IMA7006 Dissertation

ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN THE LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY

OF LOCAL FIRMS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

Dissertation supervision: Dr Junaid Khan

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS

By: Peter T Mutombo (HE09281)

6th November 2022

AbstractPurpose-This investigates the effect that multinational corporations (MNCs) have on local firms in developing economies. MNCs) are continually exploiting new markets and operational bases in developing economies. Subsequently, a general feeling shared by diverse groups and business reporters is that they have been throwing local firms out of business. Therefore, the research explores effective mechanisms MNCs can utilise to ensure the long-term sustainability of local firms in emerging economies that they exploit.

Design/Methodology/Approach- This study explores a wide-ranging subject that would not be completed through primary research. Therefore, data to inform the study was collected from different pieces of scholarly literature which are current and dependable.

Findings- Currently, available data shows that MNCs have both positive and negative effects on local firms in emerging economies. Nonetheless, the few examined pieces of literature provide that MNCs can utilise several avenues to ensure the sustainability of local firms in developing countries. These findings will be examined further in the study.

Practical implications- This research seeks to create a balance between local firms and MNCs in developing economies. It establishes that MNCs are direly needed in developing countries; therefore, cannot be fully disregarded. At the same time, it approves the threat they pose on local firms. Thus, its application by MNCs can improve their profitability in developing countries, while also strengthening the competitiveness and sustainability of local firms.

Acknowledgements

To begin, I want to give thanks to God, who is the creator, for providing me with the mental fortitude to conduct an in-depth analysis of this important topic.

In fact, permit me to use this occasion to express my gratitude to my lecturer and my supervisor, Dr Junaid Khan, for the invaluable contribution he has made, as well as his direction and support. This piece of writing would not be what it is now without his counsel and ideas.

Sincere gratitude is extended to my great best friend and wife Jo2moi Bunduki and my beloved children Laura, Anthony and Christopher Mutombo for their inspiration and hope that they have put into my face when working on this paper. I could not have done it without them. I am grateful to you for the encouragement and support you have provided.

In addition, I would want to express my gratitude to all the researchers on whose work I depended on to write my dissertation. These intellectuals made use of their resources and invested their time to make their research accessible to students like me. Most of the research papers that I have used are available without charge, which demonstrates the generosity of the writers in making the world a better place.

In closing, I would want to express my appreciation to my family, friends, and classmates, on all of whom I have relied on throughout my study and who may also have been overburdened as a result. Because of your generosity, I shall be in debt to you for the rest of my life.

It would not be appropriate for me to conclude without expressing my gratitude to the many faculty and staff members at both Regent College London and The University of Bolton for the time and effort they put into ensuring my academic success. I pray that the most high bestows upon you his plentiful blessings.

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Chapter Introduction

This chapter provides the reader with an introduction to disputes regarding the role of multinational corporations in the long-term sustainability of local firms in emerging economies. In particular, the current study is laid out in chapters that have been thoughtfully prepared and well researched to ensure that readers are provided with accurate information regarding the topic at hand. This first chapter is an introduction that includes subjects such as background information, the research problem, the study aims and objectives, research questions, and the significance of the study, as illustrated in the sections that follow below.

1.1 Background to the Research Topic

The economies of the emerging countries are rapidly becoming significant growth engines for the global economy as a whole. Since the 1990s, developing markets have received a growing amount of attention and research than in previous decades. One method for analysing the degree of interest is via the lens of supply and demand. Emerging economies are a viable sales ground for a wide variety of products because of their big populations and rising incomes. In addition to this, developing nations are becoming increasingly significant providers of goods and services to the global market because they have access to skilled people at rates that are competitive with those of developed economies. It is impossible to exaggerate the impact that multinational corporations (MNCs) have on trade and commerce on a global scale. More consideration is being given to studies and explanations pertaining to developing economies and multinational firms (London and Hart, 2004; Meyer, 2004; Ramamurti, 2004; Khanan et al., 2005).

As a result of the proliferation of globalisation, multinational corporations (MNCs) now have the option to study new market prospects located in different parts of the world. One trend worth noting is that key bases of operations for multinational firms are increasingly being established in countries that are still in the process of emerging as nations.

This transformation has been swift and significant given that most economies throughout the world, even those in developing nations, consider free trade as the sole method of achieving economic and structural improvement.

Multinational firms are typically welcomed in rising economies since they could enhance exports from those nations and bring with them advanced technology, industry know-how, and specialised skills.

Additionally, they contribute to the economic development of the nations in which they are located by providing employment opportunities for natives and, eventually, by bringing in an increased amount of revenue. Nevertheless, although these outcomes are positive, it has been proved that multinational corporations provide an unsustainable threat of competition to local firms. Because of many of them having financial problems, they can take control of the market, provide their commodities at lower prices, and finally push the others out of business. This study's objective is to identify the various techniques that multinational corporations (MNCs) may implement to secure the continued sustainability of local businesses in developing countries, even while the MNCs themselves continue to grow and expand their operations in such countries.

1.2 Dissertation construction

The current study is organised into well-developed chapters that are thoroughly explored to provide pertinent study subject material. The introduction comprises background information, the research topic, the study's goals, research questions, and significance. The second chapter analyses past studies to get insight into the topic and establish appropriate conclusions. The researcher describes the study's development, data collection, and analytic methods in the third chapter. The fourth chapter presents data analysis results using this study's methods. The discussion chapter details the findings to guarantee good research deliverables. The study's conclusions and recommendations are presented in the last chapter.

Overview of the Research Organisation

It is becoming evident that these nations' economies are fuelling global expansion. Since the 1990s, emerging market research has increased. Supply and demand determine interest. Many things can sell in developing economies due to their vast populations and rising purchasing power. In international business, talks of emerging MNCs and emerging markets have grown (Meyer, 2004). It's four parts. First, developed world MNCs are expanding into emerging ones. Large MNCs, especially American ones, perform poorly in emerging nations. Because of this, experts, notably at top American colleges, have been studying what causes multinational corporations (MNCs) in developing nations to fail (Khanan and Palepu, 1997).

It is necessary to provide clear definitions for the three concepts of multinational corporation, developing economy, and emerging market. The following is a list of the words that are defined in this research:

* MNC. The headquarters of multinational companies (MNCs) are typically located in a single nation, although their operations span across many nations (Rugman, 2005).

The economy of such nations is expanding at a tremendous rate. The term "emerging market" was coined for the first time by the Foreign Finance Corporation (IFC) to describe a limited set of developing countries that have stock markets that are available to international investors and that have middle- to upper-income economies. Since then, the meaning of the word has expanded to embrace almost all countries that are now on the road to being developed (Sustainability Think-Tank, 2008).

Emerging markets are markets that have not yet fully developed but are just starting to do so. MNCs (EMCs). In the context of this study, "emerging market companies" (EMCs) refer to branches of multinational corporations (MNCs) that have their main offices located in developing markets and conduct business in more than one nation.

A nation is considered an emerging market if it possesses some of the characteristics of a developed market but does not fulfil all the requirements to be considered a developed market.

The term is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for emerging economies, but it really signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described by or constrained to geography or economic strength; such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. The term was initially brought into fashion in the 1980s by the then World Bank economist Antoine Van Agtmael. Currently, the term is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for emerging economies.

I like to think of emerging markets as nations that are expanding extremely rapidly for solid reasons and that have a strong probability of graduating into developed status in the future. These countries have a good chance of becoming developed in the future.

Table I

Table IIa

Companies with Global Reach and the Economies of the Developing World

In the realm of international business, one of the most-discussed topics is the expansion of multinational firms and the effect that they have on developing countries (Meyer, 2004). Consider these four things to think about. To begin, multinational companies (MNCs) based in wealthy nations are shifting their attention more and more toward emerging markets. In contrast, the performance of these multinational corporations (MNCs) in emerging nations has been dismal, particularly the performance of American MNCs.

Because of this, members of the academic community, particularly those working at prominent universities in the United States, have initiated research into the elements that lead to the failure of multinational firms in emerging nations (Khanan and Palepu, 1997; Ramamurti, 2004). In order to compete effectively in emerging markets, multinational corporations need a fresh method of strategy that goes beyond the conventional transnational framework (London and Hart, 2004). The "institutional vacuum" idea is an example of this type of explanation. According to this idea, the reason that multinational businesses from established countries are unable to succeed in emerging markets is because these countries do not have a strong regulatory framework, an efficient contract enforcement system, or specialised intermediates. The strategies of multinational firms need to be adapted to reflect the current environment (Khanan et al., 2005).

The expansion of emerging market multinational companies (EMCs) that set up shop in industrialised world is the second trend that has been seen in relation to multi-national corporations (MNCs) and developing markets. These emerging market firms (EMCs) are vying with multinational corporations (MNCs) established in industrialised nations for opportunities to expand and increase their market share. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the number of emerging market corporations (EMCs) that have either merged with or acquired enterprises based in industrialised nations. In 2006, they successfully executed more than 1,100 mergers and acquisitions with a combined value of 128 billion US dollars. This was a component of their rapidly expanding business, which also included the purchase of new companies (UNCTAD, 2007, Accenture, 2008). The recent acquisition of IBM hardware by Lenovo is only one example; the Tata business has also just purchased Jaguar and Land Rover from the Ford group. Even the most successful businesses in the Western world have taken note of the explosive expansion of EMCs (Accenture, 2008).

In addition, emerging market companies (EMCs) in other developing countries are competing more aggressively and often with multinational corporations from established nations. EMCs have an advantage over MNCs from developed countries when it comes to comprehending another developing market, and they also have the advantage of reduced operational expenses because of the years spent working in emerging markets. Both advantages are since EMCs have spent more time working in emerging markets. South Korean multinational companies (MNCs) in the automotive and electronics sectors do very well in India as compared to their European, American, or Japanese counterparts in the same industries. Even the venerable Maruti Suzuki Company is threatened by the formidable competition posed by Hyundai. There is a possibility that the nature of competition may shift because of the presence of multinational firms located in developing economies as well as industrialised nations. They are skilled in a variety of tasks, including risk management, improvisation, and recognising the significance of cultural norms and regional variations, which is why this is the case (Accenture, 2008).

The amount of rivalry that is increasing among EMCs is the fourth element that should be taken into consideration, particularly in emerging countries. The ambitious growth of EMCs calls for the utilisation of a significant quantity of resources, particularly natural ones. Ethnocultural communities (EMCs) in countries of the developing world are engaged in a cutthroat competition for the right to make use of and administer the relevant resources. Oil firms from China and India, each of which is supported by its own government, are fighting with one another in Africa for access to the continent's oil and other natural resources (Pillania, 2008).

Concerning the fifth component, every year brings about an increase in the potency and influence of EMCs. There are a few companies that are based in developing markets that have achieved prominence on a global scale. When the Chinese oil company PetroChina made its initial public offering (IPO) on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in November 2007, it already had a market value that was twice as high as the market value of its closest Western competitor. These kinds of incidents not only pose a significant obstacle to the status quo of economic theory, but they also shake the very foundation of the economy. They are unlike anything else that we have ever come across (Accenture, 2008).

MNCs and the Fortune Global 500

The percentage of multinational corporations (MNCs) with their headquarters in developing economies that are included in the Fortune Global 500 (The Fortune Global 500, also known as Global 500, isan annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide as measured by revenue.

The list is compiled and published annually by Fortune magazine), a list of the world's 500 most profitable corporations, continues to rise. On the list of the 500 largest firms in the world that is published annually by Fortune, there were just twenty corporations from emerging economies in the year 2000. There are now seventy of them. (Accenture, 2008).

The United States of America, Western Europe, and Japan were frequently found to be at the very top of the list. There are now fewer multinational corporations (MNCs) originating from these nations on the list, while the number of MNCs originating from developing markets has increased. According to Table I, the number of multinational corporations (MNCs) hailing from China, Brazil, India, and Russia is on the rise. However, there is a distinction between the two groups regarding who owns what. Many multinational corporations (MNCs) originating in developing markets, and particularly those originating in BRIC nations, are controlled by their respective national governments. Many multinational corporations included in the Fortune Global 500 and headquartered in industrialised nations are privately held. In addition, most multinational corporations (MNCs) originating from developing economies are either in the resource sector, which encompasses the energy business, or the financial sector, which encompasses the banking industry. Table II (appendix) is a list of the Indian multinational corporations that are included in the Fortune Global 500 list. Five of the six individuals are employed by the government. In addition to that, four of them work in the energy business, while the fifth works in the banking industry serving the public sector. Up until the year 2003, the Indian Oil Corporation was the only Indian multinational corporation included in this list; even now, out of the six Indian corporations that are included, it maintains the top position.

