HLTOUT008 Manage a scene

Assessment Task 1: Theory Task

Student Name Jeisson Forero Date 26/10/2021

Unit code/name HLTOUT008 Manage a scene

Assessment Name Theory Task Assessment No. AT1

Student Declaration: I declare that by submitting this assessment, I confirm the assessment within is my own work. I am aware of and understand the rules and responsibilities related to assessment, as outlined in the Student Code of Practice, Student Handbook and related policies. I acknowledge that my failure to comply with the Academic Integrity Policy and Student Code of Conduct will be regarded as misconduct and will be subject to disciplinary action and may result in my enrolment being withdrawn by the Australian Paramedical College (APC).

Privacy Disclaimer: Australian Paramedical College is collecting your personal information for assessment purposes. The information will only be accessed by authorised employees of the College . Some of this information may be given to the Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA) or its successor for audit and/or reporting purposes. Your information will not be given to any other person or agency unless permitted or we are required by law.

Assessment Information Assessment Submission:

You are required to complete the name and date fields on the first page of this document. Failure to do so will result in your submission counting towards an attempt and will not be assessed as it is incomplete.

Number of Attempts:

Students receive three (3) attempts at this theoretical assessment task.

Should your 1st and 2nd attempt be deemed as Not Yet Satisfactory (NYS), your assessor will provide feedback informing you of the areas requiring additional or further information. You will be required to submit your updated attempt on a resubmission form template. If your 3rd attempt is deemed Not Yet Satisfactory (NYS), you will be required to schedule a call with an assessor to address the areas deemed Not Yet Satisfactory (NYS). If you fail to attend the scheduled call for discussion, you will receive an overall Not Yet Satisfactory (NYS) result for this assessment task.

General information:

Each unit will have theoretical and practical components. The practical components for this unit will be addressed within the clinical practice workshop which you are required to attend to finalise individual unit outcomes.

Students are advised to read the Student Unit Guide prior to beginning assessment to ensure a clear understanding of the unit requirements and assessment tasks involved.

Students must satisfactorily complete all associated assessment tasks to be deemed competent overall in this unit of competency.

Students are permitted to use the Student Learner Guide and additional resources available to support responses, however where relevant it is expected that references are listed or identified for any work that is not your own words. Academic misconduct is monitored and plagiarism will be penalised as per the Academic Integrity Policy.

Students are required to submit this completed assessment task via the online learning portal, or as directed by the assessor.

If you require assistance with content, please email trainer@apcollege.edu.au with the unit code, AT number and question you are stuck on or call (07) 5520 2522 for assistance.

If you require assistance with anything else, please email support@apcollege.edu.au with your question or call (07) 5520 2522 for assistance.

Theory Task

Please read each question carefully to ensure your response addresses all required components.

List three (3) workplace policies and procedures that are applicable to scene management. For each one, explain why they are important.

STATE POLICE SERVICE As a first responder, the skills of each emergency service.

Traffic control

Scene management

Crowd control

Search and rescue

STATE FIRE DEPARTMENT is specialized within themselves, and within each service are often even more specialized roles.

Hazardous material

Firefighting

Complex access

Complex extrication

STATE AMBULANCE SERVICE As a first responder and support services fit into a synchronous response to ensure patient, and community safety is achieved. Everyone is working as a big team.

Patient pre-hospital treatment

Patient Advocacy

Triage

Patient care

Patient transport (emergency and non-emergency)

Information for outreach services (drug/disability/domestic violence

List three (3) Acts relevant to your state or territory that are applicable to your work in managing the scene of an incident.

To provide clarity to the emergency services and the community by providing a consistent and common process on the naming of emergencies.

This Joint Standard Operating Procedure applies to applicable agency personnel involved in the naming of all emergencies.

Duty Officers, Incident Controllers, Regional Controllers, Public Information Section, State Response Controller

In your own words, briefly outline what the Paramedicine Board of Australias Code of Conduct states about privacy and confidentiality.

Australia's Paramedic Code of Conduct establishes privacy and confidentiality Paramedics often have to balance confidentiality and patient safety. Patient information is subject to legal, ethical and professional obligations of confidentiality and should not be disclosed to a third party for reasons other than medical care, without consent.

In your own words, briefly outline what the Paramedicine Board of Australia states about patients rights to informed consent, including patients who are unable to give consent.

