<Erection based construction planning for panelised buildings>
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A literature review Report submitted for BLDG4010 Construction Research Methods
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Background
The panelized building technology is a dry process that offers a faster, safer, and more environmentally friendly way to construct. The study's goal is to identify the key building construction and erection components, as well as the main handling, joining, and erection processes. By doing so, it will be possible to construct buildings more efficiently and with less material waste on the job site. This increases worker comfort and safety during the building construction process. The most important information to gather for efficient planning may be about jointing, quality control, and erection. This information is obtained through questionnaires and checks following literature surveys after consulting with engineers based on the data gathered. To fulfill the correct criteria for design and overall functionality when designing a panelized building, it is essential to perform a joint analysis with precast requirements to comprehend the design elements before they are analyzed. For the safe handling, erection, and jointing of precast structural elements, minimum safety standards must be maintained. A field survey and measurement sting operation of the existing cast-in-place dimensions will be done to enable detail in the main precast/prestressed concrete elements. Before starting the erection of pre-cast concrete elements, the surveyor will verify by precise field metrics the location of accessories and pads. Using control points depicted on the panels concerning suggestions from stakeholders, the main contractor will pinpoint the exact location of all works. The principal contractor shall deliver the grid lines for the benchmark level zone. It's important to inspect the dowel bars that connect the panels to the slabs. Special materials must be used if the level of slabs is to maximum tolerance. All calculations and drawings will be given to the engineer for evaluation and approval to accurately determine the same positions of the work. Precast column erection involves steps like the CAST INSITU foundation, which must be constructed in line with the authorized drawing. The location and diameter of the starter bar must match the authorized drawing. (A T20 dowel from the CIS foundation would be inserted into a precast concrete element's 50mm corrugated hole pipe.) On the CAST INSITU foundation, a precast column will be placed. Precast columns must be supported by push-pull prop jacks during construction following the attached propping design. To maintain line, level, verticality, and straightness, precast columns must be aligned and the approved erection layout must be adhered to.
Use approved non-shrinking grout to grout 50mm corrugated hole pipes. A precast beam will be installed on a precast column following the propping details as well as design. The beam needs to be aligned to maintain the line, level, rightness, and verticality. The approved steel reinforcement drawing must be followed when providing reinforcing steel that is cast in place. The grade of concrete strength must meet the requirements of the superstructure project. Repairing shall be cured. Precast/prestressed concrete elements must have any general defects repaired using approved repair materials or any equipment-approved material. According to the manufacturer's recommendations, repairs will be made be continued following the project's specifications or standards. The grade of concrete strength must satisfy the project's superstructure requirements. Repairing must be finished. Any general requirements in precast/prestressed concrete components must be fixed using approved parts or any equipment-approved material. Repairs will be carried out following the project's requirements or standards or as advised by the manufacturer.
Literature review
In this section, it is shown how the modular prefabricated approach can be successful in any project development area as well as how many analysts were able to research and track the advantages of the MiC approach and produce data and evidence to support each MiC advantage, which can be used to gauge how widespread these advantages are. MiC strategy provides the benefit of saving time because it allows for rapid development. In essence, modules covering the work on the site and the action during the lifting operation are produced and sent to the construction site. Additionally, MiC can evacuate nearly 80% of building tasks, saving significant time due to asset management and weather-related difficulties. When performing repetitive work, using manufacturing facilities ensures a direct stream of operations that is superior to doing it on-site. Additionally, the work of machines and automated developments helps to improve this procedure and shorten its duration. Additionally, it contributed to the solution of the issue of the global scarcity of skilled workers. The miC can complete projects earlier and yield cheaper interest payments for capital than typical development strategies, which can take up to 40% longer.
MiC moves roughly 90% of development activities to manufacturing facilities, eliminating many risks including bad weather, interruptions, equipment breakdowns, low labor productivity, and other problems that could result in the project being delayed and costing more money. The development project is enhanced and made more secure by the decrease in on-site activity by making the area cleaner and lowering the likelihood of near-misses among workers. According to Kamali and Hewage, using MiC decreased the number of reportable accidents by 80% compared to conventional methods.
Additionally, by using less equipment, the risk of damage to private property brought on by the near-miss of a significant amount of huge equipment is decreased. In general, it is easy to deduce MiC's preferences in terms of overall cost.
