: -14 days of transformation. This modification results from the power station shipment for the scope of works changing.
Work Method Declarations (3.7) 13 days have changed. Because the addition of the wagon covering setup work method statement to the work's scope of work, this functional unit will take longer to complete.
3.8 Installation of Temporary Works: Transition +12 Days. The early start is to blame for the lengthened duration of this work scope.
The workers can select appropriate strategies to be followed properly while constructing the project.
The various changing decisions that are applied to this project would have continued the overall project for the construction.
Changing the area analysed using the fundamental standards that are decided upon for the appropriate system of the various strategies.
In this instance, the system was made possible by the fundamental possibilities that could satisfy the other requirements. The operating system of the Eveleigh building allowed for emergencies where they could flee the situation arising from the length of the project's development, which is essentially forwarded to the project's construction's higher authority.
Table D Detailed Time Performance
WBS # Task Name Baseline Start Baseline Finish Actual Start Actual Finish Duration Variance % Complete
0 Train Shed Construction Mon 22/08/22 Fri 11/29/22 Mon 22/08/22 NA days 50%
1 Project Initiation Mon 22/08/22 Mon 17/10/22 Mon 22/08/22 Mon 17/10/22 0 days 100%
1.1 Meeting with co-workers Mon 22/08/22 Tue 23/08/22 Mon 22/08/22 Tue 23/08/22 0 days 100%
1.2 Objective declaration Mon 24/08/22 Mon 24/08/22 Mon 24/08/22 Mon 24/08/22 0 days 100%
1.3 Surveying on the site Tue 25/08/22 Thu 27/08/22 Tue 25/08/22 Thu 27/08/22 0 hrs 100%
1.4 Detailed planning according to the survey Fri 28/08/22 Mon 31/08/22 Fri 28/08/22 Mon 31/08/22 0 days 100%
2 Detailed communication on the planning Tue 01/09/22 Wed
02/09/22 Tue 01/09/22 Wed
02/09/22 0 days 100%
2.1 Designing of steel shade structure Wed 03/09/22 Wed 12/09/22 Wed 03/09/22 Wed 12/09/22 0 days 100%
2.2 Detailed documentation of the design Thu 13/09/22 Sun 17/09/22 Thu 13/09/22 Sun 17/09/22 0 days 100%
2.3 Project cost management Mon 18/09/22 Thu 30/09/22 Mon 18/09/22 Thu 30/09/22 0 days 100%
2.4 Estimation of the structure Fri 19/09/22 Sun 21/09/22 Fri 19/09/22 Sun 21/09/22 0 days 100%
The system of the quality control team is used to manage all of the projects for the Waterloo railway station. The management group has operated using a range of ideas, skills, methods, and information. The overall process will be carried out in the Waterloo Railway train shed area by qualified engineers or workers, and the installation of the specific changes can be handled as part of that process. The overall construction planning was what caused the fundamental problem with this Australian train shed, but potential conflicts caused it to be disconnected.
5.0. Cost Status
5.1. Overall Cost Performance
Budgetary Baseline Initial (as in PM Plan) $ 220,850
Estimated Final Cost - Most recent Report $ 220,850
Estimated Total Cost for This Report $241,060
Baseline vs. Forecast Final Costs Variance $20,530
Comments
The $20,530 total of authorised change requests listed in Table E below serves to offset some of the variability. The residual overrun results from a mix of underspending on certain work items and overspending on project assistance because onsite activities got underway early. Whenever the wagon components cannot be managed to recover, increased money from the endeavour contingency stipend will be needed to cover this funding gap. Rescheduling efforts are in progress to lessen the effects of this anticipated overrun.
Table E Approved Change Requests
Change Request Number Title Projected Expense impact
1a Project planning $5,000
1b Project support $5,000
2a Engineering $4,530
2b Pre-shutdown $4,000
3 Initial shutdown $2,000
Total Approved Change Requests $20,530
5.2 Detailed Cost Performance
In comparison to the initial Project Management Strategy baseline cost, Table F shows the cost achievement for each work package based on actual costs incurred to date and anticipated costs to finish. The real and predicted costs each week are compared to the benchmark cost forecast throughout Figure A - Working Capital Report so that the financial department can obtain enough funding to pay the contractor receipts when they are submitted.
Table F Detailed Cost Performance
Approximate Cost
Project preparation $ 60,000.0
Project assistance $ 235,000.0
Engineering process $70,000,00
Pre-shutdown process $ 250,000,00
Initial shutdown process $ 80,000.00
Main shutdown process $ 556,000,00
Pre-commissioning process $ 90, 000,00
Post shutdown process $ 2,545,000
WBS # Task Name Baseline Cost ($) Actual Cost to Date ($) Forecast to Cost ($) Cost Variance ($)
1 Project Initiation $5,380.00 $5,380.00 $5,380.00 $0.00
1.1 Problem or Opportunity Identified $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
1.2 Visa $ 650 $ 300 $ 700 $0.00
1.3 Accommodation $548 $200 $600 $0.00
1.4 Long term benefits $231 $150 $250 $0.00
2 COST $1,213 $950 $1,560 $0.00
2.1 Fess $2,323 $1,900 $2,700 -$2,345.00
2.2 WAGES $4,232 $3,400 $4,900 $0.00
2.3 The cost of the charge $5,3243 $4,0021 $5,7890 $54
2.4 Insurance $3,210 $2,100 $3,920 $30
2.5 Transport $3,231 $1,990 $3,789 $3,001
2.6 Maintenance $5,300 $2,600 $5,900 $290
2.7 Operating expenses $1,600 $1,090 $1,800 $160
2.8 Food $200 $200 $200 $200
2.9 Water $2,500 $500 $2,700 $340
2.10 Medical facility $300 $400 $30 $30
2.11 Electricity $600 $500 $100 $60
2.12 Production $100 $600 $100 $100
2.13 Meal $300 $500 $300 $300
3 Risk management $100 $500 $100 $100
3.1 Internet service $300 $600 $300 $300
3.2 The maintenance $300 $700 $300 $300
3.3 Security charge $1,000 $500 $1,490 $100
3.4 The overall wages $4,000 $2,300 $3,000 $340
3.5 Monthly salary $1,500 $1,000 $1,500 $150
3.6 The quality control $2,500 $2,300 $2,500 $250
3.7 Security wages $500 $500 $500 $500
3.8 The parking zone fees $1,100 $1,200 $1,600 $110
3.9 Other transportation cost $2,000 $2,200 $2,300 $200
3.10 Rent expenses $1,000 $1,000 $1,200 $100
3.11 The travel expenses $1,000 $1,200 $1,100 $100
3.12 Heat $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $200
3.13 Refrigerator $2,000 $2,300 $2,000 $200
3.14 Microwave $3,000 $3,300 $3,000 $150
3.15 Appliances $1,000 $1,900 $1,600 $120
3.16 Tables and chairs $2,000 $1,000 $2,200 $110
Anticipate Final Cost $ 220,850 $140,060 $241,060 $ 20,830
Approved Requests for Change (Funded via contingency draw down) $23,530
Present Forecast Overrun $15,337
6.0 Review of Team Performance
Over the period of the initiatives, communication between members of the project team has improved, and group members are now more likely to approach governance with concepts, concerns, as well as suggestions. Through daily communication, a dual overview of the proposed change project specifications, and the exchange of information about on-site capabilities and resources needed to finish all hardware installation, facility maintenance technicians and offsite technicians have effectively collaborated to reduce the delays throughout the project resulting from the purview of the hardware installation work. There have been no safety or health-related reported incidents throughout this time period, and no bad performance concerns have been noted.
The main component of the overall communication programme has been covered in the team management planning during the communication planning for the train shed. The governing factors have made it extremely important to manage the fundamental values in project tracking. Another thing is that the project planning for this project was handled by the human resources team. With an emphasis on quality work that could be finished while taking into account all of the engineers' responsibilities, the team managed all of the projects. This ensured that different quality management systems would report on the fundamental requirements. By assigning the proper accomplishments to the proper studies and monitoring the fundamental details, the overall details have been managed. Applying the theoretical writings to the site's actual, physical reality is the site implementation process's main step. Cost control for any project can be observed throughout the development process. By fulfilling this requirement, the supply of the materials needed for this project's development will be started. The overall framework will be compared to the released budget's fundamental position, which is well maintained by the range of the higher spending budgets.
Because the right circumstances make a significant difference, an approximate data set of this train shed's construction will be charged to the project's building capacity. For the overall position that can be suggested by various budgetary frameworks for the construction of the Eveleigh train shed, the experts have preserved all the fundamental standards. The entire management team can be connected to this through the fundamental conditions. The proper criteria for these fundamental features have been announced for development in this project. This would be arranged as part of the construction project's development via meetings, applications made, government regulations calls to the phone, used technical software, risk assessment and upkeep of the project.
The project components that have been concerned with the specific construction of this Eveleigh railway train shed will identify the entire human resource. The project planning has been properly identified, and all of the criteria are essential skills that must be needed. The necessary components in this assessment can be used to identify the project structure of the train shed. The HR team has also been in charge of project planning for this project, which is another thing. The team oversaw all the projects with a focus on quality that could be completed while taking into account all of the engineers' responsibilities. This guaranteed the fundamental requirements that various quality management systems would report. The overall details have been managed through the right accomplishments that are assigned to the right study while keeping an eye on the fundamental details.