The Paramedicine Board of Australia is essential that the patient's consent is obtained, It is a fundamental principle that treating someone who is able to give consent for treatment. If an adult does not have the capacity to give consent, the health professionals who care for the adult will need to make a decision about whether to continue treatment. To make a decision, the best interests of the person must be considered.

Explain the purpose of the ETHANE report. Include in your answer what each part of the mnemonic stands for.

The primary communication protocol when attending a scene is the acronym ETHANE or METHANE:

M = Major incident confirmation. This might involve multiple casualties or present a threat to many lives.

E = Exact location. This may include more information than just an address and reduce the time required additional services to locate the scene.

T = Type. What type of incident has occurred? This information assists to dispatch appropriate services to deal with the incident, such as a chemical spill.

H = Hazards. Identifying and communicating hazards will ensure additional personnel attend the scene prepared, advice can be sought as required, and specialised resources can be obtained if required.

A = Access. Information will aid rapid ingress and egress and inform personnel of the need to establish a vehicle control point.

N = Number of patients. You will need to specialise in age or special conditions of patients, priorities and extent of injuries.

E = Emergency services or resources required. This is a summary of what assets are on scene and what is still needed.

Explain the purpose of SMEACS. Include in your answer what each part of the mnemonic stands for.

SMEACS is a mnemonic often used to gather further details about an incident as they become known. The mnemonic stands for

Situation (ETHANE)

Mission

Execution

Administration

Communications

Safety

Explain the concept of the six Cs. Provide a brief description of each.

The Six (6) Cs for consideration:

CONTROL The overall direction of response activities, operating within your organisation and horizontally across support agencies.

COMMAND The internal direction of personnel and resources of your organisation that operates vertically within your organisation.

COORDINATION The bringing together of all your resources inclusive of support agencies to ensure effective preparation and response to incidents.

CONSEQUENCES The management and consideration of the risks and effects of incidents on individuals, the community, infrastructure and the environment.

COMMUNICATION The engagement and provision of information within your organisation, across support agencies and proactively with the community.

COMMUNITY CONNECTION The understanding of and connecting with trusted networks, trusted leaders and all communities to support resilience, management of risk and decision making.

Explain how communicating with dispatch can help you gather information about the scene prior to your arrival.

Scene assessment should begin well before arriving on the scene, and there are several sources of information to utilise. The emergency call taker/dispatcher are trained to extract as much information from the caller as possible. This information is collected to assist the crew to prepare for the scene arrival and activities.

The dispatch call taker will communicate instructions to the caller with an aim to reduce any potential site risks to the crew, instructing the caller, for example, to:

Turn on outside lights,

Open doors for ease of access and egress

Restrain animals e.g. tie up dogs, move cats to closed rooms

Clear a pathway for responder access and egress

Identify any potential threats (aggressive people or weapons) on scene

Identify if electrical and gas hazards/risks are present

Information gathered at this point aims to reduce the risk to the responding teams and allow the preparation of the scene management plan before arrival. A scene assessment should be done from inside the vehicle once you have arrived at the scene. Through the windscreen, look for.

Any real or potential hazards

Number of people at the scene

Where to best position the vehicle

Access and egress possibilities

Need for additional resources

Explain the concept of d ynamic risk assessment.

The capacity to dynamically assess risks at a scene requires risk alertness by responders with a keen eye for identifying risks and a holistic awareness of all potential risks. This capacity supports responders in the risk assessment and gathering information on scene.

Information to assist in determining safe access to the patient and safe egress from the scene may come from a variety of sources such as:

The patient or bystanders

Family members on scene or the phone

News crews and media

Other service members on scene

Other health service providers

Describe the five (5) steps of the scene management cycle.

1. Be prepared

2. Look, listen and feel is not just for breathing

3. Set yourself up for success

4. Be present

5. Assess your patient threat potential

Prevention: Actions taken to avoid anincident. Stopping an incident from occurring. Deterrence operations and surveillance.

Mitigation: Refers to measures that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies. Typical mitigation measures include establishing building codes and zoning requirements, installing shutters, and constructing barriers such as levees.

Preparedness: Activities increase a community's ability to respond when a disaster occurs.Typical preparedness measures include developing mutual aid agreements and memorandums of understanding, training for both response personnel and concerned citizens, conducting disaster exercises to reinforce training and test capabilities, and presenting all-hazards education campaigns.