In fact, developing economies are playing an increasingly significant role in the expansion of the world economy, both in terms of the demand for and supply of goods. Multinational corporations are of critical significance to business on a global scale.

People in the 21st century are curious about gaining more knowledge regarding global corporations and emerging marketplaces. Multinational corporations originating in affluent nations have met with varying degrees of success in emerging regions.

Over the course of the last several years, multinational corporations based in developing regions have been rapidly expanding and purchasing enterprises in developed countries at a rapid rate. This is demonstrated by the fact that there are an increasing number of multinational corporations (MNCs) originating from developing economies on the list of the Fortune Global 500. EMCs are presenting mature industries with significant new competition.

Should We Have Confidence in Multinational Firms?

Multinational corporations are large enterprises with operations in more than one country. There are likely several examples of this type of business all around the globe. Examples of such corporations include Apple, Ford, Coca-Cola, Alphabet (Google), and Microsoft. Oftentimes, their magnitude and annual revenue might outstrip the whole gross domestic product of many developing countries.

MNCs-pros-and-cons

# Pros of Working for a Multinational Organisation

produce wealth and new job openings across the globe. Thanks to the investments of MNCs, developing economies can produce much-needed foreign currency. Together, these two effects raise the bar for what people believe is possible while also generating additional economic activity. Coca-Cola-classic-soft-drink

Businesses of this size and breadth enjoy economies of scale, allowing them to keep costs low and pass the savings on to their consumers. The automotive and airline manufacturing industries, for example, have staggeringly high fixed costs, making this a matter of critical importance.

Funding for R&D may be increased thanks to the large profits. Oil exploration, for instance, is an expensive and risky venture that can only be undertaken by large organisations with substantial earnings and resources. The pharmaceutical industry is no different since it must also take risks to develop new medicines.

Maintain a bare minimum of quality. One reason why multinational organisations have been so successful is because consumers tend to favour purchasing from those who adhere to certain criteria. If you visit a Starbucks in any country, you may rest assured that you will be able to order something at least vaguely familiar. Even if the coffee isn't the best in the area, it probably won't be the worst, either. Knowing what lies in store for oneself provides a welcome feeling of safety.

Products with wide appeal tend to do well on a global basis. McDonald's, Coke, and Apple are just a few of the market leaders who understand the importance of listening to their customers.

Foreign direct investments Multinational companies often engage in FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). This facilitates the creation of capital flows to economies still in their nascent stages of development. It also leads to the production of new employment opportunities. While the pay might not be as high as it is in the rich world, having a job is better than not having one at all, and it will help raise wages in developing nations over time.

Multinational firms can provide lower pricing thanks to the practise of outsourcing production. This causes households in the developed world to have more money to spend on products and services, which in turn generates new employment opportunities to make up for the loss of manufacturing jobs due to outsourcing.

# Challenges to the Policies of Multinational Businesses

Businesses often put profit above customer satisfaction, even if doing so negatively impacts the latter. Multinational firms often produce exorbitant profits due to their monopolistic strength. For instance, in the prior year, Shell earned $14 billion.

Trying to avoid paying taxes. Some of the world's largest firms have their headquarters in countries with the most favourable tax policies. Their money flows to countries with the lowest corporate tax rates, such Bermuda, Ireland, and Luxembourg. For example, in 2011, Google made 2.5 billion in sales in the United Kingdom but only paid 3.4 million in tax on those profits.

A global profit margin of 33% with an effective tax rate of 1%. (Companies that evade taxes) This suggests that MNCs are "free-riding" on smaller businesses, who are at a disadvantage because they lack access to the same creative tax accounts that the larger firms have.

Available Funds With a total of $216 billion, 93% of Apple's cash reserves are held outside the United States. As a result, the health suffers from the added weight. No efforts are being made to invest it at this time.

Because of their dominance, local start-ups have a tougher time competing. For instance, one school of thought argues that the profits of mom-and-pop shops are being eaten away by the rising costs of supplying the same products carried by supermarkets.

The economies of scale that huge multinational organisations have given them the ability to undercut smaller local enterprises and drive them out of business in developing nations.

Multinational firms' relentless pursuit of profit often ends in the degradation of the environment and the depletion of non-renewable resources. Some multi-nationals, for instance, have been accused of shifting their environmental damage and pollution to countries with less stringent pollution controls.

Sweat it out in unsanitary workplaces. Multinational corporations have been charged with using "slave labour," in which workers are given extremely low wages compared to those in the West.

Companies in the industrialised world are losing jobs because they are moving production to countries with cheaper labour prices. This is an issue in the USA since so many multinational firms have factories all over the world.

Evaluation

Some gripes about MNCs can be related to issues outside of the companies themselves. The polluting practises of MNCs, for instance, may be attributable to a lack of government oversight. Furthermore, even very small enterprises may have a considerable impact on the environment through pollution.

While multinational corporations (MNCs) have been criticised for what is seen as low compensation by western standards, proponents of this view point out that having a job at all is better than nothing. Some multinational firms have also taken steps to improve working conditions in response to public criticism.

Research Objectives

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of MNCs on the long-term viability of developing countries' economy. The following research questions guided this study:

This research aims three purposes:

To examine the possible reasons that sustainability of local firms is threatened by MNCs in developing economies.

To evaluate whether MNCs can coexist alongside local firms in developing economies without necessarily throwing them off the market.

To emphasise mechanisms that MNCs can utilise to liaise with local firms to empower them to be equally profitable and competitive.

Research Questions

Why Multinational Companies from Emerging Markets Must Walk the Walk When It Comes to Sustainability?

How emerging economies might learn from the experiences of multinational corporations in the global market?

Are multinational corporations capable of exerting a constructive impact on emerging nations?

What steps should multinational corporations take to secure the long-term sustainability of local firms in developing economies?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Because of the personal significance of the topic and the intensity of the author's feelings about it, this study focuses on a comprehensive literature evaluation designed to provide definitive answers to the research questions (Randolph, 2009). The impact of MNCs on the long-term viability of local firms in developing nations is a complex problem that defies simplification. As a result, the author will use a sequential approach to guiding lines of investigation to gain methodological insight into defining the scope of the study problem (Cooper, 1988; Gall, et al., 2006).

Multinational firms trade in more than one country, hence their name (MNCs). Crowley-Vigneau (2020) states that they are lauded because they expand economic activity outside their borders and make global products and services accessible. This contributed to their success. International trade has changed rapidly in the past two decades, according to Gichuki (2012, page 1). These changes have accelerated. Multinational companies have been expanding globally, yet most of their headquarters are in developing nations. MNCs invest in emerging regions for many reasons.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

The assessment of the relevant literature has provided enough information to appreciate the critical factors that lend credibility to the research problem, so laying the groundwork for a robust theoretical framework (Levy & Ellis, 2006; Bordage, 2009). In conjunction with the existing body of research, the author will make an effort to construct a "lens" or "set of lenses" to simplify the complexities involved in the long-term viability of local businesses within the confines of a "Conceptual Framework" (CF). This is an essential step in the process of investigating and developing these conceptual ideas (Ravitch & Riggan, 2011; Connelly, 2014).

2.3 Main body with heading and sub-headings

First, people believe that they are practical because the government has a favourable attitude toward them, which provides them with ample opportunity for expansion (Gaiga Thorngmun, 2017, p3). Additionally, emerging nations provide cheaper costs of production, resulting in increased earnings. In addition, developing economies offer promising growth potential since they have numerous resources that have not yet been fully used. As a result, it is vital to see that the majority of MNCs focus their attention more intently on emerging economies than they do on industrialised countries.

Multinational corporations are inherently divisive and elicit a range of responses from people because of this. According to Rugraff et al. (2011, page 13), one of the most contentious problems in modern debates is the question of what role multinational corporations should play in economic growth.

The fundamental explanation for this is that these companies exhibit both admirable and less-than-admirable attributes (Hong, 2021, p39). To begin, these companies have many assets and a high personnel turnover rate. In addition to this, they operate a vast number of locations, employ cutting-edge technology, and draw on a large talent pool to produce goods of a satisfactory quality. Therefore, once multinational corporations are established in emerging economies, they transmit the necessary knowledge, expertise, and capacity for export (Rugraff et al). (2011, p13). On the other hand, they raise the level of competition, make their items more affordable, and can even outperform local manufacturers in terms of quality. Because multinational corporations (MNCs) provide both benefits and drawbacks to emerging nations, the reception of MNCs is rather challenging.

However, multinational corporations (MNCs) continue to prosper in emerging economies despite the criticism they may face because of the detrimental effects they have on other types of enterprises. According to Kyove et al. (2021), the expansion of multinational corporations follows globalisation. The interconnected nature of the modern world has caused a shift away from traditionally "local" economic practices. Rather, they are multinational because enterprises that have already established themselves want to create more and sell more, not only inside their own borders. This agenda, which is driven by technological advancements, has also received backing from the quick acceptance it has received from most administrations in emerging nations. In addition, emerging economies have a far larger number of obstacles, which makes it desirable for MNCs to invest there. For instance, most developing countries are plagued by high unemployment rates, particularly among the young and recent college graduates (Rugraff et al. 2011, p61). In addition, the nations are looking to improve their trade balance by strengthening their export capacity. When all these factors are considered, the status of the economy and the social life in emerging nations provides a favourable environment for the entry of multinational corporations.

However, it is important to be aware that, even though developing countries often welcome MNCs to fulfil their requirements, the firms themselves are motivated primarily by the desire to maximise profits. Considering this issue, Monge-Gonzlez et al. (2015) investigated the state of the information and communications technology (ICT) industry in Costa Rica. In comparison to its size, the population of Costa Rica is very low, making it a developing economy in Central America. After conducting the research, the investigators concluded that Costa Rica has been very successful in luring multinational corporations, particularly in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector and fields related to IT, with the goal of developing an economy that is highly dependent on technology (Monge-Gonzlez et al). (2015, p3). However, after conducting more research, they discovered that these businesses are so advanced that they present fierce competition to the Costa Rican information and communications technology industries.

2.4 The up and down of MNCs in the emerging economies

In a similar vein, Eluka et al. (2016) reported that in Nigeria, the operations of MNCs have been regarded immoral. This research was published in 2016. The reason for this is that they have a dominant position in the economy and generate absurdly high profits, whilst other neighborhood businesses competing in the same industry struggle to stay afloat. As a result, it is necessary to keep in mind that multinational corporations are focused primarily on maximising their profits, which makes them a threat to the companies operating locally in economies that are still developing.

Considering this, a detailed examination of multinational corporations (MNCs) presents some severe challenges to local businesses in developing nations. According to Rugraff et al. (2011, page 15), multinational corporations present local businesses in emerging economies with several challenges and opportunities. The first issue is that they raise the level of rivalry among local businesses to an almost unmanageable degree. According to Monge-Gonzlez et al. (2015, page 14), in Costa Rica, the competition between multinational corporations and local enterprises results in domestic companies competing against one another for space in a congested market. According to Rakhimova et al. (2020, page 172), multinational corporations have access to transnational money, which frequently renders local forms incapable of competing.

They can pay their workforces more competently and even have an easier time purchasing raw materials than local enterprises in underdeveloped nations. Kusek and Silva (2018, page 2) also found that multinational corporations (MNCs) have a high level of competitiveness, which makes it easier for them to enter and operate inside a developing country than it is for local forms of business. As a result, it is essential to recognise that multinational corporations are frequently more competitive than local ones.

It is possible that multinational corporations contribute to increased impunity because of the way in which they dominate the market to the detriment of the expectations held by local businesses. According to Hagmann et al. (2020, page 5), multinational corporations are rapidly becoming economic and political strongholds. According to Hagmann and his colleagues' argument, multinational corporations are more frequently violating human rights and the environment. They use all the available resources on a huge scale, making it difficult for smaller domestic enterprises to gain access to those resources, which in turn makes it difficult for such companies to function. Using Cameroon as an example, Ashime (2021, page 12) argues that multinational corporations contribute to the decline of emerging economies to some degree. These businesses, the author argues, contribute to a greater level of social inequality. For instance, they bring in enormous earnings, which makes it difficult for neighborhood businesses to turn a profit. Domestic companies are unable to compete with the competitive wages offered by foreign companies to their workforces.