7.0 Stakeholders Status
Stakeholder management that is acknowledged by sharing the planning with the stakeholders and getting their understanding through their requirements for reasonable expectations. The construction plan would take the needs of the passengers into careful consideration. This has been the overarching standard that is required for the fundamental growth of the project railway shed construction. The work of the stakeholders has been served as an illustration of the management of stakeholder planning. The fundamental project can be used to play the overall policy. The various roles of the railway shed construction have been used in this section to process the as a whole thing. The appropriate outlines that are properly documented with the other documents and the project expectations have preserved the overall condition. The new measures can be employed by a stakeholder management. This plan serves as the framework for a venture that can interact with the various requirements. The project management plan has been examined in light of the expectations of the stakeholders who will be affected by its development. Effective management has resulted in a distinctive identification which is specifically acknowledged with the structured procedures that may have an effect on the pertinent data that essentially contributes to the correct identification inside the future resources planning. The success of the project essentially controls the general environment.
7.1. Stakeholder issues that have eventuated since last report
During the period ending, a union correction of the entrance was delivered on the project's initiation; neither the project members nor the union president objected.
The Eveleigh Railway Operators have experienced significant disruptions and operational problems as a result of project tasks. Due to this, their project's outlook has altered from favourable to adverse.
Site walk-throughs and strict adherence lookaheads are provided at prestart conferences to manage this.
The extremely early decrease in manufacturing is the result of the early solitude of wagon-fitted materials. Customers of affected freshwater resources have been made aware of this amended
7.2. Stakeholder issues that need to be addressed in the following reporting period
To limit the effects on daily operations, decrease the likelihood of disruptions to the overarching Eveleigh Project timeline, and decrease customer complaints to top leadership, ongoing water shortages must be carefully watched with daily customers (Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical contractors, and Batch Plant).
7.3. Status of and comments on stakeholder actions
Key Reports or meetings Who to obtain Frequency Method
To the project's construction, apply the organisation in charge of building the train shed. Once Email
Project management strategy Supervisor By the websites
Bills with several other payments the organisation in charge of building the train shed. Once By blackboard
Project strategy Supervisor Once Email
Approval HR Team In the case emergency situation. Email
Financial safety Supervisor Twice Email
Visa Supervisor If required Email
Security fund Supervisor In the beginning Email
Salary obtained the organisation in charge of building the train shed. the superior authority Email
Stakeholder Stake/Interest Action Responsibility By When Status
The workers
high/high
To their define success perseverance achieve the degree Throughout the project's duration The workers family
high/low
the overall project success Contribution Output the quality at the month's end Supervisor
high/high
Success Preparation achieve the degree Throughout the project's duration Economical coordinator
high/high
Stability Economical Matter Financial reporting Throughout the project's duration The medical insurance
low/low
Output the quality Coordinator Solving issues at the month's end Management
high/high
Departmental Supervision achieve the degree at the month's end Transport
low/low
Output the quality Coordinator achieve the degree Throughout the project's duration Security
low/high
Management of the policy Coordinator achieve the degree at the month's end Engineers high/high
Stability Supervision Solving issues at the month's end Project users
high/low
Department Maintenance Financial reporting Throughout the project's duration
8.0. Risks Status
8.1. Issues/Risks that have materialised since the last report
New risks related to The workers' enrolment (Risk No. 2) and the work period (Risk No. 3) have been recognised during this time. Installing safety hardware to safeguard members of the team and altering the ceiling removal process are two ways to address these risks. Both mitigation strategies are now being implemented.
The risk register records any additional modifications to the risk level. Dates that must be met by have been revised to reflect the current project timeline.
8.2 Risks/Issues that need attention in the upcoming reporting period
Project success: Constantly keeping an eye on the setup and ability to handle of railroad waggons to lower the risk of failure.
Construction of a railway shed acquisition procedure: daily activity oversight, quality assurance through checking, and administration of testing phase.
Simultaneous activities: To prevent delay in the project, daily management should be done by clearly visible governance on the job site and thorough project schedule alerts to all impacted work teams.
The goals of project planning must lower the required capacity for preventing the occurrence of all risks. Probability can be involved with the addition of this project's construction. This is the process for determining any tasks that might be more important than the project of constructing the train shed. Risk management is the process of assessing each project-related risk that can be located. By taking into account how each project has performed and how the goals have changed, this process will take into account the entire analysis. The risk system of the other works that convert in the other parts can convert the risk. The objectives are changed as a result of the risk analysis in this process. The risk management addresses scheduling issues, budget creep, and communication issues. The project builders can control all potential risks that might have an impact on the project using this process. The project's timing issues will be reduced by the risk analysis.
There are some procedures that can be used in different contexts.
Plan: Through this process, the overall project can determine what is needed to create risk projects.
Categorized risk: This would analyse all the features and allocate resources toward the project's potential risks.
Implementation: Codifying with additional risks for future analysis that may contribute to project evaluation with potential.
Analysis: the effects of the recognised risks that have been identified and are associated with other conditions.
Risk designs: The procedure that can advance with other choices and emerges with various project movement scopes.
Controlling: to maintain the risk factors that could be differentiated from those that pose a significant threat to the growth of construction projects.
7.3. Risk Treatments Status/Comment
The ratings of risk Significant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Highly suitable Medium Medium High Extreme Extreme
Suitable Low Medium High High Extreme
Possible Low Medium Medium Medium High
Unsuitable Low Low Medium Medium Medium
Highly Unsuitable Low Low Low Low Medium
# Risk Event Likelihood Consequence Rating Treatment Responsible
Officer By Date Status
1 The employees
Possible Moderate GOOD Establish through appropriate work Supervisor 2 the hiring of new employees
Likely High Very well opportunities to be seized Supervisor In progress
3 The duration of the project
Possible high Very well Establish through appropriate work Authority In progress
4 The success of the project
Possible moderate good behaviour of the employee Supervisor 5 Outcomes
Likely High Very good During the time Supervisor In progress
6 Obtaining process
Possible High Very good Establish through appropriate work Supervisor In progress
7.4 Quality Register
Planning: In this project, the essential qualities that would be standardised by the project sustainability criteria will define the overall project.
Assurance of quality: This train shed project was developed in a way that it can function by paying attention to the fundamentals of the procedure. This would be kept in mind when performing in other suitable circumstances that would be managed by the processing's fundamental values. When building this train shed, the appropriate process for monitoring overall quality actions should be followed.
WBS # Product Name The Criteria of Quality Acceptance Quality Check Process Quality Checker Quality Checker Quality check result
1 The construction of railway shed The weightof unit Share strength Organizational coordinator Supervisor Accomplished
2 The construction of railway shed The weightof unit Share strength Authority Supervisor Accomplished
3 The construction of railway shed The weightof unit Share strength Organizational coordinator Supervisor Accomplished
4 The construction of railway shed The weightof unit Share strength Organizational coordinator Supervisor Accomplished
5 The construction of railway shed The weightof unit Share strength Authority Supervisor Accomplished
6 The construction of railway shed The weightof unit Share strength Organizational coordinator Supervisor Accomplished
8.0 Lessons Identified
What went well in this reporting period.
Due to thorough tender packages created by the onshore engineers as well as contract manager, the railway wagon setup subcontract was awarded on time and with minimal clarification requests from the bidders.
Despite high quantities from the Eveleigh Railway Shed Project, early notice to the warehouse staff did not cause delays throughout the movements of components to the job site.
Areas for improvement in this reporting period
The risks related to the railway shed stability all through lifting operational processes and the potential danger to workers from falling objects may have been noted when in an initial site visit by the hardware setup expert. The duration of the project and cost have gone above the endeavour baselines due to the risk mitigation controls.
END OF DETAILED PROGRESS REPORT
Cover PageAssignment
7372351397000
ASSIGNMENT 4
Title:
REFLECTIVE REVIEW OF PMBOK KNOWLEDGE AREAS
Name: Raymond Gard
Student Number: 09635582
Unit Name: Project Management Integrated Project (PRJM 6009)
Email Address: R_D_GARD@HOTMAIL.COMDate Submitted: 1/6/2018
Word Count: Curtin University
Declaration:
I have read and understood the University Policy on Plagiarism and this piece of work conforms to this policy. I declare that this assignment is all my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another unit, degree, or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Ideas or information derived from the published or unpublished work of others have been appropriately cited in the text; words or passages directly taken from other sources are acknowledged with quotation marks and a list of references is provided.
I have retained a copy of this assignment and understand that the University accepts no responsibility for lost work.