Response: Actions carried out immediately before, during, and immediately after a hazard impact, which are aimed at saving lives, reducing economic losses, and alleviating suffering.Response actions may include activating the emergency operations center, evacuating threatened populations, opening shelters and providing mass care, emergency rescue and medical care, fire fighting, and urban search and rescue.

Recovery: Actions taken to return a community to normal or near-normal conditions, including the restoration of basic services and the repair of physical, social and economic damages. Typical recovery actions include debris cleanup, financial assistance to individuals and governments, rebuilding of roads and bridges and key facilities, and sustained mass care for displaced human and animal populations.

Explain the purpose of the fend off position upon arrival at a scene.

The first responder to a car crash, the ambulance may need to be parked in what is called the "Fend off" position.To increase scene safety, they will park further back at a diagonal angle of 45 across the lane, with the intention of not totally blocking access but to "fend off" civilian motorists

The pit crew method is a well taught and practised model of care for use in CPR. This model has key roles that are transferable between officers. Explain how this concept would be translated into the management of a scene and discuss the associated benefits of this.

The management of emergency scenes can have a significant impact on patient outcomes. The nature of the emergency and the needs of the patients are contributing factors in how a scene is managed, but effective scene management also includes:

Safety

Site assessment

Liaison

Command

Triage

Treatment

Transports

The roles undertaken at a scene will depend on whether the situation is an emergency, the size of the incident and the policies and procedures of the organisation you are working for. If you are part of a paramedic team and are the first to attend the scene of a major incident, your team will have the command and triage responsibilities for the scene. Your team undertakes the roles of scene commander and triage officer.

Explain the concept of the staging area.

The Staging Area isa designated area where people, vehicles, and equipment gather in.preparation to their being assigned at an incident. It is also the area where off-going. crews muster prior to departing the scene.

List three (3) potential hazards you might encounter when attending the scene of a vehicle that has struck a power pole in a busy shopping strip. For each potential hazard, explain how they could impact access and egress.

Potential Hazards when the vehicle struck a power pole.

Remember, electricity wants to travel through a conductor, and human bodies are better conductors than the ground.

If you have a foot in one zone, and your other foot in another zone, the voltage difference would travel through your body and give you a hazardous shock.

If you feel that you are in imminent or life-threatening danger by staying where you are, slowly shuffle clear of your current position

Powerline hits the ground, electricity passes into the earth and fans outwards, with the voltage reducing the further away from the point of ground contact. If you have a foot in one zone, and your other foot in another zone, the voltage difference would travel through your body and give you a hazardous shock, always keeping both feet close together. It is essential that you dont contact the ground with feet apart at the same time. Electric shock A person displaying any of the following injuries may be the victim of electric shock:

breathing stopped

cardiac arrest

ventricular fibrillation

involuntary muscle reaction

entry and exit burn

bone fractures caused by muscle spasms.

In a multi-vehicle collision, outline the main steps responders would take to make the scene safe.

Survey the scene for safety and recognize the dangers Approach the road crash site with great caution to assess what immediate steps need to be taken: your safety is the first priority! Before taking any action, look all around and assess the presence of dangers that could threaten you and/or the casualty and/or any other person. Examples of dangers include fuel leaking from the vehicle, high voltage electricity, broken glass, fire, traffic or an unstable car.

Assume that one of the people in the multi-vehicle collision is suspected to have a weapon. What procedure must you follow to keep yourself and your team safe?

As you approach the crash site, switch on your hazard lights and slow down or quickly identify a safe way to warn other drivers, If you are in a vehicle, park it on the hard shoulder next to the crash or after the crash site to alert other vehicles to proceed with caution, If possible, put on a high visibility jacket before getting out of your vehicle, If the occupant is able to get out the vehicle without increasing the risk of further injury, help him/her to do so and move him/her to safety on the verge, behind the safety barrier, if there is one, Whilst at the same time paying attention to safety, place a warning triangle or any other device about to prevent any further crash, Prevent anyone from approaching if a danger persists, for example, transport of dangerous or inflammable substances identifiable by an orange sign on the vehicle), Prevent anyone from smoking or using a lighter close to the crash scene, Switch off the ignition and apply the handbrake if possible or put a solid object behind the wheels to prevent any movement, Be aware that you need to look for any additional dangers such as weapon if we find or suspected report to the police.

Write down one (1) incident to which you could be called out (not the same as the ones at questions 14, 15 and 16). For this incident, fill out the following table. Think of at least

three (3) things you would need to consider for each.