The result is that development for multinational corporations comes from the proliferation of conditions that foster the failure of local businesses in developing nations.

2.5 MNCs impact in emerging economies

MNCs are viewed as largely independent organisations by a few other academics, particularly in developing nations where they are allowed to do business as they see fit with very little interference from the governments of the countries in which they are located. Ruggie (2018) is of the same opinion as Ashime (2021) in that they both believe that multinational corporations have the potential, if left unchecked, to bring about the collapse of local businesses. According to the findings of Ruggie's research, multinational corporations are global organisations that have both power and authority.

The author believes that multinational corporations are just meeting their minimum required legal commitments. They have corporate social responsibility (CSR) values that are either weak or poor, even though they are deemed distinctive and are sponsored by powerful foreign governments (Ruggie, 2018, p318). Additionally, in most situations, they do not appreciate local forms since they feel those forms generate things of a lower quality. As a result, multinational corporations (MNCs) might constitute significant dangers for local businesses, rendering them irrelevant and, in certain instances, even bringing an end to their activities.

However, there have been several occasions in which multinational corporations have worked closely with local enterprises and produced commendable outcomes. According to Rowley-Vigneau (2020, page 51), there has been a movement in the corporate sector toward the establishment of balance that has been pushed for by many stakeholders. The fact that multinational corporations operate outside state borders, as Rowley-Vigneau argues, makes it more likely for them to infringe upon human rights and damage the environment, among other things. According to the findings of the research, the control of multinational corporations is essential, particularly in countries that are still growing. Although the regulation shouldn't necessarily mean restricting the capacity of multinational corporations (MNCs) to work and expand, it should give sufficient rules and standards under which they should operate.

These laws can also be put into place to prevent local businesses from being driven out of the market by multinational corporations (MNCs). In addition, Rowley-Vigneau sees that the host nations of multinational corporations should not be the only ones concerned with maintaining a healthy equilibrium in the way that MNCs conduct their business. Instead, they ought to be focused with developing environmentally friendly methods of manufacturing by means of significant social responsibility activities (Kolk et al. 2017, p18). Therefore, there is ample reason to assume that multinational corporations (MNCs) may successfully collaborate with local businesses in developing countries to secure the growth and longevity of both of those entities.

2.6 Corporation Social Responsibility (CSR) a link between MNCs and local firms?

To begin, there are no procedures that place restrictions on multinational corporations in terms of what they may create and sell inside a given jurisdiction if such items do not violate local laws. As a result, corporate social responsibility (CSR) expands beyond the realm of legal circumstances and into the realm of social settings. According to Chan (2014, page 3), there are four levels of social responsibility that multinational corporations might observe: economic, ethical, legal, and discretionary. CSR with an economic focus is most beneficial when employed by MNCs in the process of identifying local businesses. It should force them to admit that domestic enterprises suffer from numerous economic flaws that, if capitalised on, would put them out of business (Mensah, 2019, p4). By giving such factors careful consideration, international organisations can lend vital economic assistance to regional businesses engaged in commerce that is analogous to their own (Chan, 2014, p10). MNCs are concerned that this might put them at risk of being forced out of the market since local businesses would be better equipped to compete because of this development.

Most of the time, local businesses in developing economies need economic CSR due to a broad variety of problems. To begin, even though they could be capable of producing items of the same quality as multinational corporations, they might not have the human capital or processing equipment that the MNCs do. Therefore, Chan's point of view is valid given that such gifts and grants can assist businesses in purchasing the necessary capacity, allowing them to produce items of the same quality as MNCs.

Daouda (2014) conducted research to investigate the activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region in which the latter's operations have been more prevalent over the past two decades. Emerging economies make up most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa; most of these countries also have a wealth of untapped natural resources and local businesses that are failing. Following an in-depth analysis, the researcher emphasised that many multinational corporations (MNCs) in Sub-Saharan Africa are eager to provide economic help to local enterprises. However, they are unable to do so due to the regional circumstances that exist inside their respective working contexts. For instance, violent conflicts in Niger make it hard since sponsoring local enterprises that are connected to some armed groups might escalate the war (Daouda, 2014, p142).

As a result, it is vital to acknowledge that multinational corporations (MNCs) can make it possible for local businesses to survive by giving economic assistance in areas where the conditions are favourable.

Still fixated on economic support as a CSR technique, several other writers have investigated it as a potential answer to the problem of MNCs taking over sectors, which results in the closure of local businesses. For instance, Aguilera-Caracuel et al. (2017) discovered that the financial performance of MNCs in emerging nations is usually profound. These researchers based their conclusion on the fact that MNCs have a greater market share in these areas. Their assistance to failing local businesses has the potential to be successful given that they would not necessarily be operating at a loss themselves. According to Commendatore et al. (2018), a viewpoint that agrees with this one, the primary challenge that local businesses face is failing to meet their financial responsibilities (p6). Therefore, if they were given the same economic assistance as MNCs, they would make and sell goods in the same manner.

Additionally, Chan (2014, page 3) mentioned that MNCs could engage in additional relevant CSR activities at their choice. Notably, local businesses in economies that are still in the process of developing do not have sufficient technical capability, not only in terms of cash but also in terms of technology and skill.

According to research that Reyes and Atkinson (2018) conducted for the World Bank, greater macroeconomic growth is associated with more openness to trade. The two writers stated that linking multinational corporations (MNCs) to local businesses is vital since MNCs are successful because of their expertise, knowledge, and management. They pointed out that this may assist them in achieving high standards of efficiency given the direct connectivity that exists with domestic enterprises. In addition, when local businesses are associated with multinational corporations, they can engage in what the authors refer to as the "demonstration effect" and maybe mimic the practices of the MNCs (Atkinson) (2018, n.p). Therefore, multinational corporations could make real knowledge transfers to local enterprises, which ultimately results in those firms being more competent.

In addition to providing active support, multinational corporations (MNCs) can also transfer knowledge by assisting local businesses in their capacity to engage in research and development operations. Most firms are doomed to failure because their owners operate with a limited understanding of the market. When they have sufficient knowledge, they can comprehend their consumer base, which allows them to enhance their goods to better satisfy the requirements of their customers. Song and Zhu (2012) evaluated the role that multinational corporations play in assisting the research and development activities of local businesses. The two researchers concluded that multinational corporations do more in-depth market research based on their worldwide operations. On the other side, local businesses seldom ever engage in research and development, which can occasionally render their goods and services irrelevant in the marketplace (Song & Zhu, 2012, p). In a similar vein, Kim, and Milner (2019, page 4) assert that multinational corporations have sufficient research and development skills. For this reason, the transmission of this expertise to local enterprises in developing economies can help those firms advance and compete on an equal level if it is practicable.

In supplement, multinational corporations (MNCs) have other strategic benefits that are superior to those offered by local enterprises. The fact that multinational corporations have extremely efficient management control systems is one of the most important elements of these companies.

Sageder and Feldbauer-Durstmller (2016) evaluated the function of executive management in multinational corporations (MNCs) by looking at a wide variety of research studies. According to the findings of the study, multinational corporations have well-established management procedures that allow them to circumvent making difficult choices. Management control in multinational corporations enables these companies to better align their personnel with the goals of the organisation. Because of this, they standardise operations and establish appropriate strategies, which enables them to govern subsidiaries in the same manner that they handle their branches in their respective home nations. Local businesses in emerging economies frequently lack the capability to do this. They suffer from inadequate management control systems, which puts them at risk of incurring losses.

In extra, bad management methods cause their workforces to be dissatisfied, which in turn leads to overall low output and a failure to harness activities. It's possible that local businesses in emerging economies don't have the same level of expertise as multinational corporations due to these shortcomings.

Kasper et al. (2013), in their investigation of the ways in which local businesses might profit from MNCs, make sure that there are an endless number of methods to transfer information regarding management techniques. The authors argue that for organisation to be successful, they need to position themselves strategically and focus on making significant choices rather than little ones. They need having an awareness of how to interact with workers, vendors, and other stakeholders. Even in emerging nations' new marketplaces, multinational corporations may continue to be functional and profitable if they understand all the relevant stakeholders, record their expectations, and meet those requirements (Kasper et al., 2013, n.p.). A growing number of academics are of the opinion that multinational corporations (MNCs) have simplified management practices that local enterprises may borrow and yet achieve the same level of success. Bolo's (2014) research focused on the ECOLAB-NALCO merger in Kenya as its primary focus. When the two companies combined, the author claims that many functional areas, including human resources, finances, and others, were divided between them.

As a direct consequence of this, NALCO's performance has significantly improved and has remained stable. The example of the merger of ECOLAB and NALCO demonstrates that multinational corporations have a high degree of experience that, when shared with local enterprises, may assist in the firms' continued existence.

2.7 MNCs steps to ensure long-term sustainability of local firms in emerging countries

To provide evidence that multinational corporations can assist domestic enterprises in improving their strategic management, de Faria et al. (2021) investigated how advantageous it is for local businesses to attract human capital from multinational corporations. The authors argue that local businesses are not solely motivated by the desire to make sales inside their own market. To compete with multinational corporations (MNCs), local businesses need to be able to manufacture high-quality goods that they can sell abroad.

The authors of the study found that employing former managers from multinational corporations led to favourable outcomes for the local companies that hired them. It offers them a higher level of competence in management and export activities, both of which are areas in which a lack of understanding can be detrimental (de Faria et al., 2021, p3). The findings of this research point to the fundamental conclusion that multinational corporations (MNCs) and locally based businesses (local firms) are capable of cooperating closely and exchanging their respective management knowledge and expertise, which may result in the latter becoming highly competent.

In essence, multinational firms may be unable to function and achieve these outcomes if the environment in which they operate is unfavourable. As a result, to achieve the intended results, governments in rising economies must work closely with these organisations. According to Rakhimova et al. (2020, page 172), the government's purpose should be to promote the formation of a favourable environment in which businesses can operate. One of the most important ways that governments can assist businesses is by removing restrictions to their ability to freely expand. This might include making it easier for local businesses to communicate with international corporations (MNCs). Furthermore, governments could connect with multinational firms and negotiate with both MNCs and the rest of the private sector. According to Reyes and Atkinson (2018), such conversations may centre on the role that the government plays in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). As a result, these researchers think that governments should take on the responsibility of amplifying links between MNCs and domestic enterprises when MNCs do not display benevolence or are not in direct contact with domestic firms.

All these research investigations arrive to the conclusion that multinational corporations (MNCs) have both positive and negative consequences, particularly when they begin operations in emerging economies. According to Monge-Gonzlez (2015), the influence of multinational corporations (MNCs) on local enterprises might change drastically depending on the way in which checks, and balances are enforced.

On a global scale, however, there are not many regulations that ban multinational corporations from manufacturing and selling items if those products are safe to use. Therefore, the only way multinational corporations (MNCs) can assure the long-term viability of local enterprises in developing nations is through the implementation of social responsibility policies. According to Rugraff et al. (2011, page 185), the Foreign Direct Investment policy in Hungary has highlighted the tight working connection that exists between multinational corporations and indigenous companies. There was a high level of openness, and most local companies gained knowledge from MNCs about numerous facets of company management. It is to the advantage of multinational corporations to conduct business with local companies and to help those enterprises improve their performance. Kusek and Silva (2018, page 3) state that multinational corporations are investors who require improved interactions with the societies that they operate in. If they can assure the longevity of local businesses, there is a greater possibility of their own growth and advancement in economies that are still in the process of evolving.

Rugraff et al. (2011, p3), to emphasise that, there is a heated argument regarding the essence of MNCs in developing economies. While they play a critical role in modernizing emerging economies, the two authors contend that they also intensify competition when they make goods that are already provided by local firms and sell them at a cheaper price than those which local manufacturers can afford. Providing, their input regarding the same problem, Kolk et al. (2017, p12) posited that MNCs work towards the key outcomes of global sustainability as they move in emerging economies with an interested to increase trade, thereby reducing inequality. The researchers prompt the understanding that MNCs are indeed part of the global economy, and their impact cannot be overstated.

Furthermore, Gichuki (2012, p1), while discussing the impact of Chinese firms in Kenya, a developing economy opined that there is a pervasive growth in MNCs that no country can prevent their penetration and impact altogether. Their growth is fuelled by globalization where technology, production and communication must be apt worldwide. In this understanding, Kyove (2021, p217) contend that it is only companies that are not effective that get overthrown out of business by MNCs.