Ray Gard
25/5/2017
Table of Contents TOC o "1-3" h z u Cover Page PAGEREF _Toc483937299 h iTable of Contents PAGEREF _Toc483937300 h iiTable of Figures PAGEREF _Toc483937301 h iii1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc483937302 h 12Risk PAGEREF _Toc483937303 h 22.1Reflection PAGEREF _Toc483937304 h 22.2Literary Review & Analysis PAGEREF _Toc483937305 h 32.2.1Risk and the Project Manager PAGEREF _Toc483937306 h 32.2.2Risk Allocation PAGEREF _Toc483937307 h 32.2.3Risk Avoidance PAGEREF _Toc483937308 h 42.2.4Risk Reduction PAGEREF _Toc483937309 h 42.2.5Risk Transfer PAGEREF _Toc483937310 h 53Human Resources PAGEREF _Toc483937311 h 63.1Reflection PAGEREF _Toc483937312 h 63.2Literary Review & Analysis PAGEREF _Toc483937313 h 63.2.1Matrix Structure PAGEREF _Toc483937314 h 63.2.2Staffing PAGEREF _Toc483937315 h 73.2.3Self-Leading Teams PAGEREF _Toc483937316 h 74Stakeholder Management PAGEREF _Toc483937317 h 94.1Reflection PAGEREF _Toc483937318 h 94.2Literary Review & Analysis PAGEREF _Toc483937319 h 104.2.1Identification PAGEREF _Toc483937320 h 104.2.2Interest PAGEREF _Toc483937321 h 104.2.3Proximity PAGEREF _Toc483937322 h 114.2.4Impact PAGEREF _Toc483937323 h 115Scope Management PAGEREF _Toc483937324 h 135.1Reflection PAGEREF _Toc483937325 h 135.2Literary Review & Analysis PAGEREF _Toc483937326 h 135.2.1Scope Identification PAGEREF _Toc483937327 h 135.2.2Scope Creep PAGEREF _Toc483937328 h 146Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc483937329 h 167Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc483937330 h 17
Table of Figures TOC h z c "Figure" Figure 1 An example of the Bourne and Walker (2005) stakeholder circle PAGEREF _Toc483937020 h 15
IntroductionThe project undertaken for course work was the construction of a family home in Woodlands. The project was adopted just prior to the installation of utility rough-in during foundation construction. The property was initially purchased by the homeowners (sponsor) mid 2013 with the view of building their dream home. The sponsor moved into the property, from the eastern states, and began concept planning in January 2014. As the concept solidified multiple builders were interviewed and the decision not to proceed with a design-construct builder was made due to the understanding that it would be ultimately prove more expensive to build using this method. Architects were subsequently interviewed and a concept plan was generated for receiving builder quotes.
The builder initially awarded the project was terminated due to the sponsors perception of failing to communicate adequately. The sponsor lost initial deposit (in the order of $20,000) and the residence construction rebid with new plans trying to elicit a lower price. The sponsor obtained demolition permits for the original house in early November 2015 and took up residence in a nearby rental property (at $2800 per month) to ensure that the family maintained a local area connection. Actual demolition occurred in February 2016. Subsequent delays caused by ineffective Sponsor planning and the order of execution regarding site retaining wall obligations and house plan changes further delayed construction by more than a year and a half. This has resulted in the Sponsor to haemorrhaging money for every little change made to plans post initial council submission. Under project management counsel, the author, the sponsor turned over all permit applications and design changes back to the builder and architect. This has seen permit approval time reduce and the project move forward into the construction phase. The ultimate cause for delay prior to construction was scope definition and change.
Even though the build has commenced there has been a palatable frustration of the sponsor in regards to communication. This resulted in, once project management commenced, the establishment of formal meetings that allowed the sponsor to air grievances, questions and concerns allowing the builder and architect to respond fully in a regulated, controlled environment.
Some concerns that have arisen during the project management phase are the continuing ignorance of the sponsor not to resolve risks. It is as though the sponsor is only reactive to the events and not proactive in prevention. A good example is theft from site; no site fence has been installed, similarly with variations to scope. In this regard there seems to be no clear understanding, by the sponsor, that any change that is made to the scope of work increases the cost for the project, while they see the cost spiralling, the sponsor does not clearly see the link between the two. While both sponsors are in well-paying jobs, financial resources are not bottomless.
During the project so far, completion will occur after the course has finished, several areas of concern have been identified as learning points, they being risk management, human resources management, stakeholder management and scope management. The project was severely wallowing prior to the commencement of project management, and although not fatalistically so, the project, if continued along its previous trajectory would have allowed for a fantastical displacement of financial resources due to sponsor ineptitude due to lack of planning and management of times and resource allocation.
This assignment is going to review the four identified learning areas, state the current situation along with any hindrances and review the available literature determining what actions, procedures or theory were correctly or incorrectly applied and what could be undertaken differently for future projects.
RiskReflectionThe construction of a family home from concept to keys allows for the adoption of a substantial amount of risk by multiple parties. Risk is allocated, by contract to the builder, architect, structural engineer, council permits department and the trades undertaking the work. Yet the majority of the risk (albeit financial in nature) is still adopted by the project sponsor. In the case at hand, the sponsor didnt develop a risk management plan until one was generated through the development of the Project Management Plan ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gard</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>543</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gard 2017c)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>543</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496148623">543</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gard, Raymond</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Charlie Reynolds</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Project Management Plan</title><secondary-title>School of Built Environment</secondary-title></titles><pages>49</pages><volume>Masters of Projet Management</volume><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>April, 2017</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin University</publisher><work-type>Assignment</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gard 2017c). During the course of the project it came to light that the builder was consulting a bankruptcy accountant. The development of the risk management plan was fundamental in highlighting the risk of the trades or builder going bankrupt during the build, and the plan provided an appropriate treatment; the project sponsor to undertake the purchase of building construction insurance. The build is currently in progress albeit with a dark cloud forming over builder. The Sponsor is satisfied that there is ample coverage in the event that the builder does go belly up to transfer the project to another builder. Two other major risks have been identified: variations to scope and theft from site. Yet the sponsor appears overly confident that there will be no further upset and in the event that there is, the risk management plan is adequate enough insurance, and not the treatments recommended and specified.
Literary Review & AnalysisThe following excerpts are from ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Gard</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>515</RecNum><DisplayText>Gard (2017a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>515</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496022988">515</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Raymond Gard</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Dr James Alexander</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Identification and analytical approaches in risk management for project managers in construction</title><secondary-title>School of Built Environment</secondary-title></titles><volume>Masters in Project Management</volume><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>May, 2017</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin</publisher><work-type>Literature Review</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Gard (2017a):
Risk and the Project ManagerRisk is the deviation from plan that causes an uncertainty of outcome in the project, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Miller</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(Miller 1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="d95p50srdav9z5e9tr4v9w259wa2p2dt2exe" timestamp="1493952800">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Miller, Kent D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business</title><secondary-title>Journal of International Business Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of International Business Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>311-331</pages><volume>23</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><isbn>1478-6990</isbn><label>Miller1992</label><work-type>journal article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490270</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490270</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Miller 1992). If the risk event is substantial it can deviate a project from its plan enough to cause it to fail. The PMs ultimate goal is to ensure the successful coordination and completion of a project ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ahsan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ahsan, Ho and Khan 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="d95p50srdav9z5e9tr4v9w259wa2p2dt2exe" timestamp="1493965762">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ahsan, Kamrul</author><author>Ho, Marcus</author><author>Khan, Sabik</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Recruiting Project Managers: A Comparative Analysis of Competencies and Recruitment Signals From Job Advertisements</title><secondary-title>Project Management Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Project Management Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>36-54</pages><volume>44</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>project manager</keyword><keyword>competencies</keyword><keyword>project manager job</keyword><keyword>content analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><isbn>1938-9507</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21366</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/pmj.21366</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ahsan, Ho and Khan 2013).
The coordination of the project started just prior to the slab being poured for the house construction. Prior to this point the sponsor was disorganised and did not have a clear path forward for the development of the project. This is where the author, as project manager, stepped in and began organising the project to ensure seamless transitions and the creation of vital plans and timelines that allowed a clear direction and identification of risks within which to move the project forward. The first item that needed to be reviewed was the associated risks.
Risk AllocationThe type of risk management approach that is undertaken on a project is dependent on how responsibility is assigned through contractual obligations PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ba2ludG95ZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Akintoye and MacLeod 1997; via Gard 2017b; Bing et al. 2005). This means that responsibility for risk management falls, to the client (public or private entity), the project management team or further assigned to a sub-contractor. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Barnes</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>Barnes (1983)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020891">457</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barnes, Martin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to allocate risks in construction contracts</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>24-28</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>construction</keyword><keyword>contracts</keyword><keyword>risk allocation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1983</year><pub-dates><date>1983/02/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0263786383900340</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(83)90034-0</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Barnes (1983) suggests that the risks allocated to the client, and not the contractor, are those risks that fall outside the contractors sphere of influence, yet this is clarified by emphasising that the contractor must retain at least a portion of risk lest they become complacent. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Barnes</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>Barnes (1983)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020891">457</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barnes, Martin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to allocate risks in construction contracts</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>24-28</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>construction</keyword><keyword>contracts</keyword><keyword>risk allocation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1983</year><pub-dates><date>1983/02/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0263786383900340</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(83)90034-0</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Barnes (1983) and ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bing</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText>Bing et al. (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020891">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bing, Li</author><author>Akintoye, A.</author><author>Edwards, P. J.</author><author>Hardcastle, C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>25-35</pages><volume>23</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>1//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786304000493</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.04.006</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Bing et al. (2005) also state the amount of risk contractually allocated is dependent on the individual clients risk appetite, with the higher a client risk appetite the resulting lower price for undertaking work. Both ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Barnes</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>457</RecNum><DisplayText>Barnes (1983)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020891">457</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barnes, Martin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How to allocate risks in construction contracts</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>24-28</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>construction</keyword><keyword>contracts</keyword><keyword>risk allocation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1983</year><pub-dates><date>1983/02/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0263786383900340</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(83)90034-0</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Barnes (1983) and ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Akintoye</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>Akintoye and MacLeod (1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="d95p50srdav9z5e9tr4v9w259wa2p2dt2exe" timestamp="1493952800">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akintoye, Akintola S.</author><author>MacLeod, Malcolm J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk analysis and management in construction</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>31-38</pages><volume>15</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Risk perception</keyword><keyword>risk analysis</keyword><keyword>risk management</keyword><keyword>project managers</keyword><keyword>contractors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>1997/02/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026378639600035X</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(96)00035-X</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Akintoye and MacLeod (1997) highlight that construction industry is risk adverse, electing to transfer their assumed risk to insurance or sub-contractors.