First off, since time is money, time-dependent expenditures like crane rental rates decrease when the project's duration is shorter. Moment, MiC activities require significantly less setting up of locations and assembly, saving money. Third, compared to traditional methods, the total amount of double handling would be reduced to roughly 10% to 20%, yielding significant savings for developers and lowered risk of contract overruns for contractors.Additionally, a contractor will believe that the risks of MiC are lower than those of conventional approaches during the offering stage because conventional approaches involve more stringent health and security measures, greater exposure to unfavourable weather and climate conditions, a higher risk of subpar work that necessitates more rework, and finally, a significantly higher risk of property damage. This will reduce the risk rate and keep the risk assessment result at a low level, which the temporary employee will take into account during the offer process. Additionally, it is common practise for the contractor to guarantee the extent with several types of safeguards scope in accordance with the contract requirements. On top of that, unlike conventional assignments, the MiC technique binds all participants to a deadline after which no revisions are allowed, leading to a considerable decrease in variation works and instructions. According to statistics, Kamali and Hewage and Hong, et al. claimed that utilising measured construction might reduce capital expenditures by up to 10%. Kamali and Hewage also highlighted the advantage of lower material costs because of MiC's use of bulk orders. According to Kamali and Hewage, MiC saves 25% on building costs when compared to the conventional approach. MiC Construction, also referred to as off-site construction (OSC), lowers material waste and helps to keep the environment cleaner. Navaratnam et al. claim that the noise reduction and disruption reduction provided by OSC represent a considerable natural advantage. Additionally, OSC structures have a reputation for promoting recycling, particularly when steel structure modules are used. 76% of studies, according to Kamali and Hewage, supported the MiC system's ability to lower construction waste. According to Marjaba and Chidiac, OSC, which switches from building cladding to building whole modules, results in less material waste, fewer environmental problems, and the ability to build to higher specifications should that be necessary. Additionally, OSC encourages the use of on-site manufacturing methods, which improves sustainability over the long term. By minimising the quantity of transportation required, especially in MiC, OSC would produce wastes of less than 5% and lower transportation-related carbon emissions. Natural, social, and economic sustainability all have an optimum impact on maintainability in MiC. Capital markets, showing, operations, building delivery, and materials have all advanced significantly over a considerable period of time. Since each project is created utilising comparable technology, there have been slight improvements in the successful stage. It has been established that this original idea can cut insurance rates caused by changes in the market and tendering forms by 10% to 15%. The most notable MiC rule is that it prioritises offshore advancement and collecting over potentially more challenging onsite methods. MiC is a construction method where parts of a structure are created off-site, moved to the project site, and then put back together on-site to produce the final product.
60% to 90% of the time, modules are constructed off-site in a controlled mechanical environment before being transported and assembled there. After the composited module plan has been accepted, the estimated time consumption ranges from 2% to 41%. MiC refers to three-dimensional rooms rather than pre-assembled mechanical systems, kitchen and bathroom components. Depending on the management and the complexity, there may be a significant difference in the amount of offsite versus onsite development. The ageing workforce and construction safety are currently the two challenges that are most expected. Pre-assembled prefinished volumetric construction (PPVC) and MiC development can save building time by at least 40% and expenses, which led to an improvement in development safety and allowed ageing specialists to continue their expert work in a secure atmosphere.
MiC stands for the process of gathering design and fabricating, and scheduling is typically a part of module manufacturing. The plan must be set up such that the minimum amount of each module supplied and delivered to the site matches the project parameters because MiC components have to do with restricted projects and waste minimization. The production plan used by MiC's supply chain differs from old methods, adding contemporary levels of unpredictability to the creation and wrapping up processes. MiC is a prime example of the design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) technique, and module production typically involves sequencing.
Measured parts are usually produced on demand and are intended for use in a single project. It was determined as a result that planning must be organised such that the optimal quantity of each module created and carried to the site correctly satisfies its requirements in order to avoid wasting. This supply chain production planning for MiC differs from the conventional approach, introducing unanticipated levels of vulnerability into the development plan. The resulting MiC project may be short-lived or changeless. MiC creates adaptable, industrialised, and demountable structures as opposed to institutionalised "boxes." The goal of MiC is to develop industrialised building frameworks where the same design parameters produce highly individualised and adaptable buildings that are placed in various locations.