As these researchers implore, multinational companies have no interests in killing local businesses as they can only do so when they gain a competitive edge.

2.8 Chapter conclusion

The opinions expressed by these scholars suggest that multinational corporations have a good impact; hence, it would be impossible to do away with them in developing and rising economies. Kim and Milner (2019, page 3) underline the fact that what governments should do is to create supporting regulations that prohibit firms from having economic domination over other corporations. The authors' idea, which they bring up as a possibility, can be realised in a variety of ways. For example, Gaiga and Thorngmun (2017) point out that there is a healthy balance of power between multinational corporations and smaller businesses in Thailand.

This was made feasible by a law called the "Retailed Trade Act," which established certain zones for local businesses and other zones for multinational corporations. In addition, local businesses were enabled by government help to reduce their own expenses, allowing them to compete with multinational corporations (MNCs) on price.

Therefore, multinational corporations could assist local businesses in developing economies in becoming similarly competent. They can circumvent the obstacle of driving small enterprises out of business by providing a platform for the sharing of knowledge and experience within a framework like that of social responsibility (Hong, 2021, p38). In addition, according to Mensah (2019, page 4), to achieve sustainable growth and development, it is necessary for multinational corporations and local businesses to collaborate to formulate policies that do not undermine one another, such as by determining the minimum quantities that each company should sell. The findings of this research suggest that multinational corporations (MNCs) may be able to collaborate with local businesses to secure the long-term viability of such businesses.

3. METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

3.1. Introduction

In this chapter, we provide a brief explanation of the methodology used in our study, the data collection and analysis procedures, the advantages, and disadvantages of the methodology we employed, as well as the constraints we encountered during the process.

3.2. Qualitative Methodology

Research that focuses on the study of non-quantitative or inexplicable data is known as qualitative research (Ashime, 2021). These experiments can use data from a variety of sources, including textual resources like interview transcripts, field notes, and documents, as well as visual materials like artefacts, images, videos, and websites (Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020). The use of qualitative research methods improved our comprehension of interpersonal relationships, foreign cultures, and human connections in general (Busetto et al., 2020). When acknowledging questions about novel topics like sustainable development and the development of new innovative business models in emerging nations in which there is not a lot of existing data available, the added benefit of qualitative research is that it is effective for creating theories rather than testing existing ones (Ashime, 2021).

Additionally, as more and more businesses begin to investigate in those areas, business ethics, sustainable development, the development concept, and other related topics are constantly evolving. For this reason, qualitative analysis can become a very powerful tool for researchers to understand current situations (Busetto et al., 2020). However, there are drawbacks to qualitative research as well. It is possible to come across an instance where copious amounts of data are collected that would be challenging to analyse, and research quality that is highly dependent on a researchers ability and easily influenced by personal biases and peculiarities (Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020). The qualitative research approach was used in this thesis investigation, which was then followed by a case study.

3.3. Data collection

A review of the existing literature and case studies are going to be used as the two primary research methodologies for this research project.

3.3.1. Research paper data

Most of the data used in this study were collected from secondary sources. Secondary data, which may be qualitative or quantitative, was described by (Ashime, 2021) as information obtained by organisations or individuals for purposes other than their own research endeavours. Even though obtaining secondary data has always been rapid, cost-effective, and a source of novel insights from past studies, we must constantly bear in mind that sometimes such data may not be able to adequately solve our specific difficulties (Busetto et al., 2020). Furthermore, sources could not be trustworthy, and data quality might not be under control (Crowley-Vigneau, 2020).

Google Scholar, Emerald Insight, EBSCO, Research Gate, and ScienceDirect are just a few of the university-affiliated online database sites that were used to obtain much of the secondary data for this thesis from academic books and scientific journals (Crowley- Vigneau, 2020). Additionally, these sources included any available interview materials, annual reports, reports on firms Sustainable Living Plans, and official MNC websites (de Faria et al., 2021). In order to complete this research, it will be necessary to gather and evaluate the available data on multinational corporations (MNCs) and their role in emerging economies. This research will start by examining the risks that MNCs pose to small local businesses (de Faria et al., 2021). They will also be used to examine if multinational corporations (MNCs) have ever effectively coexisted with local enterprises in developing countries. The research papers that were consulted will ultimately be utilised to establish methods for multinational organisations to collaborate with local businesses so that those businesses may be just as profitable and competitive.

3.3.2. Case Studies

A case study is a thorough investigation of a situation in a practical setting. Case studies are thorough and methodical due to their in-depth study of the research variables, claim Crowley-Vigneau (2020). Case studies offer examples for business researchers of how evidence from a small number of sources may be utilised to develop a larger viewpoint (Crowley-Vigneau, 2020). Due to the restricted number of available methodological tools, their qualitative value is beneficial for business researchers (de Faria et al., 2021). The researcher selected case studies for this study since there are prior studies on the impact of MNCs on emerging economies. These examples will be used to provide specific evidence about the issue, giving developers of workable solutions enough context.

The overall research technique for this study will be made up of the two research approaches. As a result, the study and research will use and analyse the data that was gleaned from them. However, as the literature review will be regarded as the major source of data for this study, case studies will supplement the secondary data analysis.

3.4. Data Analysis

One of the key steps in performing qualitative research is qualitative data analysis. Drawing conclusions from a collection of data without using statistical methods is a significant approach in data analysis (Hagmann, 2020). A suitable data analysis illustrates that qualitative research may provide high-quality theories by enabling our acquired material to answer the research questions exactly (Here & Twycross, 2018). According to Hagmann, (2020), the three operations of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion formulation or verification make up the stage of qualitative data analysis. The first of three crucial steps in the data analysis process are data organisation. Combining summarization with classification results in the second most often used strategy for data reduction. For simple identification and connecting, it aids in identifying patterns and themes in the data. The third and final method is data analysis, which can be done top-down on bottom-up.

To communicate a narrative or solve a problem, researchers significantly rely on data. Data is nothing more than the response to the enquiry that comes first.

But what if there is not even a question? Well! Even in the absence of a problem, it is feasible to study the data; this process, known as data mining, frequently reveals patterns worth investigating.

Researchers examine a variety of data, and their goals, as well as those of their audiences, help them to identify patterns that will help them convey the story they want to tell. Being open-minded and impartial towards unexpected patterns, expressions, and outcomes is one of the key qualities researchers are supposed to possess while examining data.

3.4.1. Data reduction

Data reduction is a crucial component of every studys research. It refers to the process which the researchers will obtain, reduce, and organize the mass of qualitative data that they have collected (Here & Twycross, 2018). In its simplest form, data reduction is the choice of a population subgroup that provides information for generalization about it. The researcher used no human volunteers in this investigation (Hong, 2021). But the investigator had to choose research studies from a variety of sources, which might be considered data reduction. Choosing the research studies included random selection. The researcher searches numerous databases and articles using keywords.

The research studies that were used for the study were chosen at random from a list of those that appeared after a random search and met the criteria noted in the checklist (Hong, 2021). The same was guaranteed for the case studies, where participants were chosen at random. But the researcher made sure that each case study focused on a different nation when it came to them.

The study is focus on the qualitative impact of MNCs on local businesses in emerging economies must also be considered. As a result, the researcher was interested in employing enough papers to support all the topics (Li et al., 2018). Additionally, he was concerned that there was not too much research since this would prevent a thorough study. While keeping the studys objectives and its research questions in mind, various secondary materials were clarified and summarised (Here & Twycross, 2018). We have already removed any useless data from our research, but we are certain that they will still be available in the future in the event of any unexpected results.

A sample size of 22 research papers was therefore thought to be sufficient by the researcher. Five case studies were also thought to be helpful (Li et al., 2018).

The case studies for the randomness case were chosen from diverse emerging nations and demonstrated the influence of several MNCs.

3.4.2. Data Display

According to Kim &Milner (2019), researchers can lawfully get a summary from a mass of data if the data are presented in the right way. The link between the primary theoretical concepts and our goals was made clear by using figure forms to explain our theoretical framework in the areas of corporate social responsibility, the shadow economy, and sufficiency economies (Kusek & Silva, 2019). Additionally, as criteria for interpretation, a number of theoretical terms connected to the Base of the Pyramid, innovation, and sustainability were employed. Additionally, we provided statistical data that we could use to analyse, show, and draw conclusions about patterns and how they related to our study topics.

3.4.3. Conclusion Drawing/Verification

It is now important to assess the validity using the researchers prior published publications, field notes, or additional data collecting (Kusek & Silva, 2019). To reduce the amount of data and make conclusions, categories were created, and keywords were used. Additionally, we tried to compare and contrast main data with other external data to determine what was similar and what was different between them.

Additionally, the interviewees' recommendations were used to examine the data from the literature review. Following that, we were able to start drawing conclusions about the theories and the empirical investigation thanks to our analysis.

3.5. Trustworthiness & Credibility: Validity and Reliability

By assessing the reliability of our information, we can determine the level of our research results and conclusions. Usually, we may assess the credibility by looking at its validity and dependability. If we were to replicate our method, we ought to get the same outcome, which is what reliability is all about. We can assume that something is dependable if it is consistent.

Validity requires that the study evaluate what we are anticipating from it (Kyove et al., 2021). Because we mostly used secondary data, we must be cautious because the material may not have originated with the prior researchers ((Kyove et al., 2021). We try to use current data from well-known writers in order to prevent such problems. To further assure the accuracy of the information, we collected documents from each authoritys official website.

As we all know, businesses typically stress excellent activities in practise when presenting their reports. According to Kirk and Millers recommendations, we employed an objective approach for the analysis phase by maintaining a critical point of view on the data without letting outside factors influence our judgement (Mensah, 2019). Finally, to have inclusive viewpoints, we looked beyond the material provided by MNC and sought out additional sources of help.

3.6. Limitations of the Study

First and foremost, working within a constrained time constraint limits our ability to gather, evaluate, and analyse data since we must focus intensely on studying depending on the amount of data (Mensah, 2019). Furthermore, secondary data have been extensively used, and the objectives of the past data collectors might not align with our current needs. Only positive attitudes regarding the company may be reflected in data from private organisations, and there may be a lack of quality control that affects the participants; replies and conclusions (Neubauer, Witkop & Varpio., 2019). Second, we discovered that the quantity of data we had at our disposal for the study was rather constrained because the focus of our research is primarily on numerous innovative topics, such as innovation and new business models. We find it difficult to put the novel concepts gleaned from this study to the test. We must ask MNCs for information because certain types of data are protected by the companys data protection policy and cannot be accessed by unauthorised people (Neubauer, Witkop & Varpio., 2019).

As a result, certain detailed statistical information cannot be disclosed. Moreover, the accuracy of the numerical data that we gathered from secondary sources may not be sufficient. After all, this study solely focuses on a single form of CSR by examining interactions between multinational corporations and their nearby small enterprises.

As a result, its possible that the conclusions cannot be applied to the same CSR scenario in other nations.

3.7. Research Instruments for Data Collection

Research instruments are the methods of gathering information. They serve as data collecting tools. They comprise reading, observation, interview, and questionnaire. In essence, the researcher must make sure the instrument they select is dependable and genuine (Neubauer, Witkop & Varpio., 2019). The suitability of the instruments has a significant impact on the validity and reliability of any research activity. Whatever method is used to gather data, it must be rigorously evaluated to see how probable it is to provide the desired outcomes.

The majority of the acknowledged research instruments, the researcher saw when creating the studys methodology, could not be used in this situation due to their intrinsic qualities (Rakhimova et al., 2019). As a result, a checklist that could be used as the research tool for this particular study needed to be created. Various techniques were used in the checklist to analyse the case studies and books that were chosen. For the research studies to be accepted and incorporated in the study, the checklist needed three key components (Rakhimova et al., 2020). Firstly, the research studies supposed to be published after 2018. This measure was put in place to make sure that the data utilised was up to date and accurately reflected modern business dynamics. The validity of the research investigations was the second condition. According to this criterion, the chosen literature papers must be peer-reviewed and submitted to credible journals. The research had to at least be relevant to MNCs and their operations in developing economies, according to the criteria. The terms MNCs, emerging economies, and local enterprises; were used to search the research from trustworthy databases in consideration of this criteria (Rashid et al.,2019).

3.8. Ethical Effects

There are a number of ethical considerations that must be made while doing research, especially when it involves using human subjects.