And this is what has occurred through contractual obligations. The sponsor has allocated risk to the builder or associated professions contractually and the builder has in-turn further allocated the risk to the sub-contractor who is undertaking the work.
Risk AvoidanceIt has been identified that the only risk management that the sponsor undertook was the allocation of construction risk to the builder though contractual obligation. The establishment of the risk plan, via the Project Management Plan, identified further sponsor responsibilities that should be taken care of; protection against builder bankruptcy, theft from site and variations to scope etc. Yet, only protection against builder bankruptcy was taken care of after, not only was it identified, yet news of the builders attendance to a bankruptcy accountant was known. This knowledge allowed for an opportunity to avoid the risk altogether.
Risk avoidance is the removing of an entities exposure to the potential of the risk itself thereby limiting the impact or restricting the gain ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>AlBahar</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>20</RecNum><DisplayText>(AlBahar and Crandall 1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>20</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="d95p50srdav9z5e9tr4v9w259wa2p2dt2exe" timestamp="1493982720">20</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jamal F. AlBahar</author><author>Keith C. Crandall</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Systematic Risk Management Approach for Construction Projects</title><secondary-title>Journal of Construction Engineering and Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Construction Engineering and Management</full-title></periodical><pages>533-546</pages><volume>116</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/ %X Risk is inherently present in all construction projects. Quite often, construction projects fail to achieve their time, quality, and budget goals. A risk model entitled construction risk management system (CRMS) is introduced to help contractors identify project risks and systematically to analyze and manage them. The CRMS model is a logical substitute for the traditional intuitive unsystematic approach currently used by most contractors. The influence diagramming technique and Monte Carlo simulation are used as tools to analyze and evaluate project risks. Alternative risk management strategies are suggested. Such strategies include: risk avoidance, risk transfer, risk retention, loss reduction, and risk prevention and insurance.</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1990)116:3(533)</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(AlBahar and Crandall 1990). By doing this the entity is limiting any potential negative impact that the work may cause and similarly they are avoiding a potential gain by not undertaking the work at all. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Shen</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>476</RecNum><DisplayText>Shen (1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020892">476</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shen, L. Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Project risk management in Hong Kong</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>101-105</pages><volume>15</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>construction project</keyword><keyword>practice</keyword><keyword>practitioners</keyword><keyword>project delay</keyword><keyword>risk</keyword><keyword>risk management</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>1997/04/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786396000452</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(96)00045-2</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Shen (1997) categorises risk avoidance, along with risk reduction and risk transfer, as a preventative measure, that is the risk will never appear, and should be used at the beginning of a project. This is the time when serious consequences may be completely removed from the project landscape. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Aloini</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>493</RecNum><DisplayText>Aloini, Dulmin, and Mininno (2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>493</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020893">493</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aloini, Davide</author><author>Dulmin, Riccardo</author><author>Mininno, Valeria</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk management in ERP project introduction: Review of the literature</title><secondary-title>Information & Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Information & Management</full-title></periodical><pages>547-567</pages><volume>44</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>ERP</keyword><keyword>Risk management</keyword><keyword>Literature analysis</keyword><keyword>ERP life cycle</keyword><keyword>Risk assessment</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>9//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0378-7206</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720607000547</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2007.05.004</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Aloini, Dulmin, and Mininno (2007) stress that it is management rather than avoidance, which is preferred. They do blatantly state though, No risk, no reward.
The avoidance of the risk, builder going bankrupt, was not avoided. This was a personal issue for the sponsors due to the amount of time taken to approach this point in the project, so the next best treatment was the purchase of building construction insurance regarding the bankruptcy of the builder. So far, as of the writing of this assignment, the build is progressing as per schedule and the treatment provides a peace-of-mind for the sponsors.
Risk ReductionIn order to reduce risk further, management of risk to limit its effect was undertaken. This enabled the author to encourage the sponsors to communicate with their employers regarding employer satisfaction of employee and manage, as rigorously as possible, changes in scope to control costs. This form of risk management is termed Risk reduction.
Risk reduction is defined as loss control, that is control of the gap between actual and expected critical success factors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Yeo</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><DisplayText>Yeo and Tiong (2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020892">472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yeo, K. T.</author><author>Tiong, Robert L. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive management of differences for risk reduction in BOT projects</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>257-265</pages><volume>18</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Buildoperatetransfer (BOT)</keyword><keyword>Negotiation strategy</keyword><keyword>Risk reduction</keyword><keyword>Risk management</keyword><keyword>Soft systems methodology (SSM)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>8//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786399000186</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00018-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Yeo and Tiong (2000). Factors, deemed so important that the entire success of the project hinges upon their outcome ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yeo</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><DisplayText>(Yeo and Tiong 2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020892">472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yeo, K. T.</author><author>Tiong, Robert L. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive management of differences for risk reduction in BOT projects</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>257-265</pages><volume>18</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Buildoperatetransfer (BOT)</keyword><keyword>Negotiation strategy</keyword><keyword>Risk reduction</keyword><keyword>Risk management</keyword><keyword>Soft systems methodology (SSM)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>8//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786399000186</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00018-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Yeo and Tiong 2000). While considered as a standalone treatment of risk ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Baker</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>496</RecNum><DisplayText>Baker, Ponniah, and Smith (1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020893">496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baker, Scott</author><author>Ponniah, David</author><author>Smith, Simon</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk response techniques employed currently for major projects</title><secondary-title>Construction Management and Economics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Construction Management and Economics</full-title></periodical><pages>205-213</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>1999/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0144-6193</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461999371709</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/014461999371709</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Baker, Ponniah, and Smith (1999) deem that risk reduction is a part of risk retention as it is only invoked once the decision has been made to keep the element of risk. Risk reduction was found to be the primary method used ahead of either transfer, retention or avoidance in both construction and oil and gas markets PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYWtlcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTk8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999; Lyons and Skitmore 2004). In order to minimise variations in critical success factor outcomes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Yeo</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><DisplayText>Yeo and Tiong (2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020892">472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yeo, K. T.</author><author>Tiong, Robert L. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive management of differences for risk reduction in BOT projects</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>257-265</pages><volume>18</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Buildoperatetransfer (BOT)</keyword><keyword>Negotiation strategy</keyword><keyword>Risk reduction</keyword><keyword>Risk management</keyword><keyword>Soft systems methodology (SSM)</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>8//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263786399000186</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00018-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Yeo and Tiong (2000) suggest that risk reduction be controlled through:
Management of gap variations to attain desired results
Undertake proactive control of critical variables
Ensure definitive leadership
This indicates that rigorous management of identified critical success factor variables is required to reduce any potential loss.
Risk TransferRisk transfer moves the responsibility for risk from the client party to another ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bacarrini</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>478</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bacarrini 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>478</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020892">478</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bacarrini, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Project Risk Management, Teaching Notes - Topic 5, RISK TREATMENT</title></titles><pages>11</pages><volume>5</volume><num-vols>17</num-vols><section>Risk Treatment</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>Curtin University</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Bacarrini 2016). This can take on two forms; the hiring of a subcontractor who assumes responsibility for the risk or, the financial adoption of risk by a 3rd party, an insurance company ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baker</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>496</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020893">496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baker, Scott</author><author>Ponniah, David</author><author>Smith, Simon</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk response techniques employed currently for major projects</title><secondary-title>Construction Management and Economics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Construction Management and Economics</full-title></periodical><pages>205-213</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>1999/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0144-6193</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461999371709</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/014461999371709</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999). In the construction industry preference is given to transfer risk to the subcontractor PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ba2ludG95ZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Akintoye and MacLeod 1997; Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999). The most favored method, though is the transfer of financial burden the risk poses to an insurance company yet, in some instances, the transferring risk to an employee, is preferred along with transferring to the client who may transfer the risk to an insurance company ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baker</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>496</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020893">496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baker, Scott</author><author>Ponniah, David</author><author>Smith, Simon</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk response techniques employed currently for major projects</title><secondary-title>Construction Management and Economics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Construction Management and Economics</full-title></periodical><pages>205-213</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>1999/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0144-6193</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461999371709</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/014461999371709</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999). At the individual level, project managers opt to pass potential professional errors to others through the purchase of professional indemnity insurance ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Akintoye</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>(Akintoye and MacLeod 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="d95p50srdav9z5e9tr4v9w259wa2p2dt2exe" timestamp="1493952800">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akintoye, Akintola S.</author><author>MacLeod, Malcolm J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk analysis and management in construction</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>31-38</pages><volume>15</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Risk perception</keyword><keyword>risk analysis</keyword><keyword>risk management</keyword><keyword>project managers</keyword><keyword>contractors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>1997/02/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026378639600035X</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(96)00035-X</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Akintoye and MacLeod 1997). The method of transfer is negotiated at the contractual level and usually for an addition to the cost of the work ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baker</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>496</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496020893">496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baker, Scott</author><author>Ponniah, David</author><author>Smith, Simon</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risk response techniques employed currently for major projects</title><secondary-title>Construction Management and Economics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Construction Management and Economics</full-title></periodical><pages>205-213</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>1999/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0144-6193</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461999371709</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/014461999371709</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baker, Ponniah and Smith 1999).