A project delay occurs when the project's completion date is later than the legally stipulated timeline.Venture delays in the building sector are inevitable. According to Banaitene et al. (2013), a few of the major causes of delays in MiC building include a lack of expert experience, wasteful modular component association, inadequate partner management, and low productivity. According to Mehbub et al. (2014a), the main reason for delays in MiC projects is interruptions in the supply chain. Workshop scheduling is widely used to accelerate asset allocation and guarantee timely supply of measurements since modular components are built to order. However, adjustments to deals, pricing, module volume, changeover costs, and curing time have an impact on workshop planning. Furthermore, assessed plant characteristics, module characteristics, movement patterns, demand projections, and dispatch information all affect the variables (Wang et.al,2018). These variations may stimulate various hazards and instabilities within the framework of methodical planning. Other than the planning structure, a number of other reasons have been reported to delay MiC developments. For instance, wind-related factors caused an 18-day delay in the construction of contemporary pre-assembled cladding at One Ludgate Put in London. According to Hsu et al. (2018), weather disruptions, delays in the delivery of modular components, and crane dissatisfaction resulted in delays in the timeline execution of a few MiC projects in the UK. Plan approval, poor design coordination, poor quality control, delays during measured transportation, a lack of plan information among developers, incorrect modular installation, and tower crane malfunction were all discovered to be the main delay risk causes. According to Li et al. (2018c), these supply chain issues resulted in 200300 minor delays during the six-day cycle assembly of pre-assembled lodging structures in Hong Kong. Because of this, a variety of factors could result in schedule delay in MiC projects, which calls for careful consideration in the MiC programme (Yong,2012). Construction may be a high-risk sector that exposes workers to a range of health risks, including the possibility of falling and exposure to mechanical working platforms (Zhang,2020). MiC takes significant steps to improve the safety and wellness of construction employees by providing a controlled manufacturing environment, reducing onsite activities, having fewer construction workers on site, and reducing the need to work from heights. According to a research, the majority of general and strength contractors in the UK now execute projects more safely because to MiC (McGraw Slope Development, 2013). According to the Bureau of Labour Insights (2017), both the overall injury and rate in manufactured lodging as well as the rate in on-site residential construction were higher than the national average of 4.2 per 100 employees in the United States. In terms of incline development, poor security could result in high costs for human enduring, labourer salaries, lost productivity, and employee at height turnover (mao et.al,2013). Construction workers with specific skills are subject to different security risks at various points along the MiC supply chain.
These situations exist because construction workers still handle measured components physically within their work group, such as internal divider board segments in private MiC. When mechanical assistance is unavailable, manual caregiving is useful, but the massive quantities of modular components pose a risk to the safety of the workers. According to Nussbaum et al. (2009), private woodworkers were involved in the lifting, carrying, and construction of panelized walls that ranged in width from 1.2 to 6.0 m and weighed about 250 kg(Zhong et.al,2017). Due to these tasks, the workforce was exposed to arm, lower, and upper back discomfort as well as drop wounds.
Fard et al. (2017) revealed that in 125 events between the design of the module and its onsite installation, falls and being struck by building objects were the main causes of hospitalised wounds (50.4%), fatalities (38.4%), and non-hospitalized wounds (11.2%). Both on-site assembly and modular production involve largely the same manual handling and procedures (baker,2016). According to Froese et al. (2016), development professionals in the United Kingdom reported feeling extremely exhausted after manually evaluating, unloading, lining up, detaching, screwing, and welding modules at a work site and permitting crane lift after module conveyance.
The primary justifications for choosing precast building over traditional in situ construction 1. Economical execution of work in large-scale projects involving a lot of repetition. 2. Special architectural finishing requirements 3. Reliable structural quality assurance 4. Construction is completed quickly 5. Resources on the site are limited, such as workers and materials. 6. Additional space and environmental restrictions(gibb,1999)
. A general evaluation of some or all of the aforementioned elements that shows the advantages of precast construction over traditional methods. The cost effects of traditional in-situ construction and precast construction are explained in the details that follow.
MATERIALS USED:
Someofthemostoftenusedprefabricatedbuildingsaremadewithprefabricatedbuildingmaterials,whicharethensenttothefinallocationwheretheyareassembled. Theprefabricatedcomponentsaremadeofavarietyofmaterials.Useoftreated materials, ceramic tiless,etc.,isacontemporarytrend. Thefollowingparticularqualitiesshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenselectingmaterialsforprefabrication.
CHARACTERISTICS
Lightweight for simple handling and transportation as well as savings on foundation pieces and seizes.
Thermal insulating properties, ease of use, durability in all weather, non-combustibility, and cost-effectiveness
Galvanized steel and galvalume are the main building materials used in prefabricated metal buildings. Galvalume is a type of steel with an aluminum-zinc coating. This will safeguard the structure from rust and fire. The prefabricated building also receives a study and protective coating from it. Steel is used to construct almost all of a metal building's structural elements, including beams, frames, walls, and roofs. The majority of prefabricated military structures use steel or aluminum frames(lin et.al,2019).
The walls and roofs are made of synthetic materials. The usage of both metal and textile components together enhances security. Plastic flooring materials are incredibly durable and easy to assemble. Steel, wood, fiber glass plastic, or aluminum materials are used to construct small prefabricated houses. These materials are less expensive than conventional brick and concrete structures. For sporting facilities, materials like steel, fiberglass, wood, and aluminum are employed as prefabricated building materials. These materials offer flexibility and are favored for building stadiums and gym stands and accessories like chairs (Adekunle et.al,2016).
Ferro cement is a prefabricated material used to build low-cost homes, similar to straw bales, and it is reinforced with a mesh of tightly spaced iron rods or wires. The methods employed in this kind of building are straightforward and efficient. One can create affordable, long-lasting, water- and fire-resistant prefabricated houses using prefabricated materials. The majority of prefabricated building materials are inexpensive and environmentally beneficial.
The fundamental module is taken, and the size of which is chosen for a universal application to the building and its components, according to the definition of modular coordination. The basic module value of 100 mm was selected for optimum flexibility and ease. M is the standard symbol for the fundamental module.
1M = 100mm
It is an international norm that 100mm = 1M.
Either a multimodule or a simple module for dimensional coordination. To reduce the range of component sizes generated and to provide the building designer with greater flexibility, modular coordination
The phrase "production of systems" refers to a set of operations that are intimately related. Since practically every type of prefabricate requires a certain sequence of operations in its manufacturing, there are numerous approaches used in the process of creating or, more specifically, applying molding precast units on the face of it. But these methods can be divided into three primary types of production.
These include the stand system, aggregate system, and conveyor belt or production line system.
The prefabricates mature in the stand system at the place of manufacture while the production team shifts to subsequent stands the bed on which prefabricates. transport belt The conveyor belt production system divides the entire manufacturing process into a series of operations performed at a distinct subsequent and permanent point to the heat, possibly using conveyor belt trolleys and cranes, etc (Li et.al,2014).
The term "aggregates" refers to a sizable, intricate group of mechanical devices that are permanently placed and capable of performing the majority of the different tasks required for casting concrete components (rahman et.al,2014).
The availability of raw materials and the location of precasting yards with storage spaces appropriate for transporting and erecting equipment are crucial considerations that need to be carefully evaluated. The components can be produced at a centrally situated facility or a location with precasting yards put up on or near the job site (Musa et.al,2014).
FACTORY PREFABRICATION;
A centrally situated plant has reinstated factory prefabrication for the long-form production of standardised parts. It is a capital-intensive process that is carried out year-round, ideally under a covered shed to mitigate the impacts of seasonal changes With the aid of a consistent team of workers, the work can be organised in a factory-like manner under this system, which allows for high levels of mechanisation. The primary drawback of factory prefabrication is the added expense associated with moving the components from the factory to the worksite. In other cases, the shape and size of prefabricable items are constrained due to a lack of appropriate transportation equipment, such as appropriate roads and traffic regulations.
SITE PREFABRICATION:
In this plan, the components are made as close to the worksite as possible. This technique is often used for a brief duration for a particular project order. The work is typically done outdoors with a valuable local workforce force. The machinery, equipment, and moulds are all mobile in nature. As a result, there is a noticeable savings in terms of transportation expenses. This method has the fundamental flaw of being unsuited to extremely high levels of mechanisation. It does not have complex quality control procedures.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE:
The numerous procedures used to create precast elements are divided into the following categories:
Initial procedure
2) A second or supporting process
3) Subordinate procedure
MAIN PROCESS:
It entails the subsequent actions.