The ethical criteria cover matters like informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, anonymity, and open and honest communication between individuals (Rashid et al., 2019).

This study may be unethically conducted because there was no direct contact between the researchers and the human participants. On the other hand, when it was necessary to confirm the information that was presented, subjects like the companies that participated in the case studies were contacted. In order to guarantee that the data was gathered and evaluated without any form of bias, the study was also conducted with the utmost ethical integrity. The study also meets the moral imperative of beneficence since, once it is complete, it will be applicable in a variety of contexts to ensure the survival of small firms in developing countries where MNCs operate.

The studies that were chosen were those that the researchers felt were ethically sound and would have no unfavourable effects. Consequently, this study complies with all ethical standards required for conducting qualitative research.

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

4.1. Introduction

The research will mostly use qualitative content analysis to draw results. It will follow systematic coding and subjective interpretation of the content used in another research. The subjective interpretation that follows the analysis will serve as the foundation for the researchs conclusions.

25 peer-reviewed research studies and 5 case studies were used by the researcher. Three initially noted themes were used to code the data: (i) Evidence of MNCs in developing countries (ii). MNCs' effects on regional businesses, as well as (iii) Sustainable Business solutions

4.2. Evidence of MNCs in Developing Economies

All the research in the examined literature demonstrated that MNCs are successfully establishing themselves in various emerging economies (Rashid et al., 2019). For instance, Ruggie, (2018) showed that, at the time of their reporting, there were just over 82,000 MNCs operating worldwide.

Most of them had their founding and main offices in industrialised nations including the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom.

Even while the researchers data on the number of MNCs that exploit emerging markets was insufficient, they did note that the majority were active outside of their own countries (Ruggie, 2018). According to the research studies, MNCs continuously exploit emerging markets in various ways, including the following: lower operating costs, promising future development, and untapped resources.

4.2.1. Lower Operating Costs

Lower operational expenses in developing economies attract MNCs to invest and do business there, as demonstrated by several research studies. For instance, Zhao et al. (2014, p846) found in their research that MNCs may join and establish themselves with little difficulty at first due to emerging nations cheap input and regulatory costs. In another study, Here & Twycross, (2018) found that tax incentives and responsiveness are stronger in emerging countries. Furthermore, they increase their profits due to their high tax subsidiaries and enforcement. His study (Here & Twycross, 2018) focused on Lafarge, a multinational corporation that deals with construction materials internationally. Further investigation revealed that the production costs were greatly decreased by its exploration of developing economies. Additionally, they found that pay rates in emerging nations are lower than those in industrialised economies, increasing their chances of generating a profit.

The studies have shown how important cost minimisation is for MNCs. Studies have shown that because emerging economies provide it, they are quite inclined to set up operating bases there.

4.2.2. Promising Future Development

MNCs may deepen their manufacturing facilities and even broaden their reach to local markets in developing economies. Their significant development potential is partly predicated on the fact that multinational corporations

(MNCs) may have already fully used their domestic markets; hence, developing markets provide them with fresh and dependable bases for production and distribution (Kusek & Silva, 2019). Since the majority of MNCs are likewise concerned with sustainable development, their expansion in emerging markets presents them with previously unheard-of growth opportunities.

4.2.3. Untapped resources.

Due to a lack of resources in their home countries, MNCs employ operational bases in emerging economies. Highly well-reviewed research publications emphasised how much easier it is to get raw materials, particularly natural resources, in developing nations. For instance, Shirodkar (2018) found that it is simple to get unskilled and semi-skilled labour in developing nations. Additionally, because local enterprises lack the necessary competence, raw minerals are hardly utilised. Furthermore, according to Masroor & Asim (2019), MNC performance is higher in emerging nations because to reduced costs for basic materials and equipment.

In addition, Michuki (2018) claimed that Chinese MNCs were successful in Kenya because the firms made effective use of the nations underutilised rail transportation assets.

Numerous additional research articles claimed that the expansion of MNCs in emerging countries was influenced by access to a wealth of underutilised resources there.

4.3. Impact of MNCs on Local Firms

The research studies findings supported previously gathered knowledge indicating MNCs might have both good and negative effects. Following negative effects were listed as evidence: I unhealthy competition (ii). Shortage of trained workers (iii). Excessive use of other resources. However, they also show benefits, such as the transfer of information, skills, and expertise (b). Capacity for research and development (c). Funds made available for new projects.

Beneficial Effects

(i). Knowledge and expertise transfer: Several of the gathered research papers revealed that MNCs have made significant progress in addressing knowledge, skills, and expertise.

As a result, they can impart this expertise to local businesses in developing nations, the majority of which continue to employ antiquated procedures and systems (Anitah, 2019, p16). In particular, the study by Kusek & Silva (2019) shed light on how MNCs benefit local enterprises by dispersing information and experience. The researchers asserted that information typically spreads even when MNCs do not have direct relationships with local businesses (Kusek & Silva, 2019). Additionally, a few research papers that were believed for the study stated the opinion that MNCs are at the forefront of knowledge. MNCs, which are the biggest, most capital and talent demanding, and most creative enterprises, are at the top of the productivity ladder of all firms, according to Kim & Milner (2019, p5). It is sufficient to state that the study indicates that MNCs have a significant positive impact on local businesses in emerging countries in terms of knowledge, experience, and skills.

ii. Development of Research and Development Capabilities - The research papers chosen to show how MNCs engage in extensive research and development operations on the way to function successfully in new markets.

MNCs see research and development as a type of social innovation since it aids in their understanding of the economy, society, environment, and welfare of their various markets, according to Gaiga & Thorngmun (2019, p9). According to Kim & Milners research (2019, p. 2), local businesses in emerging economies may greatly benefit from this information and enhance their brands.

MNCs may also work with local companies as part of their corporate social responsibility efforts to improve their industrial processes and raise money, as certain MNCs in Indonesia have done.

Unfavourable Effects

i. Unsustainable competition-In all the studies taken into consideration, the researchers voiced worry about MNCs' competitiveness with local enterprises, which in many cases is having a negative impact. For instance, according to Kusek & Silva (2019) mining

MNCs in Argentina are the main reason why indigenous mining enterprises are failing. When examining the causes of competition, Perrot (2019) notes that MNCS copy domestically successful ideas in addition to having more financial resources. Additionally, they also research the markets at the base of the pyramid, where local businesses are most dependent (Kusek & Silva, 2019).

MNCs thereby increase local businesses' rivalry in emerging economies, which, if unchecked, might drive them out of business.

ii. Skilled labour is in short supply. Labor is essential to the success of any organisation. A corporation cannot be viable if it lacks competent labour. Several of the studies under consideration made the claim that skilled labour is frequently in limited supply in developing economies. However, MNCs search for such employees when they enter the nations. For illustration, Kusek & Silva (2019) evaluates Costa Ricas encounter with MNCs. Many local businesses had access to low-skilled and unskilled labour, as the author points out.

According to Michuki (2019, p. 42), Chinese MNCs operating in Kenya put skilled people at the centre of the operation while leaving unskilled workers on the outside. The combined findings of the research under consideration showed that MNCs in emerging economies drain skilled labour, making it difficult for local businesses to prosper.

Guiliani (2019, p. 5) claimed that MNCs use natural resources in emerging nations more quickly than local businesses. There is an imbalance in labour and output between MNCs and local enterprises since the former more quickly utilise resources (Al-Kwifi et al., 2020, p190).

The investigations also showed that local businesses lack the resources and expertise to fully utilise these resources. It is necessary to explain that MNCs have a detrimental influence on emerging economies.

4.4. Solutions for Sustainability

Several of the research were evaluated, and four key solutions emerged: (a)Strategic partnerships (b), subcontracting (c), specialisation (d), and capital infusion.

The authors claim that the initiative specifically targeted regional SMEs in the Vale. Local businesses were able to increase their internal efficiency and establish superior capacity thanks to relationships with multinational corporations. According to the authors, the overall result was that SMEs improved their level of competence to the point that MNCs could not pose a danger to them.

Subcontracting

Additionally, it was shown in the research studies and case studies that MNCs may effectively help the expansion and sustainability of regional businesses in emerging economies via subcontracting. Abugre & Anlesinya (2020) reported that subcontracting arrangements have emerged distinctively in a case study of the construction sector in Ghana. Corresponding to the study, MNCs were able to reach local markets more thanks to local subcontracting companies. At the same time, they enabled locally owned businesses to generate sustainable profits. Additionally, MNCs avoid handling all business operations when they subcontract local enterprises, according to Rugraff & Hansen (2019, p. 20). As a result, they generate upstream money for themselves, which keeps them going.

Specialisation

Abugre & Anlesinya, (2020) research of the factors that contribute to MNC performance revealed that their success is frequently dependent on their high degree of specialisation. Furthermore, Abugre & Anlesinya (2020) note that MNCs can help local businesses become specialised through offers of research and development in their study on MNCs in developing countries.

Many local businesses in developing economies are not highly specialised, according to research reports. MNCs may assist local facilities by giving them advice on how to turn a profit and expand responsibly.

Capital-Infusion

Most studies show that one of the reasons local businesses in developing economies are unable to expand and successfully compete against MNCs is that they are unable to acquire enough cash to fund all their activities. Shirodkar (2019, p. 15) asserts that a companys capacity is based on its financial strength. As shown by the study findings, MNCs may aid local businesses by providing them with accessible cash, both directly and indirectly, to improve their capacity to compete.

4.5. Discussion, synthesis, and interpretation

The studys conclusions made it clear that multinational companies (MNCs) are always looking for new market prospects in developing countries. The studys findings indicate that operating expenses, growth potential, and the presence of untapped resources are what drive multinational companies (MNCs) to research new markets in countries that are still in the early stages of development. First off, because operating costs are cheaper in emerging areas, multinational companies (MNCs) do research them. The ideal circumstance is produced by the low cost of operations mixed with the low cost of labour. Additionally, multinational corporate taxes are frequently less expensive in emerging economies. This is a fundamental justification for why multinational firms continually look for refuge in emerging economies.

Furthermore, developing economies now have a stronger potential for economic growth than economies that are already established. A global firm has the potential to expand into a developing market, if it can effectively establish itself there, according to the researchs findings.

In these economies, there is frequently less competition than there is in the nation where the MNC is headquartered. Not to mention, unlike industrialised economies, developing economies have substantial untapped human, social, and ecological resources. Therefore, these three factors may be responsible for the rise of multinational firms across a variety of industries in emerging nations.

The studys findings also provided proof that multinational enterprises have a wide range of diverse effects on local businesses.

It was plainly evident that in economies that were still expanding, multinational enterprises had both positive and negative effects on local businesses. The majority of the researchs findings indicated that the positive impacts are considerable. First off, there is no question that there is a significant transfer of information and expertise from big organisations to small enterprises. Multinational firms are remarkably well-run and have made significant advancements in all areas of knowledge that are important to their operations. Local enterprises should research how international corporations handle their initiatives once they arrive in still-developing nations and seek out their knowledge. The data also showed how MNCs encourage smaller local enterprises to do their own research. By employing it, they may get a deeper grasp of their target markets and the social networks required to enter those markets more successfully. Multinational companies (MNCs) increase the economic potential of the country where they are headquartered by bringing fresh capital investments. As a result, they enable small enterprises in emerging economies to obtain more financing and, why not, benefit from higher import and export rates.

However, it is important to keep in mind that local firms operating in economies that are still in the process of developing may face challenges as a result of MNCs very nature. First, studies have revealed that multinational enterprises pose a threat of unaffordable competition to the small businesses. When they are part of the same product line, they may create more sophisticated items, use better marketing strategies, and even lower the cost of particular commodities. When considered as a whole, these elements prevent local firms from making any type of sales, even ones inside their own territory.

Multinational enterprises also threaten local businesses' access to educated labour in economies that are still expanding. This tendency may be explained primarily by the fact that international organisations can give their staff better wages and more enticing perks than smaller enterprises. Finally, local firms in developing nations find it challenging to obtain these resources since international enterprises have a greater capacity to overexploit raw materials. To secure the success of indigenous firms in developing nations, these effects should be managed.

According to the study, there are several ways that multinational organisations might help local businesses in developing countries achieve stability. But the researchs conclusions identified four main interventions: capital injection, specialisation, subcontracting, and strategic relationships.