And this is precisely what has been undertaken. The Builder has employed sub-contractors and the sponsor has allocated construction risk to the builder and also purchased builders construction insurance as a safeguard to in case the builder goes bankrupt during the build.
The risk management plan brought to the fore, for the sponsor, the idea that if in the event something does go wrong then there is a plan that has already been considered and treatments available for when action needs to be taken. Site theft, variations to scope, loss of income were identified as some of the major risks that could subject the sponsor to substantial hardship. Yet, surprisingly, the Sponsor has taken a lackadaisical approach to applying the designated treatments and appears to, frustratingly; ignore the advice of the project manager. The sponsor appears to be only reacting to risks and not proactive, due to the initial outlay of cost involved. While risk identification, analysis and treatment correspond to the management of risk it is ultimately sponsors appetite for risk that influences their ability to appropriately respond to risk.
Human ResourcesReflectionThe project team, minus the project sponsor, that is the trades, builder, architect, engineer and project manager works superbly together. There has been no hindrance or questioning of responsibilities or duties. Just a professional diligence to get the project completed. It appears that this comes about though the fully defined roles of each of the teams and the individuals associated within each team. Because of the clearly defined role, there is no encroachment as each trade is uniquely defined. The teams mesh harmoniously together. The leader is definitely the site supervisor, orchestrating trade schedules and resources. It is evident that the construction team is well versed in each others abilities and look to the site supervisor for leadership and guidance. On the outside of this team are the professions who interact just as fluidly with the construction team as with each other, yet appear outwardly reserved, possibly due to the apparent social differences between professions and trades. The author, as project manager, resides in this category. That is, being accepted, yet at a distance. Lastly, the sponsor who, surprisingly, from the majority of trades experienced so far, dont want to communicate or liaise with them. From observing it would appear that the trades work for their contractual employer and not the sponsor and default to the site supervisor for direct communication.
Literary Review & AnalysisMatrix StructureThe construction of the home has taken on an matrix organisational structure, that is, decisions are made at the team level rather than that of the managerial level ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kotter</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kotter and Sathe 1978)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1463190894">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kotter, John P.</author><author>Sathe, Vijay</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Problems of Human Resource Management in Rapidly Growing Companies</title><secondary-title>California management review.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>California management review.</full-title></periodical><pages>29-36</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1978</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley, Calif. :</pub-location><isbn>0008-1256</isbn><accession-num>RS_60008125629inrapidlygrowingcompanies</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.2307/41164804</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kotter and Sathe 1978). This allows the benefit of fast efficient decision making that prevents team annoyance in the completion of required tasks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kotter</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kotter and Sathe 1978)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1463190894">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kotter, John P.</author><author>Sathe, Vijay</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Problems of Human Resource Management in Rapidly Growing Companies</title><secondary-title>California management review.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>California management review.</full-title></periodical><pages>29-36</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1978</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley, Calif. :</pub-location><isbn>0008-1256</isbn><accession-num>RS_60008125629inrapidlygrowingcompanies</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.2307/41164804</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kotter and Sathe 1978). Although the construction teams are operating independently of each other and of relying on managerial decisions, their coordination is overseen by the project manager and support is undertaken through the individual teams employer ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Robbins</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>197</RecNum><DisplayText>(Robbins et al. 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1463059412">197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stephen P. Robbins</author><author>Timothy A. Judge</author><author>Bruce Millet</author><author>Terry Waters-Marsh</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Robbins, Stephen P.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Organisational behaviour</title></titles><pages>719</pages><edition>5th ed..</edition><section>542-559</section><keywords><keyword>Organizational behavior</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.</pub-location><publisher>Frenchs Forest, N.S.W. : Pearson Education Australia</publisher><isbn>9780733977664</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Robbins et al. 2008). That is, the onsite electrician is supported by his company for any needs or requirements to carry out the work onsite, yet the direction of what he is required to do comes from either the project manager or the site supervisor. The matrix structure sees that the ultimate decision responsibility rests with the project manager ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sayles</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>198</RecNum><DisplayText>(Sayles 1976)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>198</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1463061220">198</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sayles, Leonard R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Matrix management: The structure with a future</title><secondary-title>Organizational Dynamics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Organizational Dynamics</full-title></periodical><pages>2-17</pages><volume>5</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1976</year><pub-dates><date>1976/09/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0090-2616</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0090261676900516</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(76)90051-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Sayles 1976), granted in this case to the site supervisor. The matrix structure is prevalent onsite with the site supervisor coordinating the schedules and the major resources required of the various trades, yet the administration support for the individual trades are handle by the trades employers. This has proved enormously efficient as regulatory signoff authority rests with the licensed tradesman and not with the site supervisor, project manager or sponsor.
StaffingIn order to obtain the highest calibre workers an experienced manager is required to screen workers to ensure that the entity gets what they are looking for ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kotter</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kotter and Sathe 1978)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1463190894">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kotter, John P.</author><author>Sathe, Vijay</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Problems of Human Resource Management in Rapidly Growing Companies</title><secondary-title>California management review.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>California management review.</full-title></periodical><pages>29-36</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1978</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley, Calif. :</pub-location><isbn>0008-1256</isbn><accession-num>RS_60008125629inrapidlygrowingcompanies</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.2307/41164804</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kotter and Sathe 1978). This is evident in the makeup of the site team. The builder has been working with the same tradesmen for several years. The tradesmen have been fully vetted by the site supervisor and carry out their work to the site supervisors requirements thereby fostering trust. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kotter</Author><Year>1978</Year><RecNum>202</RecNum><DisplayText>Kotter and Sathe (1978)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1463190894">202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kotter, John P.</author><author>Sathe, Vijay</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Problems of Human Resource Management in Rapidly Growing Companies</title><secondary-title>California management review.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>California management review.</full-title></periodical><pages>29-36</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1978</year></dates><pub-location>Berkeley, Calif. :</pub-location><isbn>0008-1256</isbn><accession-num>RS_60008125629inrapidlygrowingcompanies</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.2307/41164804</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Kotter and Sathe (1978), go further by stressing that in order to make the team more cohesive and accommodating, walls between members of teams must be broken down to allow a congenial atmosphere. This is undertaken by the site supervisor by bringing to site a half-carton of beer on Friday afternoons. This practice has also been adopted by the project sponsor as a show of appreciation. The gestures are much appreciated by the teams workers and the interaction between the teams has been observed as jovial and supportive.
Self-Leading TeamsDue to the nature of the housing construction industry, site supervisors are not dedicated to only one build. The site supervisor for the build at 50 Coronation Street, Woodlands oversees 18 such projects thereby leaving the individual trade teams alone onsite for extended periods. This warrants that the trade teams must be self-guided, responsible and driven to complete a project ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Neck</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>68</RecNum><DisplayText>(Neck and Houghton 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>68</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1459834955">68</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Neck, Christopher P</author><author>Houghton, Jeffery D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Two decades of self-leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities</title><secondary-title>Journal of managerial psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of managerial psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>270-295</pages><volume>21</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>0268-3946</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Neck and Houghton 2006). This trait falls under the category of self-leadership which is described as self-influencing to achieve ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Manz</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>79</RecNum><DisplayText>(Manz 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>79</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1460003425">79</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Manz, Charles C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-leadership: Toward an expanded theory of self-influence processes in organizations</title><secondary-title>Academy of Management review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Academy of Management review</full-title></periodical><pages>585-600</pages><volume>11</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1986</year></dates><isbn>0363-7425</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Manz 1986). This is where acceptable behaviour limits are established by the individual ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Manz</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><DisplayText>(Manz and Sims 1980)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>80</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1460004729">80</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Manz, Charles C</author><author>Sims, Henry P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-management as a substitute for leadership: A social learning theory perspective</title><secondary-title>Academy of Management review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Academy of Management review</full-title></periodical><pages>361-367</pages><volume>5</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1980</year></dates><isbn>0363-7425</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Manz and Sims 1980). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Konradt</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>72</RecNum><DisplayText>Konradt, Andressen, and Ellwart (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>72</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1459835423">72</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Konradt, Udo</author><author>Andressen, Panja</author><author>Ellwart, Thomas</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-leadership in organizational teams: A multilevel analysis of moderators and mediators</title><secondary-title>European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>322-346</pages><volume>18</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1359-432X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Konradt, Andressen, and Ellwart (2009) discovered that teams can attain a higher rate of achievement by the individual being made to believe in themselves from their project manager. This theory presented itself onsite via the compliments surrounding good work from the site supervisor. The individuals within the trade teams were visible pleased when commended and similarly felt poorly when shown work that wasnt up to specification.
ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Neck</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>68</RecNum><DisplayText>Neck and Houghton (2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>68</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1459834955">68</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Neck, Christopher P</author><author>Houghton, Jeffery D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Two decades of self-leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities</title><secondary-title>Journal of managerial psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of managerial psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>270-295</pages><volume>21</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>0268-3946</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Neck and Houghton (2006) though, stress that only positive and not negative encouragement is the basis for ensuring that teams are self-leading, self-goal setting and self-correcting. Where self-correcting is the remorse and individual feels for failure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Manz</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>57</RecNum><DisplayText>(Manz 1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>57</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1459653788">57</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Manz, Charles C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-leadership... the heart of empowerment</title><secondary-title>The Journal for Quality and Participation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal for Quality and Participation</full-title></periodical><pages>80</pages><volume>15</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><isbn>1040-9602</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Manz 1992). Self-correcting actions were observed on several occasions where the tradesman realised that he had accomplished a task incorrectly and frustrated with himself corrected the mistake and moved on.
ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Patanakul</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText>Patanakul, Chen, and Lynn (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1460261544">90</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Patanakul, Peerasit</author><author>Chen, Jiyao</author><author>Lynn, Gary S</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Autonomous teams and new product development</title><secondary-title>Journal of Product Innovation Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Product Innovation Management</full-title></periodical><pages>734-750</pages><volume>29</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1540-5885</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Patanakul, Chen, and Lynn (2012) found that although independent teams were more successful than fully managed teams there was still the need for some form of leadership. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Patanakul</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText>Patanakul, Chen, and Lynn (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1460261544">90</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Patanakul, Peerasit</author><author>Chen, Jiyao</author><author>Lynn, Gary S</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Autonomous teams and new product development</title><secondary-title>Journal of Product Innovation Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Product Innovation Management</full-title></periodical><pages>734-750</pages><volume>29</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1540-5885</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Patanakul, Chen, and Lynn (2012) further suggest that this PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgRXhjbHVkZUF1dGg9IjEiIEV4Y2x1ZGVZZWFyPSIxIiBIaWRkZW49IjEi
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA leadership role is undertaken by the project manager. For the construction project at 50 Coronation Street, this role is undertaken by the site supervisor whom the trades team was established by.
Stakeholder ManagementReflectionStakeholder management, from initial planning, has not proceeded for the sponsor without frustration; much of it due to the Sponsors ignorance or expectations. Prior to the project management plan being adopted there were two main sources of frustration surrounding stakeholders. First, the builders not communicating and providing enough timely attention and secondly the Councils permit department not corresponding with the frequency expected by the sponsors.
The initial builder was terminated for not providing timely responses to questions; for instance the sponsor would call at the start of the business day yet would be frustrated if the questioned hadnt been answered by noon. This was the same for email responses. The builder was subsequently fired due to perceived lack of communication at a contractual cost to the sponsor of $20,000. The second builder initially experienced substantial frustrations when the sponsor was grieving over not being timely responded to. Through adoption of the project by the author and the subsequent generation of the Project Management Plan it was evident that the sponsor essentially had the builder on speed dial and every menial question that the sponsor generated turned to the builder for resolution. This caused grievances with the builder who didnt have time to answer individual questions relating to scheduling of individual trades or the movement of tap placement or what the final level of the flooring would be to maximise vistas. The use of the project manager allowed the bundling and direction of questions to be addressed by the correct entity in the correct manner, with the project manager acting as a filter. For instance, sponsor questions had to be tallied and written down and sent to the PM who would then forward the questions for review. Other methods instilled was the initiation of a weekly progress reporting by the project manager who would liaise between all applicable parties to determine requirements and forecast plans and trouble should problems. Formal sit-down meetings were also instilled at the completion of each milestone, to air grievances, discuss solutions and offer forecasts. Both the Sponsor and builder are satisfied with the level of communication along with other interested stakeholders, Architect, Building Surveyor. The sponsor required education as to Council notifications communications which are now being handled by the builder.
Literary Review & AnalysisIdentification ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Freeman</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>520</RecNum><DisplayText>Freeman (2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496121215">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Freeman, R Edward</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Strategic management: A stakeholder approach</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0521151740</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Freeman (2010) via ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Preble</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><DisplayText>Preble (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120439">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Preble, John F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward a Comprehensive Model of Stakeholder Management</title><secondary-title>Business and Society Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Business and Society Review</full-title></periodical><pages>407-431</pages><volume>110</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>1467-8594</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http:https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Preble (2005) define a stakeholder as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations [sic] activities. For the house construction project at 50 Coronation Street, Woodlands there are a surprising number of stakeholders; the sponsor, project manager, professions, builder, trades, financial, building regulators, neighbourhood residents, family, friends and passers-by to name a few. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Preble</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><DisplayText>Preble (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120439">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Preble, John F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward a Comprehensive Model of Stakeholder Management</title><secondary-title>Business and Society Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Business and Society Review</full-title></periodical><pages>407-431</pages><volume>110</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>1467-8594</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http:https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Preble (2005) breaks stakeholders into primary, that is those who have a direct hands on involvement over the outcome of the project and secondary stakeholders that is those entities who can influence or affect the outcome. Examples of secondary stakeholders are neighbourhood residents. These stakeholders are individual in nature yet can be considered as a group entity. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Agle</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>521</RecNum><DisplayText>Agle, Mitchell, and Sonnenfeld (1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>521</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496122470">521</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Agle, Bradley R</author><author>Mitchell, Ronald K</author><author>Sonnenfeld, Jeffrey A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Who matters to Ceos? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corpate performance, and Ceo values</title><secondary-title>Academy of management journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Academy of Management Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>507-525</pages><volume>42</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>1999</year></dates><isbn>0001-4273</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Agle, Mitchell, and Sonnenfeld (1999) via ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Preble</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><DisplayText>Preble (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120439">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Preble, John F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward a Comprehensive Model of Stakeholder Management</title><secondary-title>Business and Society Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Business and Society Review</full-title></periodical><pages>407-431</pages><volume>110</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>1467-8594</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http:https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Preble (2005) state that stakeholders are identified by their Legitimacy, Power and Urgency. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Baccarini</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><DisplayText>Baccarini (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120025">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davd Baccarini</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>School of Built Environment</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Teaching Notes: Topic 8, Stakeholder Management, Communications Management</title></titles><pages>14</pages><number>8</number><num-vols>14</num-vols><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin University</publisher><work-type>Teaching Notes</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Baccarini (2016) enforces this by labelling stakeholder identification under the title of Interest, Proximity and Impact. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cleland</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>522</RecNum><DisplayText>Cleland (1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>522</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496123131">522</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cleland, David I</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Project stakeholder management</title></titles><dates><year>1986</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>0470172355</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Cleland (1986) via ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1" ExcludeYear="1" Hidden="1"><Author>Cleland</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>522</RecNum><DisplayText>Baccarini (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>522</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496123131">522</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cleland, David I</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Project stakeholder management</title></titles><dates><year>1986</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>0470172355</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cleland</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>522</RecNum><record><rec-number>522</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496123131">522</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cleland, David I</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Project stakeholder management</title></titles><dates><year>1986</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>0470172355</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Baccarini</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120025">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davd Baccarini</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>School of Built Environment</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Teaching Notes: Topic 8, Stakeholder Management, Communications Management</title></titles><pages>14</pages><number>8</number><num-vols>14</num-vols><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin University</publisher><work-type>Teaching Notes</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Baccarini (2016) states that information regarding stakeholder identification needs to be gather and appropriately analysed. Then of more importance, how will the analysed information be utilised and to whom will it be distributed to.
Interest
Analysing a stakeholders interest is of paramount importance as it identifies their interest and influence in the project ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baccarini</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baccarini 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120025">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davd Baccarini</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>School of Built Environment</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Teaching Notes: Topic 8, Stakeholder Management, Communications Management</title></titles><pages>14</pages><number>8</number><num-vols>14</num-vols><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin University</publisher><work-type>Teaching Notes</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baccarini 2016). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Jepsen</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>524</RecNum><DisplayText>Jepsen and Eskerod (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>524</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496124085">524</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jepsen, Anna Lund</author><author>Eskerod, Pernille</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stakeholder analysis in projects: Challenges in using current guidelines in the real world</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>335-343</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Jepsen and Eskerod (2009) state that analysis of the stakeholder correctly identifies their interest and allows the project team to assert their influence over the stakeholder as required. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Jepsen</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>524</RecNum><DisplayText>Jepsen and Eskerod (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>524</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496124085">524</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jepsen, Anna Lund</author><author>Eskerod, Pernille</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stakeholder analysis in projects: Challenges in using current guidelines in the real world</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>335-343</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Jepsen and Eskerod (2009) recommend the following steps regarding stakeholder analysis:
Stakeholder identification
Stakeholder Characterisation
Contributions required by project team
Expectations of stakeholder from contributions
Stakeholder power, relating to project
Influence strategy over stakeholder
The interest that secondary stakeholders harbour, using the definition of ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Preble</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><DisplayText>Preble (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120439">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Preble, John F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toward a Comprehensive Model of Stakeholder Management</title><secondary-title>Business and Society Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Business and Society Review</full-title></periodical><pages>407-431</pages><volume>110</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>1467-8594</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http:https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00023.x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Preble (2005); for example neighbours, may have in the project can range from cursory to debilitating. In the project at hand, the sponsor and their next door neighbour are feuding over payment of a joint retaining wall, so the interest from the secondary stakeholder in the project is very high, and is taking an enormous amount of time to resolve. This stakeholder was incorrectly identified and to use ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Jepsen</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>524</RecNum><DisplayText>Jepsen and Eskerod (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>524</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496124085">524</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jepsen, Anna Lund</author><author>Eskerod, Pernille</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stakeholder analysis in projects: Challenges in using current guidelines in the real world</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Project Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Project Management</full-title></periodical><pages>335-343</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>0263-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Jepsen and Eskerod (2009) analysis technique was underestimated by the Sponsor.
