IMPROVING THE PROJECT CYCLE TIME OF
Mohammed Zoulfikar 19104586
IMPROVING THE PROJECT CYCLE TIME OF
CONSTRUCTION
Background -
The project cycle time for construction projects can be shortened using a variety of techniques, some of which will be addressed in this review based on several articles. Balfour Beatty is the company that the evaluation will be focusing on. Improvements must be made in order to address the numerous problems associated with the duration of the projects' construction. Some of these problems include losses suffered by stakeholders when work is delayed, a decline in trust, disputes between contractors and the building business, and others. These delays may be caused by environmental factors, data gaps, labor shortages, project-related errors, etc. Reviewing this material is crucial if we want to minimize these problems and discover remedies. The focus will be on one company to keep the assessment qualitative. In addition to providing services for large-scale multidisciplinary projects, track work, electrical power, energy supply, specialist equipment, train systems and parts, and servicing,The lack of clarity and quality poses a challenge for projects-based businesses or organizations because it necessitates a number of sporadic or one-time suppliers, carriers, and shipping facilities in order to track and locate their operations supply networks. Resources and supply networks are now necessary to support the expanding manufacturing firm throughout its lifetime. Despite the fact that the practices are frequently used by significant transportation firms, the management of several linked commodities has never been feasible for dispersed enterprises . Without a reliable monitoring system, it is extremely difficult to discover frequently delivered items that are believed to be lost or stolen. Project managers need the data to track everything from logistics and material handling in real-time throughout the production process.
Aim/objective -
The objective of this study is to provide ways to enhance project life cycle within the framework of current industry practices, to emphasize the advantages of, to identify adoption barriers, and to suggest areas for additional research.
The precise objectives of the study include the following:
Increasing Knowledge and Understanding of process for improvement of project life cycle
To better comprehend the idea of the project cycle and its execution techniques
Approach/methods -
The study uses a methodology that involves looking through and examining case study journals in the corpus of recent literature in order to pinpoint the main obstacles to putting circular economy solutions related to material delivery and management into practice. First, using journals and other sources of research, difficulties are identified; next, after analyzing the most recent literature using case studies, strategies are given. Linkages, synergies, and potential conflicts between the project life cycle and various pre-existing design and construction methodologies should be made evident.Considering the advantages for the economy, society, and environment: To evaluate the advantages of implementing project cycle improvement principles on the economy, society, and environment.Investigating Obstacles and Future Research examines the challenges of implementing the circular economy as a business model in the construction sector and suggests possible research directions.
Outcomes -
The current study contributes to the body of knowledge for the construction industry by assisting understanding of the project life cycle time and its execution approaches. This improved comprehension of project cycle methodology and its associated social, economic, and environmental benefits is crucial for people who engage in the construction industry. It encourages enhanced cooperation between various project stakeholders, including clients, contractors, suppliers, financial institutions, and governmental and regulatory organizations, in order to meet the broad sustainability objectives outlined .This study is mainly to be conducted to emphasizes the challenges of reducing project cycle time, offering valuable knowledge to individuals working in the construction industry. By addressing these concerns and promoting a greater understanding of project life cycle costs and benefits, it enables increased cooperation among numerous project stakeholders, ultimately contributing in the attainment of all-encompassing sustainability goals.The study supports stakeholders' joint efforts to meet predetermined sustainability targets by fostering more cooperation and alignment among them. Building projects can gradually include project cycle time improvement strategies thanks to the methodical approach, which offers both immediate benefits and sustainability over the long run. describing how several contemporary design and construction approaches relate to one another and how they could conflict.
Work Plan/Timeline - major milestones and deadline
Chapter 1 provides information on the circular economy
Chapter 2 provides information on the literature review
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
Chapter 5 discussion
References
Bacanin, N., Sarac, M., Budimirovic, N., Zivkovic, M., AlZubi, A.A. and Bashir, A.K., 2022. Smart wireless health care system using graph LSTM pollution prediction and dragonfly node localization.Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems,35, p.100711.
Bello, S.A., Oyedele, L.O., Akinade, O.O., Bilal, M., Delgado, J.M.D., Akanbi, L.A., Ajayi, A.O. and Owolabi, H.A., 2021. Cloud computing in construction industry: Use cases, benefits and challenges.Automation in Construction,122, p.103441.