1) Providing and installing the moulds;
2) Fixing inserts and tubes where appropriate; and
3) Positioning the reinforcement cage for reinforced concrete work.
The next step is to pour the concrete into the moulds.
4) Vibrating the concrete that has been poured into the moulds.
5) Dismantling the moulds.
6) Curing (if necessary, steam curing),
7) Stacking the precast items.
SECONDARY (AUXILLARY) PROCESS:
The primary process may include
1) Fresh concrete is made by mixing or manufacturing it (either at a mixing station or by a matching plant).
2) Prefabrication of the reinforcement cage (carried out in the workshop's steel yard)
3) Production of inserts and other finishing components to be used with the primary precast products.
4) Finishing the goods made of precast.
5) Examining the prefabricated goods
TRANSPORT
Prefabricated components must be transported carefully to prevent flocking and distress, and they must be handled as little as possible before being inserted in the final section. Depending on the manufacturing method chosen, prefab elements must be transported inside the facility. Prefabricated elements should be carried from the site of action as per the rules and regulations of traffic set by the authority. the element size is constrained by transport and material availability like tractor tailor that fits the dimension and loading of members about load carrying capacity of structures.
Prefab elements should be transported carefully to prevent excessive cantilever actions and to maintain desired supports while using systems like bullock carts, trucks, or salaries to move them. Sharp, uneven, and slippery roads should be navigated with extra caution to prevent unwelcome stresses on the environment and transport vehicles. Care should be made to make sure the base packing for sustaining the components is only present at the designated portion before loading the elements in the carrying media.ERECTIONIt is the process of building the prefabricated component according to the drawing in the find portion. The following tasks must be completed in order to erect prefab elements.
The prefab parts are ejected.
Tie-up of erection slopes that are connected to erection hooks. 3. Cleaning the environment and the construction site.
Cleaning the steel inserts before incorporating them into the joints, elevating the elements, and positioning them correctly.
Modifications to achieve the required level line and plumb. Welding of deats
Change of erection tackles
Setting up and taking down the required scaffolding or supports. 9. Welding the components together and placing the strengthened joints.
Prefab elements are erected differently in different building works due to risk factors, hence professional foremen and employees must be hired.
the tools needed for erection
You can categorise the equipment needed for prefab elements in manufacturing.
1) Equipment needed for mining coarse and fine aggregates
2) Conveying tools, including belt conveyors, chain conveyors, etc.
Mixers for concrete
Four) Vibrators
5) Erection tools like cranes, derricks, chain pulleys, and so forth.
6) Transport equipment
7) Steel fabrication and maintenance equipment for shops.
8) Equipment for welding, bending, and straightening bars
9) Smaller equipment and supplies, such as wheel barricades, concrete buckets, etc.
10) A plant that produces steam for faster curing
Planning co-ordination
To obtain the highest performance, it is crucial that the precaster erector/installer and builder collaborate.
Storage and site access
Verify the site's accessibility and the delivery of precast panels, especially low bed trailers.
Before installation, make sure there is enough room for temporary storage and that the ground is stable. Uneven ground will create overstress and break panels (firm ground and levelled).
Organising crane plans
Determine the crane's lifting capabilities and equipment depending on the heaviest precast panel weight.
Length lifting.
Working radius and crane positioning in relation to final panel placement
Consider additional equipment.
The process of lifting gear and unhooking installed panles and Competent crane operators, riggers, signalers, and other factors.
o Lifting capacity must be 1.5 times the entire weight, i.e., F.O.S. 1.33; general considerations for crane selection include total lifting weight, crane model, and safe working load (SWL).
Crane boom length is related to the vertical and horizontal clearance from the building, as are lifting and swing radius, crane counterweight, and crane counterweight (lopez et.al,2016).
Installation Process
Putting in place vertical components
Checking the Delivered Panels
Verify that the panels were supplied with the proper labelling, lifting hook, and other details.
Surface finishing condition, adherence to PC dimensions, placement of reinforcements, adherence to architectural details, and setting out
Verify the condition, lifting hook, and markings of the delivered panels.
Before lifting for installation, set the reference lines and grids and check the beginning bars for vertical components.
defining the quality assurance point
Verify the proper offset line.