Proximity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bourne</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>525</RecNum><DisplayText>Bourne and Walker (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>525</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496125137">525</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bourne, Lynda</author><author>Walker, Derek HT</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence</title><secondary-title>Management decision</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Management Decision</full-title></periodical><pages>649-660</pages><volume>43</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>0025-1747</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Bourne and Walker (2005) state that the closer a stakeholder is to a project the more important they are, that is are they just a mere passer-by on the street or are they the building approvals officer with the local council. The first has a remote proximity and therefore a limited influence whereas the second example is in close proximity to the project and could have a substantial influence. In a similar vein, neighbours within the immediate project area, 5 houses away, to the house construction (therefore in close proximity geographically) made enquires to the council planning office that the height of the project home being constructed wouldnt interfere with the stakeholders views. While the residence would never have reached the height intended as an obstruction it delayed the council sufficiently to check that vistas to a secondary stakeholder would remain unblemished. Hence is the power and unpredictability of secondary stakeholders.
ImpactThis refers to the power, both positively or negatively, that a stakeholder can reign a project in on ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baccarini</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><DisplayText>(Baccarini 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496120025">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davd Baccarini</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>School of Built Environment</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Teaching Notes: Topic 8, Stakeholder Management, Communications Management</title></titles><pages>14</pages><number>8</number><num-vols>14</num-vols><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin University</publisher><work-type>Teaching Notes</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Baccarini 2016). In the above example, REF _Ref483918933 r h 4.2.3, the neighbouring home owner may have had a significant impact on the projects outcome by limiting the number of floors that were to be constructed.
ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Olander</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>526</RecNum><DisplayText>Olander (2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496127081">526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stefan Olander</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stakeholder impact analysis in construction project management</title><secondary-title>Construction Management and Economics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Construction Management and Economics</full-title></periodical><pages>277-287</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>2007/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0144-6193</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190600879125</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/01446190600879125</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Olander (2007) suggests that stakeholder impact should be assessed by as the attitude that a stakeholder has toward the project, the potential of impact and the probability that an event will occur. These factors are combined into a stakeholder impact index which ranks the stakeholder in order of importance. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bourne</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>525</RecNum><DisplayText>Bourne and Walker (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>525</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496125137">525</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bourne, Lynda</author><author>Walker, Derek HT</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence</title><secondary-title>Management decision</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Management Decision</full-title></periodical><pages>649-660</pages><volume>43</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>0025-1747</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Bourne and Walker (2005) were slightly more extravagant by combining the factors into a visual diagram, see REF _Ref483920586 h Figure 1. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Olander</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>526</RecNum><DisplayText>Olander (2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496127081">526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stefan Olander</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stakeholder impact analysis in construction project management</title><secondary-title>Construction Management and Economics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Construction Management and Economics</full-title></periodical><pages>277-287</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>2007/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0144-6193</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190600879125</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/01446190600879125</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Olander (2007) further points out that the impact a stakeholder holds over a project is the main characteristic that should be monitored when deciding how much attention needs to be given to stakeholder.
Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1 An example of the ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Bourne</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>525</RecNum><DisplayText>Bourne and Walker (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>525</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496125137">525</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bourne, Lynda</author><author>Walker, Derek HT</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence</title><secondary-title>Management decision</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Management Decision</full-title></periodical><pages>649-660</pages><volume>43</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>0025-1747</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Bourne and Walker (2005) stakeholder circleScope ManagementReflectionThe definition of the projects scope has resulted in a monumental delay in construction. On one hand one of the sponsors was eager to initiate any work, resulting in the demolishing of the initial house 15 months earlier than necessary costing $42,000 in extra cost associated with housing rental. Multiple delays associated with the incorrect submission of documents to council regarding site retaining walls saw wall approvals delayed by a year. Subsequent to this, changes to the design plans by the other sponsor caused multiple redline design versions which caused over a year and a half delay of building approval and countless redesign costs. The initial home was demolished with no clearly approved design plans. The lack of project charter identifying the opportunity, establishing the key requirements and identifying benefits of the project had allowed the project to stall, and become a source of personal frustration and anxiousness for the project sponsors. Adoption of the project charter and project management plan, as part of this course work, allowed the proper definition of requirements and definition of scope. This unfortunately did not prevent the sponsors from making a variation to the scope of work thereby incurring additional cost for the project. Yet developing the Charter and the Project Management Plan has enabled the Sponsors to solidify their requirements and create awareness that they are responsible for the outcomes of the project due to the changes being made. While the number of changes made by the sponsor has curtailed since incorporating a project management viewpoint a variation to scope in the form of a flooring change was unpreventable and resulted in a subsequent budget increase.
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Cho and Gibson (2001) stipulate that properly defining the scope of a project is critical to its success, failure to do so affects either the cost of the project or its schedule, or both. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cockfield</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>540</RecNum><DisplayText>Cockfield (1987)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>540</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496137826">540</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cockfield, Richard W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Scope Management</title><secondary-title>PM Network</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PM Network</full-title></periodical><pages>12-15</pages><volume>August 1987</volume><section>12</section><dates><year>1987</year></dates><work-type>Journal</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Cockfield (1987) stresses that one of the most important aspects of project management is project definition, through the breakdown of work into manageable chunks. This is undertaken through the generation of a Work Breakdown Structure for the project. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cockfield</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>540</RecNum><DisplayText>Cockfield (1987)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>540</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496137826">540</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cockfield, Richard W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Scope Management</title><secondary-title>PM Network</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PM Network</full-title></periodical><pages>12-15</pages><volume>August 1987</volume><section>12</section><dates><year>1987</year></dates><work-type>Journal</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Cockfield (1987) further stipulates that completion of initial documentation such as project charter, WBS and Project Management Plan allow for proper baseline definition of the project. With the project at hand, the sponsors undertook no documentation of the opportunity, no requirements and indicators of performance and did not document a basic plan of their needs relating to a goal. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGUgQXV0aG9yWWVhcj0iMSI+PEF1dGhvcj5DaG88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4y
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Cho and Gibson (2001) mentioned the lack of proper scope definition can result in project failure.
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Belassi and Tukel (1996) argue that a projects success is in the eyes of the beholder. What is considered a failure in the realm of project management is currently seen as a success in the eyes of the sponsor. Forgotten by the sponsor are the long months of inaction only to be presented with a letter of rejection from the councils building permit authority. For the project manager this project, taken holistically, would be considered a failure. That is, there existed a lack of control over the project and or project objectives were not met PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Nb3JyaXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTg3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Morris and Hough 1987; Baker, Murphy and Fisher 2008; Belassi and Tukel 1996; Pinto and Prescott 1988).
Scope Creep ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kuprenas</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>541</RecNum><DisplayText>Kuprenas and Nasr (2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>541</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496140256">541</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kuprenas, John A</author><author>Nasr, Elhami B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling design-phase scope creep</title><secondary-title>AACE International Transactions</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AACE International Transactions</full-title></periodical><pages>CS11</pages><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>1528-7106</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Kuprenas and Nasr (2003) state that as the project progress the scope will become more refined yet will remain within the initial project parameters, variations to such initial parameters is termed scope creep. The project has had an endless supply of scope creep. The site has a cross fall of 3 meters, and to level the block there has been a several changes to the style of retaining wall desired by the sponsor (post & panel, limestone block, poured concrete and finally, cavity filled brick walls). Just the time changes alone resulted in the delay of retaining wall permit approval by a year. The build cost increased from $15,000 to over $40,000 not including the engineering and submission costs. Controlling scope creep is deemed as a critical success factor in project management ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kuprenas</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>541</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kuprenas and Nasr 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>541</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496140256">541</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kuprenas, John A</author><author>Nasr, Elhami B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling design-phase scope creep</title><secondary-title>AACE International Transactions</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AACE International Transactions</full-title></periodical><pages>CS11</pages><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>1528-7106</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kuprenas and Nasr 2003). The symptoms of this is either a major design change or numerous small changes to the project scope ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kuprenas</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>541</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kuprenas and Nasr 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>541</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496140256">541</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kuprenas, John A</author><author>Nasr, Elhami B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling design-phase scope creep</title><secondary-title>AACE International Transactions</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AACE International Transactions</full-title></periodical><pages>CS11</pages><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>1528-7106</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kuprenas and Nasr 2003).
For the project at hand the design was delayed by a year and a half as the sponsors tweaked and re-tweaked the original design, each cycle costing more money and incurring more of a time delay. When finalised and sent to the builder for costing the shock was enough to scrap the design and start the process again with a more basic layout. The same cycle of design tweaking caused further delays and resulted in a design that was only $70,000 cheaper and a year and a half delayed, when compared to the original. The sponsors found the process of tweaking the design both exhilarating and frustrating. Exhilarating due having intimate control over each wall and door way and frustrating that they kept changing their mind back to what had previously been discarded.