Chosen incident: motorcycle accident

Look for Listen for Smell for

Vehicles (busy roads)

Aggressive people (due to a medical or traumatic condition, stress or drug intoxication)

Leaking fluids (in case of road traffic collisions - RTCs)

Fires (many causes)

Local hazards (such as trip hazards)

Flooded roads (caused by adverse weather)

Chemical spills (motor vehicle accidents involving chemical tankers, or other industrial spills)

Downed power lines (caused by adverse weather or during a motor vehicle accident) Suspicious conversations

Hysterical screaming and shouting from an intense argument or stressed persons2

Hissing sounds (gas leak)

Explosions / gun shots

Screeching tyres Noxious substances (strong chemicals)

Smells associated with medical problems, e.g. ketones, vomit, blood, faeces, decaying bodies

Fires (smoke)

In your own words, outline the key protocols of the clinical practice guidelines that relate to working with agitated, combative or non-compliant patients.

Patients presenting with violent emotion or behavior should be offered the opportunity to calm down in response to verbal, nonverbal, and interpersonal techniques by being honest, non-threatening, and direct; making friendly gestures.

Emergency sedation should only be performed at what point?

In all cases, sedation should be undertaken only when there is a certified Emergency physician or trained ED staff available to provide proper sedation, analgesia, physician staff to perform the procedure and nursing or Advanced Care Paramedical (ACP) staff available to monitor the patient during the procedure

Explain the purpose of the Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT).

The Sedation Assessment Tool (SAT)provides a consistent and objective way to monitor both the level of agitation and the level of sedation after the medication is given. It can be used to guide specific treatment, including initial and additional sedation.

Fill out the table below.

Sedation Assessment Tool

Score Responsiveness Speech

+3 Combative, violent, out of control Continual loud outbursts

+2 Very anxious and agitated Loud outbursts

+1 Anxious/restless Normal/talkative

0 Awake and calm/cooperative Speaks normally

1 Asleep but rouses if name is called Slurring or prominent slowing

2 Responds to physical stimulation Few recognisable words

3 No response to stimulation Nil

List the two (2) sided document you must complete when a patient with ABD needs to be sedated. NOTE: You must list both sides of this document.

Define each of the three (3) safety zones in relation to patient de-escalation.

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

Listen to what the issue is and the person's concerns Offer reflective comments to show that you have heard what their concerns are Wait until the person has released their frustration and explained how they are feeling.

Assume you are dealing with an aggressive patient. List three (3) things you can do to keep yourself as safe as possible (within Zone 1).

Dealing with an aggressive patient takes care, judgment and self-control.

Remain calm, listen to what they are saying, ask open-ended questions.

Reassure them and acknowledge their grievances.

Provide them with an opportunity to explain what has angered them. ...

Maintain eye contact, but not prolonged.

In your own words explain the 7% 38% 55% communication rule.

The 7-38-55 Rule indicates that only 7% of all communication is done through verbal communication, the words we speak, whereas the nonverbal component of our daily communication, such as the tonality of our voice, make up 38% and 55% from the speaker's body language and facial expressions.

In your own words explain the three (3) steps of de-escalation

There are four steps to de-escalating a situation:

Step 1: Recognize and Assess the Situation. Your safety is paramount.

Step 2: Respond Calmly.

Step 3: Listen with Empathy.

Step 4: Validate and Show Respect.

When to Avoid Confrontation.

The strategies below to de-escalate a situation: Listen to what the issue is and the person's concerns. Offer reflective comments to show that you have heard what their concerns are. Wait until the person has released their frustration and explained how they are feeling.

In your own words, outline the key protocols of the clinical practice guidelines that relate to patient refusal of transport.

What procedure should be followed when transporting a patient?

5 Tools and Tips for Safely Transporting Patients

Use a Ticket to Ride ...

Correctly Identify the Patient. ...

Bring Appropriate Equipment. ...

Nitrile Gloves. ...

Using Transfer Boards or Rollers for Bed-Ridden Patients. ...

Incorporate Gait Belts for Mobile Patients.

Outline the role of the following emergency services and allied agency personnel when at the scene of an incident. Also indicate at least one limitation of each service.