Besana, D. and Tirelli, D., 2022. Reuse and Retrofitting Strategies for a Net Zero Carbon Building in Milan: An Analytic Evaluation.Sustainability,14(23), p.16115.
Beste, T. and Klakegg, O.J., 2022. Strategic change towards cost-efficient public construction projects.International Journal of Project Management,40(4), pp.372-384.
Calin-Bojea, A.G., 2020. Towards a semantic Construction Digital Twin: Directions for future.Autom. Constr,114, pp.1-16.
Coad, A., Domnick, C., Flachenecker, F., Harasztosi, P., Janiri, M.L., Pal, R. and Teruel, M., 2021. Capacity constraints as a trigger for high growth.Small Business Economics, pp.1-31.
El Bazi, N., Mabrouki, M., Laayati, O., Ouhabi, N., El Hadraoui, H., Hammouch, F.E. and Chebak, A., 2023. Generic Multi-Layered Digital-Twin-Framework-Enabled Asset Lifecycle Management for the Sustainable Mining Industry.Sustainability,15(4), p.3470.
El-Abidi, K.M.A., Ofori, G., Zakaria, S.A.S. and Aziz, A.R.A., 2019. Using prefabricated building to address housing needs in Libya: a study based on local expert perspectives.Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,44, pp.8289-8304.
Han, Y., Yan, X. and Piroozfar, P., 2022. An overall review of research on prefabricated construction supply chain management.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, (ahead-of-print). Chen, Z., Khan, K., Khan, A., Javed, K. and Liu, J., 2021. Exploration of the multidirectional stability and response of prefabricated volumetric modular steel structures.Journal of Constructional Steel Research,184, p.106826.
IMPROVING THE PROJECT CYCLE TIME OF CONSTRUCTION
Mohammed Zoulfikar
19104586
A Literature Review submitted for BLDG4010 Construction Research Methods
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
bachelor of construction management
Supervisor: Laura Melo c de AlmeidaSchool of Engineering, Design and Built Environment
Western Sydney University
May 2023
Table of Contents
TOC o "1-3" h z u Chapter 1: Introduction PAGEREF _Toc135239175 h 21.1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc135239176 h 21.2Background PAGEREF _Toc135239177 h 2Chapter 2: Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc135239178 h 22.1 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc135239179 h 22.2 Ways to Improve the Project Time Cycle PAGEREF _Toc135239180 h 32.2.1Supply Chain in Real Time for the Deliverables of the Project PAGEREF _Toc135239181 h 32.2.2 Use of Digital Twin PAGEREF _Toc135239182 h 42.2.3 Prefabricated Building Systems PAGEREF _Toc135239183 h 62.2.4Implementation of BIM PAGEREF _Toc135239184 h 92.3 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc135239185 h 11References PAGEREF _Toc135239186 h 13
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background
Project cycle time refers to the time needed for the completion of operation from start to end in the case of trenchless projects. It remains present between owner and contractors in any construction project. This time in construction projects is a crucial indicator of its effectiveness and efficiency (Kabirifar et al., 2020). It is used to gauge project success by quantifying how quickly the project is done. Construction projects demand a significant number of resources to guarantee that the project is executed on time and within budget and must be finished on schedule. Shorter project cycle times lead to lower costs, better construction quality, and the achievement of desired results. Shorter project lead times lead to better execution of project tasks and increased customer satisfaction. Longer project cycle times can lead to cost overruns, delays in completion, and an increased risk of project failure. Any construction project must prioritise safety, and accidents might result in lengthy delays. To lower the risk of accidents and finish jobs on schedule, construction companies must prioritise safety and invest in training, tools, and processes.
After measuring and tracking project cycle times, project managers can better identify and address problems and potential roadblocks. Improving project cycle time is about ensuring that the project charter includes clearly articulated problem statements as well as setting boundaries to find out the scope (Maeri et al., 2022). Project planning and management play a key role in reducing project cycle time. By creating detailed project plans and using project management software, construction companies can identify potential problems early and take corrective action to keep projects on track. Many construction firms are still struggling to manage projects by taking abrupt actions and do necessary changes with the emergence of any issue causing delays in projects (Bajomo et al., 2022). Modular designs and pre-made components also minimise project complexity and save time. It has been observed that effective communication and collaboration between project stakeholders can speed decision-making, prevent rework, and minimize project delays. By using digital collaboration tools and establishing clear communication protocols, project information is shared effectively.