According to the findings, if multinational organisations wish to contribute to the long-term growth of local businesses in emerging nations, they will have little alternative but to join up with domestic companies there. Strategic alliances let businesses combine their resources, which eventually leads to the success of the enterprises as a whole and effectively eliminates rivalry. For indigenous firms to compete with international corporations, which have a competitive edge over local ones, it would be important to support them in developing their internal capabilities and processes through strategic alliances. Multinational firms occasionally contract with local companies in addition to forging alliances. If MNCs outsource work to incompetent local enterprises, local businesses may benefit from the MNCs actions. Local companies, on the other hand, would enable multinational enterprises to further penetrate the market due to their in-depth industry expertise. This sort of partnership would be advantageous for all parties concerned and would promote the expansion of regional firms alongside MNCs.

Local firms may thus adapt and continue to expand with the help of MNCs and Finally, multinational firms may choose to make financial investments in the economies of the countries where they are headquartered (Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020). Instead of only investing in their own countries, multinational firms may inject funds and make it available to local businesses. However, as the data imply, multinational enterprises may also adopt a philanthropic posture that would help local businesses grow and be competitive with MNCs on an equal footing.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary of Dissertation

Headed for ensure the long-term viability of local businesses in emerging economies, what actions should multinational organisations take? was the research topic that this study set out to address. According to the studys goals, it becomes clear that MNCs pose a serious

danger to local businesses in developing nations. The study also confirmed that MNCs and local businesses may coexist in emerging economies without either being negatively impacted. The studys ultimate goal was also achieved because the results proved that MNCs may collaborate with local businesses in many ways to increase their competitiveness and profitability. According to the findings, MNCs might form strategic, strong ties with local businesses in emerging economies, subcontract with them, aid in their specialisation, and in fact, infuse both direct and indirect capital into the host countries.

The study has focused on the actions MNCs may take to ensure the long-term viability of regional businesses in emerging markets. The studys findings will be crucial in creating safeguards against local businesses going out of business, as is frequently the case in emerging nations. When the research is finished, it will offer a framework on which MNCs can cooperate for their mutual benefit.

Even though this study will be well-informed, it will have limitations because it will not include direct thoughts and viewpoints gathered from MNC executives and local business owners in various developing nations.

To ensure a just coexistence of the two, future study on the subject can delve further and interview MNCs and local businesses.

5.2 Summary of Contributions

This study adds to the huge amount of work that has been done on the impact that multinational firms have on emerging economies. The studys conclusions indicate that multinational businesses do employ operational bases in underdeveloped economies. The studys conclusions indicate that local firms in nations that welcome international enterprises confront both competition and opportunity. Contrarily, this research adds new knowledge to previously completed studies since it suggests a variety of cooperative business models for multinational organisations and small businesses in emerging markets. If considered, this study may be able to prevent MNC extinction threats from destroying small firms in developing nations. As a result, the research is instructive and, if used, has the potential to change how multinational companies (MNCs) and local entrepreneurs interact in developing markets and enable MNCs to support the long-term sustainability of local businesses.

5.3 Limitations and Future Directions of research

Being a qualitative study with just secondary data analysis and case study analysis being important techniques, this research was in some ways confined. The study was nonetheless carried out despite these constraints. To start, there was little statistical support for the researchs findings, which made it difficult to interpret the findings. The enquiry was also unable to obtain first-hand information from local companies and MNCs operating in emerging economies due to the nature of the study. On the other side, the study gathers data from several validated studies and case studies, which gives the conclusions credibility.

Firstly, we want to advise upcoming researchers to conduct interviews with a more proprietors from different regions of the nation, on the way to ascertain the various sales patterns, various effects of contemporary commerce, and various behaviour of the owners.

Second, Different collaboration ought to be subjected to a quantitative analysis as well.

Furthermore, there are several foreign investors company types that impact local business owners in developing nations for this reason, many case study types are advised to be examined in comparison to the involvement of regional small enterprises and MNCs. because the information is thorough and reliable.

Think about the results of this study, it is feasible that future research will focus on an exploratory understanding that includes several case studies of circumstances when such interventions have been made.

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

TOC o "1-3" h z u CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION PAGEREF _Toc118173955 h 13.1. Introduction PAGEREF _Toc118173956 h 43.2. Qualitative Methodology PAGEREF _Toc118173957 h 43.3. Data collection PAGEREF _Toc118173958 h 43.3.1. Research paper data PAGEREF _Toc118173959 h 53.3.2. Case Studies PAGEREF _Toc118173960 h 53.4. Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc118173961 h 63.4.1. Data reduction PAGEREF _Toc118173962 h 63.4.2. Data Display PAGEREF _Toc118173963 h 73.4.3. Conclusion Drawing/Verification PAGEREF _Toc118173964 h 83.5. Trustworthiness & Credibility: Validity and Reliability PAGEREF _Toc118173965 h 83.6. Limitations of the Study PAGEREF _Toc118173966 h 93.7. Research Instruments for Data Collection PAGEREF _Toc118173967 h 93.8. Ethical Effects PAGEREF _Toc118173968 h 10CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA PAGEREF _Toc118173969 h 124.1. Introduction PAGEREF _Toc118173970 h 134.2. Evidence of MNCs in Developing Economies PAGEREF _Toc118173971 h 134.2.1. Lower Operating Costs PAGEREF _Toc118173972 h 134.2.2. Promising Future Development PAGEREF _Toc118173973 h 144.2.3. Untapped resources. PAGEREF _Toc118173974 h 144.3. Impact of MNCs on Local Firms PAGEREF _Toc118173975 h 15Beneficial Effects PAGEREF _Toc118173976 h 15Unfavorable Effects PAGEREF _Toc118173977 h 174.4. Solutions for Sustainability PAGEREF _Toc118173978 h 18Strategic partnership PAGEREF _Toc118173979 h 18Subcontracting PAGEREF _Toc118173980 h 18Specialisation PAGEREF _Toc118173981 h 19Capital-Infusion PAGEREF _Toc118173982 h 194.5. Discussion, synthesis, and interpretation PAGEREF _Toc118173983 h 19CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc118173984 h 235.1 Summary of Dissertation PAGEREF _Toc118173985 h 245.2 Summary of Contributions PAGEREF _Toc118173986 h 245.3 Limitations and Future Directions of research PAGEREF _Toc118173987 h 25

Table of Contents

3.1. IntroductionIn this chapter, we provide a brief explanation of the methodology used in our study, the data collection and analysis procedures, the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology we employed, as well as the constraints we encountered during the process.

3.2. Qualitative MethodologyResearch that focuses on the study of non-quantitative or inexplicable data is known as qualitative research (Ashime, 2021). These experiments can use data from a variety of sources, including textual resources like interview transcripts, field notes, and documents, as well as visual materials like artefacts, images, videos, and websites (Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020). The use of qualitative research methods improved our comprehension of interpersonal relationships, foreign cultures, and human connections in general (Busetto et al., 2020). When acknowledging questions about novel topics like sustainable development and the development of new innovative business models in emerging nations in which there is not a lot of existing data available, the added benefit of qualitative research is that it is effective for creating theories rather than testing existing ones (Ashime, 2021).

Additionally, as more and more businesses begin to investigate in those areas, business ethics, sustainable development, the development concept, and other related topics are constantly evolving. For this reason, qualitative analysis can become a very powerful tool for researchers to understand current situations (Busetto et al., 2020). However, there are drawbacks to qualitative research as well. It is possible to come across an instance where copious amounts of data are collected that would be challenging to analyse, and research quality that is highly dependent on a researcher's ability and easily influenced by personal biases and peculiarities (Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020). The qualitative research approach was used in this thesis's investigation, which was then followed by a case study.

3.3. Data collectionA review of the existing literature and case studies are going to be used as the two primary research methodologies for this research project.

3.3.1. Research paper dataThe majority of the data used in this study were collected from secondary sources. Secondary data, which may be qualitative or quantitative, was described by (Ashime, 2021) as information obtained by organisations or individuals for purposes other than their own research endeavours. Despite the fact that obtaining secondary data has always been rapid, cost-effective, and a source of novel insights from past studies, we must constantly bear in mind that sometimes such data may not be able to adequately solve our specific difficulties (Busetto et al., 2020). Furthermore, sources could not be trustworthy, and data quality might not be under control (Crowley-Vigneau, 2020).

Google Scholar, Emerald Insight, EBSCO, Research Gate, and ScienceDirect are just a few of the university-affiliated online database sites that were used to obtain the majority of the secondary data for this thesis from academic books and scientific journals (Crowley-Vigneau, 2020). Additionally, these sources included any available interview materials, annual reports, reports on firms' Sustainable Living Plans, and official MNC websites (de Faria et al., 2021). In order to complete this research, it will be necessary to gather and evaluate the available data on multinational corporations (MNCs) and their role in emerging economies. These research will start by examining the risks that MNCs pose to small local businesses (de Faria et al., 2021). They will also be used to examine if multinational corporations (MNCs) have ever effectively coexisted with local enterprises in developing countries. The research papers that were consulted will ultimately be utilised to establish methods for multinational organisations to collaborate with local businesses so that those businesses may be just as profitable and competitive.

3.3.2. Case Studies

3.4. Data Analysis

The first of three crucial steps in the data analysis process is data organisation. Combining summarization with classification results in the second most often used strategy for data reduction. For simple identification and connecting, it aids in identifying patterns and themes in the data. The third and final method is data analysis, which can be done top-down or bottom-up.

In order to communicate a narrative or solve a problem, researchers significantly rely on data. Data is nothing more than the response to the enquiry that comes first. But what if there isn't even a question? Well! Even in the absence of a problem, it is feasible to study the data; this process, known as "data mining," frequently reveals patterns worth investigating.

3.4.1. Data reductionData reduction is a crucial component of every study's research. It refers to the process which the researchers will obtain, reduce and organize the mass of qualitative data that they have collected (Here & Twycross, 2018). In its simplest form, data reduction is the choice of a population subgroup that provides information for generalization about it. The researcher used no human volunteers in this investigation (Hong, 2021). But the investigator had to choose research studies from a variety of sources, which might be considered data reduction. Choosing the research studies included random selection. The researcher searches numerous databases and articles using keywords.

The study's focus on the qualitative impact of MNCs on local businesses in emerging economies must also be taken into account. As a result, the researcher was interested in employing a sufficient number of papers to support all the topics (Li et al., 2018). Additionally, he was concerned that there weren't too many research, since this would prevent a thorough study. While keeping the study's objectives and its research questions in mind, various secondary materials were clarified and summarised (Here & Twycross, 2018). We have already removed any useless data from our research, but we are certain that they will still be available in the future in the event of any unexpected results. According to Li et al., (2018), sample size of 22 research papers (detailed in literature review section) was therefore thought to be a sufficient number by the researcher. Five case studies were also thought to be helpful. The case studies for the randomness case were chosen from diverse emerging nations and demonstrated the influence of several MNCs.

3.4.2. Data Display

3.4.3. Conclusion Drawing/VerificationIt is now important to assess the validity using the researcher's prior published publications, field notes, or additional data collecting (Kusek & Silva, 2019). In order to reduce the amount of data and make conclusions, categories were created and keywords were used. Additionally, we made an effort to compare and contrast main data with other external data in order to determine what was similar and what was different between them. Additionally, the interviewees' recommendations were used to examine the data from the literature review. Following that, we were able to start drawing conclusions about the theories and the empirical investigation thanks to our analysis.

3.5. Trustworthiness & Credibility: Validity and Reliability

By assessing the reliability of our information, we can determine the calibre of our research results and conclusions. Usually, we may assess the credibility by looking at its validity and dependability. If we were to replicate our method, we ought to get the same outcome, which is what reliability is all about. We can assume that something is dependable if it is consistent. Validity requires that the study evaluate what we are anticipating from it (Kyove et al., 2021). Because we mostly used secondary data, we must be cautious because the material may not have originated with the prior researchers ((Kyove et al., 2021). We made an effort to use current data from well-known writers in order to prevent such problems. To further assure the accuracy of the information, we collected documents from each authority's official website. As we all know, businesses typically stress "excellent activities" in practise when presenting their reports. According to Kirk and Miller's recommendations, we employed an objective approach for the analysis phase by maintaining a critical point of view on the data without letting outside factors influence our judgement (Mensah, 2019). Finally, in order to have inclusive viewpoints, we looked beyond the material provided by MNC and sought out additional sources of help.