Service Role/function Limitations

Police Traffic control

Scene management

Crowd control

Search and rescue Fire Hazardous material Firefighting

Complex access

Complex extrication SES Patient pre-hospital treatment

Patient advocacy

Triage Patient care

Patient transport (emergency and non-emergency)

Information for outreach services (drug/disability/domestic violence) Surf Live Saving Volunteer Marine Rescue Identify two (2) other allied health services that could be contacted and their role/function.

Outline six (6) common considerations you need to make when managing a scene.

CONTROL

COMMAND

COORDINATION

CONSEQUENCES

COMMUNICATION

COMMUNITY CONNECTION

Explain the purpose of the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards. Which standards are applicable to your work in regards to scene management?

Assume you are at a scene and are approached by a person who claims they are a qualified health professional. Explain what you must do in this situation.

Who can approve a deviation from acceptable ambulance services practice, and what responsibility must they take in order to do so?

For the situation in question 33, what information does the responding officer need to record, and where must they record it?

Assume you are at a scene where a health professional is taking actions or making decisions that you believe could put yourself, your team and your patients at significant risk. Explain the procedure you need to follow to handle this situation.

Under what circumstances is a medical escort required?

When a medical escort is provided, what procedures must the ambulance officers put in place?

In your own words, explain what an environmental hazard is (20-30 words)

List three (3) items of personal protective equipment that a responder should utilise when attending a standard call out.

When arriving at the scene of a suspected trauma, asking bystanders about what they saw and how the incident happened helps you to determine what?

1113790103505

Primary survey

111379083185

1113790360045

1113790659130

Mechanism of injury Secondary survey Scene size-up

You have been called to a private residence for reports of several people attending a gathering that are feeling unwell. On arrival, each person is complaining of sudden headache, nausea and breathing difficulties. On further scene assessment you immediately identify two (2) people are unconscious in the main lounge with a gas BBQ located inside.

What information have you obtained in the case information and observations on arrival that causes concern for your own safety and the teams welfare? (50-100 words)

What measures would you employ to safeguard yourself, your partner and others on scene? (50-100 words)

In your own words, explain what measures you can employ to ensure that you identify on scene hazards?

When approaching a potential crime scene, explain what additional precautions you would

apply. (50-100 words)

In your own words, define the following risks, providing a common example found in the workplace for each. (20-50 words per definition)

Physical risk:

Biological risk:

Healthcare Acquired Risk:

Define what is meant by risk assessment and the identify the two (2) categories used to establish a level of risk. (40-80 words)

There are many ways in which consequences may be categorised (e.g. people, economy and environmental). Despite the category, they are provided the same level

descriptors. List the five (5) different levels used to illustrate risk consequence.

The outcome of the risk evaluation process is to assign a priority to each risk based on its risk level and confidence associated with that risk. The priority is a level from one (1) (lowest priority, requiring monitoring and maintenance of existing controls) to five (5) (highest priority, requiring the highest level of attention). In your own words, provide a definition of risk priority two (2). (20-40 words) (Risk matrix located in Q Paramedical Module

What risk priority rating would you give the following? (Risk Matrix located in Q Paramedical Module):

Risk of tripping on a lifted floorboard unlikely to occur causing insignificant injuries

Risk of being hit by are vehicle whilst attending an accident site. Very rare in likelihood but with catastrophic injuries

Risk of back injury due to transferring of a large patient on a slippery surface. Likely to occur with major injuries

In your own words, identify and write brief explanation of the risk treatment hierarchies.

You are attending a routine non-emergency call out to a residential location. Select the one (1) most important consideration from the list below

1103630120650

Ask the patient to meet you outside

110363095885

1103630378460

1105535654685

Call out to announce your arrival before entering the house T Talk to the neighbours before you attend to the patient

All the above

Theory Task

Please read each question carefully to ensure your response addresses all required components.

Scenario 1 | Part 1

You are working for a private medical response company in a rural area. (e.g. Gympie)

You and your partner have received a call to attend to a domestic violence dispute. You have been informed that a male has pushed a female, causing what she described to dispatch as a busted ankle.

57023058737500When you arrive at the residence 15 minutes later, it appears like the following picture.

Apart from the uneven surface, identify four (4) risks you have identified from the picture above, categorising them as physical and/or biological.

What are some control measures you can employ to help mitigate the four (4) risks you mentioned above?

Using the level of risk guide, deduce the level of consequence and likelihood on the risk of

tripping hazards for the access and egress of the scene. Justify your response. (50-100 words)

Scenario 1 | Part 2

You and your partner decide to wait for a police escort, given the nature of the call out and scene analysis. Once police arrive you approach the scene and are greeted at the door by the accused male. He is non-threatening and informs you that his wife is in the kitchen and offers to stay with the police officer.