In order to control scope creep ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kuprenas</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>541</RecNum><DisplayText>Kuprenas and Nasr (2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>541</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496140256">541</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kuprenas, John A</author><author>Nasr, Elhami B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controlling design-phase scope creep</title><secondary-title>AACE International Transactions</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AACE International Transactions</full-title></periodical><pages>CS11</pages><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>1528-7106</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Kuprenas and Nasr (2003) stipulate that there should be:
Documentation stipulating the reason behind the change
Independent review to see if the validation for change is legitimate
Follow a set procedure to generate a complete scope.
ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Hussain</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>542</RecNum><DisplayText>Hussain (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496144099">542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hussain, Osama Abbas</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Direct cost of scope creep in governmental construction projects in Qatar</title><secondary-title>Global Journal of Management And Business Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Journal of Management And Business Research</full-title></periodical><volume>12</volume><number>14</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0975-5853</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Hussain (2012) in his empirical study identifies multiple reasons behind scope creep the most common being:
Wrong people and limited knowledge in defining scope
Stakeholder ignorance during execution
Poor scope management
For the house project these are the precise reasons that the project has taken so long to begin construction. The sponsors were blissfully unaware of what was required due to knowledge and proper definition of the project at hand. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Hussain</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>542</RecNum><DisplayText>Hussain (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496144099">542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hussain, Osama Abbas</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Direct cost of scope creep in governmental construction projects in Qatar</title><secondary-title>Global Journal of Management And Business Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Global Journal of Management And Business Research</full-title></periodical><volume>12</volume><number>14</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0975-5853</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Hussain (2012) recommends several solutions to inhibit scope creep they being clear communication, collection and analysis of data from knowledgeable personnel to write a complete scope, a scope management framework and the project team must sell the project to all stakeholders early before the start. This last item is interesting as if each of the sponsor had had to present to get the others buy a clearer scope definition would have been generated, if then only documented.
ConclusionAnybody, with sufficient finances, can build a home. For many it is the fulfilment of a dream to see their ideas become reality and it causes a sense of placement and being in a neighbourhood where they wish to plant roots and raise a family, or similarly makes an architectural statement. Yet, for the sponsor of the project under review, the construction process has been a source of immense frustration and financially draining due to a lack of structured planning.
The project, while still currently under construction, has experienced delays totalling a year and a half prior to the final plans being approved. The delay and associated expenditure to date has occurred due to a lack of direction on the part of the sponsor. From a project management standpoint the project would be deemed a failure in the eyes of the author, yet it is considered a success by the sponsor, because construction is underway. The delays and cost could have been averted if the sponsor had taken the time to step back from the initial concept to create a project charter, even a simple document explaining what they wanted to do and the requirements that the building needed as this would have given the project direction and something to measure success by. Over the course of countless plan changes the scope has swelled and contracted, all the time with the budget ever climbing.
The involvement of the author, as project manager, allowed the generation of a belated project charter and a project management plan, thereby giving the project a long needed base footing. The project management plan was instrumental in identifying the risk of the builder beginning bankruptcy enquiries with an accountant and the treatment of such risk with the purchase of building construction insurance. Yet although the charter and PMP were a good footing, the attitude of the sponsors prevented the incorporation of additional preventative risk treatments due to menial costs.
While plans aid in guiding and directing this project it is the attitude of the sponsor which hampers project success in an academic sense. Counselled or not the ultimate responsibility for success lies with the sponsor. The project, post course work, will continue to be monitored and input provided to the sponsor to ensure that structured organisation and efficient project management enable project success.
Bibliography ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1" ExcludeYear="1" Hidden="1"><Author>Gard</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>517</RecNum><record><rec-number>517</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xwds00px8a9rebeteps595ekw55x9p90s9ax" timestamp="1496118423">517</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Raymond Gard</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Maureen Boland</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Leadership essay</title><secondary-title>School of Built Environment</secondary-title></titles><pages>4</pages><volume>Masters of Project Managment</volume><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Bentley, WA</pub-location><publisher>Curtin</publisher><work-type>Assignment</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>
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Assignment 4: Project Learning The Reflective Practitioner
Value: 40%
Submission Date:Week 12
Assignment Aims
Project learning involves acquiring and transferring knowledge from one project to the next. This means teasing out insights from events encountered on one project (for example challenges, reasons for success/failure, etc) and subsequently applying those insights more generally to later projects.
The goal of project learning is improved project performance and thus learning from past experiences is recognised as being of central importance in project-based organisations. However, despite the potential value that learning from the past can bring to future projects, it is not always done well.
The purpose of this assignment is to instil into your project management practice the discipline and skills needed for project learning. Learning involves a process of inquiry and as a result of the insights gained from inquiry, adaption of project management practice. The assignment draws upon aspects of the Research 1 unit, notably skills surrounding critical inquiry and engagement with the extant project management literature.
Assignment Tasks
Students will choose 4 PMBOK knowledge areas. During completion of PMIP students will reflect upon their experiences in relation to each of the 4 knowledge areas in order to generate a series of experiential learning points (things learned from direct experience) that will form the basis for improvement to their future project management practice.
To capture the learning gained, students are required to submit a report of approximately 5000 words spread evenly across the knowledge areas (plus or minus 10% i.e. minimum of 4500 and maximum of 5500). The document should report upon the learning gained within each of the 4 knowledge areas. Specifically, for each of their 4 knowledge areas students are required to:
Report theexperiential learningpointsgained from experience during the PMIP unit,including a brief description of the specific context from which the learning emerged. For example, learning might be gained from challenges encountered, significant events, aspects of practice that were found to work well or failed to deliver the expected outcomes.
Conductalighttouchreviewofthe project management literature relating to the experiential learning points. Compare the findings of the literature review with experiential learning points describing the similarities/differences and explaining why these similarities/difference might exist.
With these similarities and differences between the literature and experience during the PMIP identified, the student should then reflect further and report how they will use this new knowledge to improve their future practice of project management.
To support the development of your assignment it is highly recommended that you keep a diary of events emerging as you progress through your PMIP project experience. This will act as a project memory capturing notable events, problems, successes and solutions you applied during your project. The document will therefore provide a valuable source of information which you can draw upon when the time comes to write your assignment. Without this document ideas can be forgotten or lost as the project progresses.
Format
Your submission must have a cover page (details later), a contents page and a list of references in the Chicago style.
The submission must be on A4 paper and be formatted as follows:
Font size 11 at one-and-a-half line spacing
2.5 cm margin on left, right, top and bottom
Use quotation marks for all quotations of no more than four lines of copy. Longer quotations should be inset, single-spaced and have no quotation marks.
Ensure typing, grammar and punctuation are of a high standard and all typing errors are corrected.
Pages are to be numbered in the top right corner. Continuous pagination is to be used throughout the main body of text (the cover, contents and list of references pages should be discontinuous pagination). Use bold type rather than underlining for emphasis, but keep such emphasis to a minimum.
Headings should be in CAPITAL LETTERS and bolded. Sub-headings in the body of the text should be in Lower case letters, except for the first letter of the title and for proper nouns, and should also be bolded. Headings of all three levels are to be numbered, e.g. 2.0, 2.1, 2.1.1. All levels of headings and all bulleted points are not to be indented, but must be blocked to the left-hand margin.
Leave two blank spaces before and one blank space after all levels of headings.
Figures and tables are to be numbered consecutively and be complete with appropriate caption in Title Case, eg Table 2.1, Benefits of Quality, Table 2.2; Figure 2.1, TQM Model, Figure 2.2. Captions are to be placed above the figure or table.
Cover Page and Binding Requirements
The cover page must include the following information:
Department Name
Unit name
Assignment title
Student name and number
Lecturer name
Date of submission
Submission & Marking Structure
Background to the Project:
(no more than 500 words) 4/40
Knowledge Area 1 (approx 1200 words)
Experiential Learning Points
Adequate in number and for each the context from which the learning emerged is described to an appropriate depth.
Use of Literature
Appropriate depth and balance of literature across each of the knowledge areas (following the Chicago 16 style) with evidence of critical comparison with experiential learning points.
Proposed improvements for future practice
Improvements appropriate in number and clearly founded upon the insights gained from experience and review of the literature.
8/40
Knowledge Area 2 (approx 1200 words)
Experiential Learning Points
Adequate in number and for each the context from which the learning emerged is described to an appropriate depth.
Use of Literature
Appropriate depth and balance of literature across each of the knowledge areas (following the Chicago 16 style) with evidence of critical comparison with experiential learning points.
Proposed improvements for future practice
Improvements appropriate in number and clearly founded upon the insights gained from experience and review of the literature.
8/40
Knowledge Area 3 (approx 1200 words)
Experiential Learning Points
Adequate in number and for each the context from which the learning emerged is described to an appropriate depth.
Use of Literature
Appropriate depth and balance of literature across each of the knowledge areas (following the Chicago 16 style) with evidence of critical comparison with experiential learning points.
Proposed improvements for future practice
Improvements appropriate in number and clearly founded upon the insights gained from experience and review of the literature.
8/40
Knowledge Area 4 (approx 1200 words)
Experiential Learning Points
Adequate in number and for each the context from which the learning emerged is described to an appropriate depth.
Use of Literature
Appropriate depth and balance of literature across each of the knowledge areas (following the Chicago 16 style) with evidence of critical comparison with experiential learning points.
Proposed improvements for future practice
Improvements appropriate in number and clearly founded upon the insights gained from experience and review of the literature.
8/40
Document structure Grammar and fluency
Document is presented in a coherent form 4/40