3.6. Limitations of the Study

First and foremost, working within a constrained time constraint limits our ability to gather, evaluate, and analyse data since we must focus intensely on studying depending on the amount of data (Mensah, 2019). Furthermore, secondary data have been extensively used, and the objectives of the past data collectors might not align with our current needs. Only positive attitudes regarding the company may be reflected in data from private organisations, and there may be a lack of quality control that affects the participants' replies and conclusions (Neubauer, Witkop & Varpio., 2019). Second, we discovered that the quantity of data we had at our disposal for the study was rather constrained because the focus of our research is primarily on numerous innovative topics, such as innovation and new business models. We find it difficult to put the novel concepts gleaned from this study to the test. We have to ask MNC for information because certain types of data are protected by the company's data protection policy and cannot be accessed by unauthorised people (Neubauer, Witkop & Varpio., 2019). As a result, certain detailed statistical information cannot be disclosed. Additionally, the accuracy of the numerical data that we gathered from secondary sources may not be sufficient. Last but not least, this study solely focuses on a single form of CSR by examining interactions between multinational corporations and their nearby small enterprises. As a result, it's possible that the conclusions cannot be applied to the same CSR scenario in other nations.

3.7. Research Instruments for Data CollectionResearch instruments are the methods of gathering information. They serve as data collecting tools. They comprise reading, observation, interview, and questionnaire. In essence, the researcher must make sure the instrument they select is dependable and genuine (Neubauer, Witkop & Varpio., 2019). The suitability of the instruments has a significant impact on the validity and reliability of any research activity. Whatever method is used to gather data, it must be rigorously evaluated to see how probable it is to provide the desired outcomes.

The majority of the acknowledged research instruments, the researcher saw when creating the study's methodology, could not be used in this situation due to their intrinsic qualities (Rakhimova et al., 2019). As a result, a checklist that could be used as the research tool for this particular study needed to be created. Various techniques were used in the checklist to analyse the case studies and books that were chosen.

For the research studies to be accepted and incorporated in the study, the checklist needed three key components (Rakhimova et al., 2020). Firstly, the research studies supposed to be published after 2018. This criteria was put in place to make sure that the data utilised was up to date and accurately reflected modern business dynamics. The validity of the research investigations was the second condition. According to this criterion, the chosen literature papers have to be peer-reviewed and submitted to credible journals. The research had to at least be relevant to MNCs and their operations in developing economies, according to the criteria. The terms "MNCs," "emerging economies," and "local enterprises" were used to search the research from trustworthy databases in consideration of this criteria (Rashid et al., 2019).

3.8. Ethical Effects

There are a number of ethical considerations that must be made while doing research, especially when it involves using human subjects. The ethical criteria cover matters like informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, anonymity, and open and honest communication between individuals (Rashid et al., 2019). This study may be unethically conducted due to the fact that there was no direct contact between the researchers and the human participants. On the other hand, when it was necessary to confirm the information that was presented, subjects like the companies that participated in the case studies were contacted. In order to guarantee that the data was gathered and evaluated without any form of bias, the study was also conducted with the utmost ethical integrity. The study also meets the moral imperative of beneficence since, once it is complete, it will be applicable in a variety of contexts to ensure the survival of small firms in developing countries where MNCs operate.

The studies that were chosen were those that the researchers felt were ethically sound and would have no unfavourable effects. As a consequence, this study complies with all ethical standards required for conducting qualitative research.

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA4.1. IntroductionThe research mostly use qualitative content analysis to draw results. It will follow systematic coding and subjective interpretation of the content used in other research. The subjective interpretation that follows the analysis will serve as the foundation for the research's conclusions.

More than 25 peer-reviewed research studies and 5 case studies were used by the researcher. To code the data, three previously identified themes were used: (i) Evidence of multinational corporations in emerging countries (ii). The influence of multinational corporations on regional enterprises, as well as (iii) Sustainable organizational Solution.

4.2. Evidence of MNCs in emerging countries

All of the research in the examined literature demonstrated that MNCs are successfully establishing themselves in various emerging economies (Rashid et al., 2019). For instance, Ruggie, (2018) showed that, at the time of their reporting, there were just over 82,000 MNCs operating worldwide. The majority of them had their founding and main offices in industrialised nations including the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Even while the researchers' data on the number of MNCs that exploit emerging markets was insufficient, they did note that the majority were active outside of their own countries (Ruggie, 2018). According to the research studies, MNCs continuously exploit emerging markets in a number of ways, including the following: lower operating costs, promising future development, and untapped resources.

4.2.1. Lower Operating CostsLower operational expenses in developing economies attract MNCs to invest and do business there, as demonstrated by several research studies. For instance, Zhao et al. (2014, p846) found in their research that MNCs may join and establish themselves with little difficulty at first due to emerging nations' cheap input and regulatory costs.

In another study, Here & Twycross, (2018) found that tax incentives and responsiveness are stronger in emerging countries. Furthermore, they increase their profits due to their high tax subsidiaries and enforcement. His study (Here & Twycross, 2018) focused on Lafarge, a multinational corporation that deals with construction materials internationally. Further investigation revealed that the production costs were greatly decreased by its exploration of developing economies. Additionally, they found that pay rates in emerging nations are lower than those in industrialised economies, increasing their chances of generating a profit. The studies have shown how important cost minimisation is for MNCs. Studies have shown that because emerging economies provide it, they are quite inclined to set up operating bases there.

4.2.2. Promising Future Development

The capability of MNCs to boost their growth possibilities is another palpable cause. Dodourova et al. (2021, p2) state that MNCs strive for sustainable competitiveness. In developed economies, other, similarly powerful organisations pose a danger to their ability to compete. The research shows that growing economies have higher opportunities for "refinement, efficiency, selection, and execution" (Dodourova et al., 2021). MNCs have a decent possibility of growing in their home nations as well as most developing economies. Similar to this, Zhao (2018) claims that MNCs may deepen their manufacturing facilities and even broaden their reach to local markets in developing economies. Their significant development potential are partly predicated on the fact that multinational corporations (MNCs) may have already fully used their domestic markets; hence, developing markets provide them with fresh and dependable bases for production and distribution (Kusek & Silva, 2019). Since the majority of MNCs are likewise concerned with sustainable development, their expansion in emerging markets presents them with previously unheard-of growth opportunities.

4.2.3. Untapped resources.Due to a lack of resources in their home countries, MNCs employ operational bases in emerging economies. The majority of wellreviewed research publications emphasised how much easier it is to get raw materials, particularly natural resources, in developing nations. For instance, Shirodkar (2018) found that it is simple to get unskilled and semi-skilled labour in developing nations. Additionally, because local enterprises lack the necessary competence, raw minerals are hardly utilised. Furthermore, according to Masroor & Asim (2019), MNC performance is higher in emerging nations because to reduced costs for basic materials and equipment. In addition, Michuki (2018) claimed that Chinese MNCs were successful in Kenya because the firms made effective use of the nation's underutilised rail transportation assets. Numerous additional research articles claimed that the expansion of MNCs in emerging countries was influenced by access to a wealth of underutilised resources there.

4.3. Impact of MNCs on Local FirmsThe research studies' findings supported previously gathered knowledge indicating MNCs might have both good and negative effects. Following negative effects were listed as evidence: I unhealthy competition (ii). Shortage of trained workers (iii). Excessive use of other resources. However, they also show benefits, such as the transfer of information, skills, and expertise (b). Capacity for research and development (c). Funds made available for new projects.

Beneficial Effects

(i). Knowledge and expertise transfer: Several of the gathered research papers revealed that MNCs have made significant progress in addressing knowledge, skills, and expertise. As a result, they are able to impart this expertise to local businesses in developing nations, the majority of which continue to employ antiquated procedures and systems (Anitah, 2019, p16). In particular, the study by Kusek & Silva (2019) shed light on how MNCs benefit local enterprises by dispersing information and experience.

The researchers asserted that information typically spreads even when MNCs don't have direct relationships with local businesses (Kusek & Silva, 2019). Additionally, a number of research papers that were taken into account for the study stated the opinion that MNCs are at the forefront of knowledge. MNCs, which are the biggest, most capital and talent demanding, and most creative enterprises, are at the top of the productivity ladder of all firms, according to Kim & Milner (2019, p5). It is sufficient to state that the study indicates that MNCs have a significant positive impact on local businesses in emerging countries in terms of knowledge, experience, and skills.

ii. Development of Research and Development Capabilities - The research papers chosen to show how MNCs engage in extensive research and development operations in order to function successfully in new markets. MNCs see research and development as a type of social innovation since it aids in their understanding of the economy, society, environment, and welfare of their various markets, according to Gaiga & Thorngmun (2019, p9).

According to Kim & Milner's research (2019, p. 2), local businesses in emerging economies may greatly benefit from this information and enhance their brands.

iii. Additional Capital InvestmentsAlthough this effect might not be noticed right away, there are enough studies to show that MNCs do worldwide business in developing nations (Tasli-Karabulut & Keizer, 2020, p. 156). The evaluated literature studies have shown that they increase the country's capital through creating bond markets, financing banks, and stabilising stock exchanges in addition to expanding equity markets. MNCs may also work with local companies as part of their corporate social responsibility efforts to improve their industrial processes and raise money, as certain MNCs in Indonesia have done.

Unfavourable Effects(i).Unsustainable competition-In all the studies taken into consideration, the researchers voiced worry about MNCs' competitiveness with local enterprises, which in many cases is having a negative impact. For instance, according to Kusek & Silva (2019) mining MNCs in Argentina are the main reason why indigenous mining enterprises are failing.

When examining the causes of competition, Perrot (2019) notes that MNCS copy domestically successful ideas in addition to having more financial resources. Additionally, they also research the markets at the base of the pyramid, where local businesses are most dependent (Kusek & Silva, 2019). MNCs thereby increase local businesses' rivalry in emerging economies, which, if unchecked, might drive them out of business.

ii. Skilled labour is in short supply. Labor is essential to the success of any organisation. A corporation cannot be viable if it lacks competent labour. Several of the studies under consideration made the claim that skilled labour is frequently in limited supply in developing economies. However, MNCs search for such employees when they enter the nations. For instance Kusek & Silva ( 2019) evaluates Costa Rica's encounter with MNCs. The majority of local businesses had access to low-skilled and unskilled labour, as the author points out.

iii. Overexploitation of raw materials: While all businesses are motivated in using resources to increase their profits, MNCs in emerging economies looked to be overusing them and frequently denying local businesses access to them. Guiliani (2019, p. 5) claimed that MNCs use natural resources in emerging nations more quickly than local businesses. There is an imbalance in labour and output between MNCs and local enterprises since the former more quickly utilise resources (Al-Kwifi et al., 2020, p190). The investigations also showed that local businesses lack the resources and expertise to fully utilise these resources. It is necessary to explain that MNCs have a detrimental influence on emerging economies.

4.4. Solutions for SustainabilitySeveral of the research were evaluated, and four key solutions emerged: (a) Strategic partnerships (b), subcontracting (c), specialisation (d), and capital infusion.

Strategic partnershipMNCs and local businesses have occasionally worked together in developing economies, boosting the latter. For instance, Abugre & Anlesinya, (2020) examine the Vale SA Supplier Development Program as a case study (2019). The authors claim that the initiative specifically targeted regional SMEs in the Vale. Local businesses were able to increase their internal efficiency and establish superior capacity thanks to relationships with multinational corporations. According to the authors, the overall result was that SMEs improved their level of competence to the point that MNCs could not pose a danger to them.

SubcontractingAdditionally, it was shown in the research studies and case studies that MNCs may effectively help the expansion and sustainability of regional businesses in emerging economies via subcontracting. Abugre & Anlesinya (2020) reported that subcontracting arrangements have emerged distinctively in a case study of the construction sector in Ghana. According to the study, MNCs were able to reach local markets more thanks to local subcontracting companies. At the same time, they enabled locally owned businesses to generate sustainable profits. Additionally, MNCs avoid handling all business operations when they subcontract local enterprises, according to Rugraff & Hansen (2019, p. 20). As a result, they generate upstream money for themselves, which keeps them going.

SpecialisationAbugre & Anlesinya, (2020) research of the factors that contribute to MNC performance revealed that their success is frequently dependent on their high degree of specialisation. Additionally, Abugre & Anlesinya (2020) note that MNCs can help local businesses become specialised through offers of research and development in their study on MNCs in developing countries. The majority of local businesses in developing economies are not highly specialised, according to research reports. MNCs may assist local facilities by giving them advice on how to turn a profit and expand responsibly.