Check that the shims on the pedal and the plate are level and firm. Ensure that the rubber gasket is securely fastened.
3. Installation, rigging, and hoisting
Rubber pads should be used when tilting to prevent chipping.
Move the panel to its final place and secure it by lifting and rigging it
Elevating objects with balanced centres of gravity.
Verify proper horizontal alignment
Verify that the panel is plumb vertically
Before releasing the hoisting cable, check the consistency of the panel-to-panel gap and the prop's stability.
4. Grouting functions
For corrugated pipe sleeves on steel sleeves, prepare and apply non-shrinking mortars. Pour NSGT or proprietary grouts into the pipe slab.
Don't touch the installed panels for 24 hours.
Before grouting, make sure the joint widths are constant. The grout should be self-compacting and of the same component grade.
Gather test cube samples for testing of crucial or load-bearing parts to prevent cracking.
5. Connecting joints
Cast-in-place joints Install rebars as necessary; create forms for casting joints; pour concrete; and remove forms once the concrete has reached the desired strength.
The application of sealant for external connections is essential. Panel with welded connections.Horizontal Elements Being Installed
1. Setting out
Before hoisting chemical dimensions, set reference lines and offset lines to the required alignment and level of the precast slab and beam elements during installation.
To avoid any observations during the erection process, make sure the starter bars and protruding shim are within the specified tolerance.
2. Hoisting & Installation
Lift and rig the elements in the appropriate area
Align and check the level before placing
The beams shall prop at least two locations
Put temporary props to support the slab/beam
Based on design considerations, the balcony planter box shall be supported in more than two locations.
Verify the precast elements' level
3. Connections/Jointing
Precast joints that are cast in place Lay out formwork for casting joints, install lap rebars as necessary, remove formwork after concrete strength has been attained, and construct supporting beams such that they are part of formwork joints.
The same grade of concrete (10 is to be used) as the panel;
The connecting/lapping rebars knotted and secured.
4. Using Big Canopy for Installation Big Canopy High Rise Precast Concrete
restrictions on installation Management Example
Precast panels must be installed in 2 basements as part of the project.
Limitation
Temporary Decking for numerous projects.
King posts are used to cross brace;
Panels cannot be accessed directly;
Management
A plat form and roller frame were installed.
The panels are lowered into the roller platform;
The required panel is pushed underneath the deck.
Lift and install a panel in the proper position by removing one from the deck.
8. Poor precast panel handling
Case Study
As the hollow core slab was being installed, it was positioned on the beam corbel.
The panel was raised to alter the position.
The failure factors were as follows:
The panel was only intended to be supported simply and broke upon lifting.
The lifting position has a more than 3-meter cantilevered edge and caused panel damage.
Remediation
Employ the proper lifting position.
Consult a forecaster for advice.
Typical flaws in precast panels
Precast panels with holes in them before installation are a common problem.
Panel repair, not property repair.
Damage from improper delivery protection, panel dimension variation, panel twisting, lack of a rectangular shape, incorrect rib placement, starter bar missing or in the wrong position, corrugated pipe duck choking Mistakes in precast Bridge Deck Collapse: Rebar at the cantilevered deck and piers were found to have insufficient lap length, according to report
lone T beam breaks
Cause was noted as affecting the
TOLERANCE: This is the total of the permitted positive and negative differences between the actual dimensions and the theoretical dimensions. The manufacture and erection requirements serve as the foundation for the tolerance limits.
ERECTION TOLERANCE: These are the restrictions on positioning variation during prefabricate assembly. The five components that make up the position tolerance are typically x, y, z, directions (x, y, z), and variance in positioning concerning another prefabricate. (p) and the prefabricate's verticality's deviation (p).
Conclusion
The construction can be sped up with the use of materials that possess innate properties like lightweight, good workability, combustibility, and thermal characteristics. The year-round construction is to be done to allow less material wastage in the site-built construction process. To ensure the safety of workers thermal comfort is an efficient factor in site-built construction. the joint details are to be studied for effectiveness. The need for handling, erection, and jointing of precast elements are to be well detailed and constructed as the joint plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the external envelope ensuring weatherproof. The acoustic performance and fire resistance characteristics are to be analysed in the right location with the correct level and alignment necessary for studying the grouting application in precast members as they plan an effective role in fulfilling the function of the building as desired by the architect.References
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