When approaching the kitchen, you meet Jane a 52 year old female sitting at the table with her foot elevated and in obvious pain. She iss awake, aware and responsive but slightly dazed at times when responding to questions, while slurring her words ever so often. She has evidence of a wet productive cough, which she said she had for the past three weeks.

You take Jane's vitals and record them

Blood pressure is 110/50

Respirations, 30 and SOB at times

Pulse rapid 110

Body temperature was high at 37.8 degrees

Oxygen Saturation Level 95%

Janes right ankle has swelling, with tenderness on palpation of the posterior edge of the lateral and medial malleolus. She states she is unable to weight bear.

She has consolidation on her left lower lobe of her lung. Nil Abdominal pain. Other observations include signs of dehydration and poor hygiene.

She is a heavy drinker, with roughly nine standard drinks consumed daily. She is also a heavy smoker, consuming 1-2 packets a day. Jane informs you she does not see a regular GP and hasnt been to one in over a year, apart from a script refill.

She is taking Atorvastatin and Esomeprazole, with a medical history of Hepatitis B, type two diabetes, GORD and hyperlipaemia. She is also a social IV drug user.

After completing your physical assessment in collaboration with your colleague, you determine Jane needs to be transported to the hospital.

Jane agrees to be taken to the hospital and asks you for assistance getting into the vehicle.

*Note: Number references continue from previous activity

Identify three (3) additional or flow on risks after completing your examination on Jane.

What PPE should you be wearing whilst treating Jane?

In your response include the current and/or potential risk and justify your response with reference to a policy/procedure/standard (50-100 words)

Given the assessment above, articulate your plan on safely transporting Jane to the vehicle. Justify your response with potential risk consequences you have identified and how your plan best mitigates these identified risks (50-100 words).

Scenario 2

You have arrived at a scene where a building has started to collapse due to a pillar crumbling. There is concrete and debris throughout the entire building and the ceiling is not secure for one side of the roof. Due to the walls collapsing, shelving has been destroyed and there is a chemical spill that is impacting the safe access and egress of your team. You receive a report that one patient is trapped and is suffering from a suspected fractured ankle.

This chemical can have negative impacts on the respiratory system if inhaled and can cause burning and long term impacts to the skin and eyes if they come in contact.

It has been deemed unsafe for your team to enter the building .

Your partner is heading towards the rear entry of the building, while you are at the front where majority of the debris is. You can see there is no safe way to access the patient currently, as the chemical spill and structural integrity of the building is too unsafe and needs additional support before entering.

*Note: Number references continue from previous activity

How and what will you communicate to your partner that you have deemed it unsafe to enter the building?

Who will you need to inform and maintain communication with about the decision to not enter the building according to organisational requirements?

Provide a statement below in first person which addresses how you will inform your supervisor and other relevant individuals identified above about the decisions to not enter the building until risk control measures are in place.

What additional support, resources and PPE will you require so you can eventually reach the patient and minimise risks?

Complete the risk matrix on the following page and determine controls mechanisms that can be put in place to reduce the risk and allow access and egress at the scene.

Risk Register Template

What is the hazard? Risk Potential control mechanisms Revised Outcomes of Risk Level of Risk after control mechanisms implemented (low, medium)

(high etc)

Consequence

details Likelihood Consequence rating Likelihood Scenario 3

913130484579Carefully review the below image reflecting an on-scene emergency involving a bus which has rolled over. The bus passengers included five (5) children aged between 8-12 and a bus driver aged 68.

What hazards and potential hazards can you identify that can impact safe access and egress?

Pick a hazard you have identified above, what impact would this have on a scene?

Explain in detail the acronyms you will need to refer to and what decisions you will make to ensure effective management of the above multi-casualty scene.

A bystander is not listening to your direction of removing themselves from the scene so you can attend to the patient. What can you do to manage this individual so you can begin attending to the patient?

Explain the roles of the other emergency personnel that will be attending this scene. Police

Fire

Paramedics/Ambulance/Emergency officer

Electrical support

(Separate to scenario above) You have been called out to an emergency which involves multiple

burn victims at an oil factory. What state or territory policies and procedures would you refer to before arriving on scene? State a minimum of three (3)that are relevant t