Capital-InfusionMost studies show that one of the reasons local businesses in developing economies are unable to expand and successfully compete against MNCs is that they are unable to acquire enough cash to fund all of their activities. Shirodkar (2019, p. 15) asserts that a company's capacity is based on its financial strength.

As shown by the study findings, MNCs may aid local businesses by providing them with accessible cash, both directly and indirectly, to improve their capacity to compete.

4.5. Discussion, synthesis, and interpretationThe study's conclusions made it clear that multinational companies (MNCs) are always looking for new market prospects in developing countries. The study's findings indicate that operating expenses, growth potential, and the presence of untapped resources are what drive multinational companies (MNCs) to research new markets in countries that are still in the early stages of development. First off, because operating costs are cheaper in emerging areas, multinational companies (MNCs) do research them. The ideal circumstance is produced by the low cost of operations mixed with the low cost of labour. Additionally, multinational corporate taxes are frequently less expensive in emerging economies. This is a fundamental justification for why multinational firms continually look for refuge in emerging economies. Furthermore, developing economies now have a stronger potential for economic growth than economies that are already established. A global firm has the potential to expand into a developing market, if it can effectively establish itself there, according to the research's findings.

The study's findings also provided proof that multinational enterprises have a wide range of diverse effects on local businesses. It was plainly evident that in economies that were still expanding, multinational enterprises had both positive and negative effects on local businesses. The majority of the research's findings indicated that the positive impacts are considerable. First off, there is no question that there is a significant transfer of information and expertise from big organisations to small enterprises. Multinational firms are remarkably well-run and have made significant advancements in all areas of knowledge that are important to their operations.

Local enterprises should research how international corporations handle their initiatives once they arrive in still-developing nations and seek out their knowledge. The data also showed how MNCs encourage smaller local enterprises to do their own research. By employing it, they may get a deeper grasp of their target markets and the social networks required to enter those markets more successfully. Multinational companies (MNCs) increase the economic potential of the country where they are headquartered by bringing fresh capital investments. As a result, they enable small enterprises in emerging economies to obtain more financing and, why not, benefit from higher import and export rates.

However, it is important to keep in mind that local firms operating in economies that are still in the process of developing may face challenges as a result of MNCs' very nature. First, studies have revealed that multinational enterprises pose a threat of unaffordable competition to the small businesses. When they are part of the same product line, they may create more sophisticated items, use better marketing strategies, and even lower the cost of particular commodities. When considered as a whole, these elements prevent local firms from making any type of sales, even ones inside their own territory. Multinational enterprises also threaten local businesses' access to educated labour in economies that are still expanding. This tendency may be explained primarily by the fact that international organisations can give their staff better wages and more enticing perks than smaller enterprises. Finally, local firms in developing nations find it challenging to obtain these resources since international enterprises have a greater capacity to overexploit raw materials. In order to secure the success of indigenous firms in developing nations, these effects should be managed.

According to the study, there are several ways that multinational organisations might help local businesses in developing countries achieve stability. But the research's conclusions identified four main interventions: capital injection, specialisation, subcontracting, and strategic relationships.

According to the findings, if multinational organisations wish to contribute to the long-term growth of local businesses in emerging nations, they will have little alternative but to join up with domestic companies there. Strategic alliances let businesses combine their resources, which eventually leads to the success of the enterprises as a whole and effectively eliminates rivalry. In order for indigenous firms to compete with international corporations, which have a competitive edge over local ones, it would be important to support them in developing their internal capabilities and processes through strategic alliances. Multinational firms occasionally contract with local companies in addition to forging alliances. If MNCs outsource work to incompetent local enterprises, local businesses may benefit from the MNCs' actions. Local companies, on the other hand, would enable multinational enterprises to further penetrate the market due to their in-depth industry expertise. This sort of partnership would be advantageous for all parties concerned and would promote the expansion of regional firms alongside MNCs.

Additionally, by promoting the growth of sustainable specialisations inside local enterprises, international corporations may help such businesses grow. Multinational firms tend to be highly specialised and hierarchical. As a result, their products are high-end and complex. Local firms may thus adapt and continue to expand with the help of MNCs. Finally, multinational firms may choose to make financial investments in the economies of the countries where they are headquartered (Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020). Instead of only investing in their own countries, multinational firms may inject funds and make it available to local businesses. However, as the data imply, multinational enterprises may also adopt a philanthropic posture that would help local businesses grow and be competitive with MNCs on an equal footing.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of DissertationIn order to ensure the long-term viability of local businesses in emerging economies, what actions multinational organisations should take was the research topic that this study set out to address. According to the study's goals, it becomes clear that MNCs pose a serious danger to local businesses in developing nations. The study also confirmed that MNCs and local businesses may coexist in emerging economies without either being negatively impacted. The study's ultimate goal was also achieved because the results proved that MNCs may collaborate with local businesses in many ways to increase their competitiveness and profitability.

Objective 1 Conclusion:

According to the findings, MNCs might form strategic, strong ties with local businesses in emerging economies, subcontract with them, and aid in their specialisation, and in fact, infuse both direct and indirect capital into the host countries.

The study has focused on the actions MNCs may take to ensure the long-term viability of regional businesses in emerging markets. The study's findings will be crucial in creating safeguards against local businesses going out of business, as is frequently the case in emerging nations. When the research is finished, it will offer a framework on which MNCs can cooperate for their mutual benefit.

Objective 2 Conclusion:

Our findings show that establishing a project proposal regarding sustainability and satisfactory quality Economy not only emphasises the firm's accomplishments but also addresses the aspects of environmental accountability, society, and inclusive sustainable growth. It is also concluded that this can be beneficial to create a wonderful path for MNCs on how to perform various business operations in order to increase their productivity. Furthermore, it encourages businesses to develop a new business model which will allow them to be more effective in the long run.

Objective 3 Conclusion:

Based on our findings, an MNC that engages in activities that go beyond simply being a green business to include important stakeholders in a value chain, particularly individuals at the bottom of the pyramid, can be seen as a good role model for global wealth firms. As it does not only seeks profits from the poor, but also implements strategies to produce shared value for both parties in order to sustainably maintain the market.

As a result, the capacity of the entrepreneurs allows them to have higher sales, attract clients in the neighbourhood, establish a positive relationship by becoming a centre of the community, and elevate their quality of life; thanks to a probable win-win situation originating from a sustainable business.

Even though this study will be well-informed, it will have limitations because it won't include direct thoughts and viewpoints gathered from MNC executives and local business owners in various developing nations. To ensure a just coexistence of the two, future study on the subject can delve further and interview MNCs and local businesses.

5.2 Summary of ContributionsThis study adds to the huge amount of work that has been done on the impact that multinational firms have on emerging economies. The study's conclusions indicate that multinational businesses do employ operational bases in underdeveloped economies. The study's conclusions indicate that local firms in nations that welcome international enterprises confront both competition and opportunity. Contrarily, this research adds new knowledge to previously completed studies since it suggests a variety of cooperative business models for multinational organisations and small businesses in emerging markets. If taken into account, this study may be able to prevent MNC extinction threats from destroying small firms in developing nations. As a result, the research is instructive and, if used, has the potential to change how multinational companies (MNCs) and local entrepreneurs interact in developing markets and enable MNCs to support the long-term sustainability of local businesses.

5.3 Limitations and Future Directions of researchBeing a qualitative study with just secondary data analysis and case study analysis being important techniques, this research was in some ways confined. The study was nonetheless carried out despite these constraints. To start, there was little statistical support for the research's findings, which made it difficult to interpret the findings. The enquiry was also unable to obtain first-hand information from local companies and MNCs operating in emerging economies due to the nature of the study. On the other side, the study gathers data from several validated studies and case studies, which gives the conclusions credibility.

Firstly, we want to advise upcoming researchers to conduct interviews with a more proprietors from different regions of the nation, in order to ascertain the various sales patterns, various effects of contemporary commerce, and various behaviour of the owners. Second, Different collaboration ought to be subjected to a quantitative analysis as well. Furthermore, there are a number of foreign investors' company types that impact local business owners in developing nations. For this reason, many case study types are advised to be examined in comparison to the involvement of regional small enterprises and MNCs because the information is thorough and reliable.

Taking into account the results of this study, it's feasible that future research will focus on an exploratory understanding that includes a number of case studies of circumstances when such interventions have been made.

5.4. Future recommendation

Many improvements are still required in order to build sustainable development strategies for MNCs' enterprises, as the overall average of sustainability for each industry is quite low (less than 20%). According to findings ((Abugre & Anlesinya, 2020), no company will be positioned as an industry leader in the near future if it does not incorporate environmental challenges into its strategy. Every corporation should be more concerned with establishing a balance between economic, environmental, and societal duties in order to achieve global sustainability. According to the findings, MNCs have a stronger commitment to economic and environmental sustainability, and these industries are likewise devoted to fixing consumption and production challenges. These data may provide some insights for company executives developing their sustainability strategy in order to achieve global sustainability.

References

Ashime, E.E., 2021. The Effect of Multinational Corporations on The Economic Growth Of Developing Countries: Case of Cameroon.

Abugre, J. B., & Anlesinya, A. (2020). Corporate social responsibility strategy and economic business value of multinational companies in emerging economies: The mediating role of corporate reputation.Business Strategy & Development,3(1), 4-15.

Busetto, L., Wick, W. and Gumbinger, C., 2020. How to use and assess qualitative research methods.Neurological Research and practice,2(1), pp.1-10.

Crowley-Vigneau, A., 2020. Multinational Corporations and Local Content Policy: Towards a New Equilibrium. : , , ,13(6), pp.51-64.

de Faria, P., Schubert, T. and Sofka, W., 2021. Recruiting strategic human capital from MNCsDoes hiring MNC managers enable exporting in domestic firms?.PloS one,16(10), p.e0257922.

Hagmann, M., 2020. Multinational Corporations: A case of impunity-An argumentation analysis on the parliamentary debate of the Swiss Business Initiative.

Here, R. and Twycross, A., 2018. What is a case study?Evidence-based nursing,21(1), pp.7-8.

Hong, J.H., 2021. A global strategy of a company that uses culture content as its core business.The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business,12(6), pp.37-46.

Li, Q., Xue, Q., Truong, Y., & Xiong, J. (2018). MNCs' industrial linkages and environmental spillovers in emerging economies: The case of China.International Journal of Production Economics,196, 346-355.

Kim, I.S. and Milner, H.V., 2019. Multinational corporations and their influence through lobbying on foreign policy.Multinational Corporations in a Changing Global Economy.

Kusek, P. and Silva, A.A.L., 2018. What Investors want: Perceptions and experiences of multinational corporations in developing countries.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8386).

Kyove, J., Streltsova, K., Odibo, U. and Cirella, G.T., 2021. Globalization impact on multinational enterprises.World,2(2), pp.216-230.

Mensah, J., 2019. Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review.Cogent social sciences,5(1), p.1653531.

Neubauer, B.E., Witkop, C.T. and Varpio, L., 2019. How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others.Perspectives on medical education,8(2), pp.90-97.

Rakhimova, G.S., Shipshova, O.A., Mukhametshina, F.A. and Syurkova, S.M., 2020, January. Value and Role of Multinational Corporations in Processes of Globalization of Economy and their Influence on Economic Security of the Country. InFirst International Volga Region Conference on Economics, Humanities and Sports (FICEHS 2019)(pp. 171-174).

Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M.A., Sabir, S.S. and Waseem, A., 2019. Case study method: A step-by-step guide for business researchers.International journal of qualitative methods,18, p.1609406919862424.

Ruggie, J.G., 2018. Multinationals as global institution: Power, authority and relative autonomy.Regulation & Governance,12(3), pp.317-333.

Soundararajan, V., Sahasranamam, S., Khan, Z., & Jain, T. (2021). Multinational enterprises and the governance of sustainability practices in emerging market supply chains: An agile governance perspective.Journal of World Business,56(2), 101149.

Download Solution Now

Uploaded By : Pooja Dhaka
Posted on : December 22nd, 2024
Downloads : 0
Views : 250

IMA7006 Dissertation

Download Solution Now

Download Solution Now

Choose a Plan

Premium

Gold

Silver

IMA7006 Dissertation

Download Solution Now

Download Solution Now

Choose a Plan

Premium

Gold

Silver

Request a Call Back