It has been observed that in most of the projects in the UK, contractors put effort into identifying whether there is a long lead time required or not during the early days of the project to maintain the critical path of the project. For example, it has been observed that Balfour Beatty is one of the international construction companies in the UK which is now investing in "Building Information Management (BIM)" for creating opportunities in order to deliver high performance and unlock value throughout every stage of the lifecycle of any project (Balfour Beatty, 2023). During pre-commencement, work winning and business development phases they use this BIM tool for optimising proposed solutions. It has proven to improve life cycle outcomes using better data management. This also offers them planning for intelligent lifecycle replacement using lifecycle capital replacement plans and models linked with design models such as, 3D or 2D.
On the other hand, it has been observed that Morgan Sindall plc in the UK is using modern methods of off-site capabilities and construction for creating sustainable and creative places to protect, work, learn and live by using relevant project life cycles (morgansindallconstruction, 2023). They also make efforts on building a teamwork culture with their suppliers and consultants which also helps in keeping them innovative and open to conversations.
Due to their propensity for taking a very long period, construction projects frequently have delays that can be quite costly. Hence, initiatives to cut cycle time result in cheaper costs and improved project outcomes. Although the construction industry is one of the major contributors to the global economy cost overruns, delays and inefficiencies are other issues in this industry (Misra and Mohanty, 2021). These often result in missed opportunities for growth, wasted raw materials and decreased productivity of the workers. The significance of this study is its potential to address one of the biggest challenges facing the construction industry. This research can be seen as a guide for contractors and project managers to complete tasks effectively and efficiently which can further improve project outcomes and reduce costs in small to huge construction projects.
However, it has been observed that there is limited research in identifying possible challenges faced during project cycle time. Previous research has not shown insights on new technologies used in construction projects to bring improvements in the life cycle. Therefore, this research is important for small projects to reduce the overall cost associated with unnecessary and faster expenses. Moreover, this research can have a huge contribution to society by ensuring better stakeholder satisfaction in construction projects.
Research Problem/ Question(s)
RQ1: Why is it necessary to improve project cycle time in construction projects?
RQ2: What are the ways to reduce cycle time in construction using automation and technology?
RQ3: What challenges are faced during project cycle time in the construction industry?
RQ4: How to overcome the challenges associated with project cycle time?
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to analyse the necessity of improving project cycle time in construction projects.
The following objectives will be addressed in this research-
To analyse the importance of improving project cycle time in construction projects
To explore the ways to reduce cycle time in construction using automation and technology
To evaluate the challenges faced during project cycle time in the construction industry
To recommend strategies to overcome the challenges associated with project cycle time
Scope
This research is the pioneering step for bringing improvements in the project life cycle to reduce delays and increase efficiency in projects. Moreover, this research is stemmed from looking for probable challenges faced throughout the project life cycle, as it is essential for every project to survive and be successful. However, this research is limited due to a lack of resources on challenges faced by contractors throughout the project life cycle. This research is also limited due to insufficient time. An inadequate budget for getting access to many resources was another constraint for the researcher to proceed in this research.
<Insert your revised Assessment 1 Research Topic report here - not word counted>
IntroductionBackgroundResearch Problem/ Question(s)
Aim and Objectives
Scope
Work Plan/Timeline
<Do not put Assessment 1 reference here. Merge with References at the end of this report>
<Copy and paste from your original assessment 1 is not plagiarism>
Chapter 2: Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThe company in focus for the review is Balfour Beatty. As there are many issues linked with the construction time of the projects, it is necessary for improving that construction in order to eradicate those issues (Bello et al. 2021). Some of these issues are losses beared by the stakeholders when the construction are delayed, loss of trust, conflicts between the contractors and building company, and so on. The reasons behind these delays can be environmental, missing data, shortages of labour, mistakes commited in the projects, etc. To find solutions for these issues to minimize, it is important to review this literature. For keeping the review qualitative, the emphasis wll be on one company. Being one of the top fixed railroad construction developersworldwide, Balfour Beatty offers services for massive multidisciplinary endeavors, track work, electrical power, energy supply, specialized equipment, train systems and parts, and servicing. This company was founded in 1909 in United Kingdom (UK). They started expanding and found themselves flourishing in the other infrastructure construction and investments (Coad et al. 2021). However, the issue of delays in the completion of the construction remains the same. It does get better time after time, but it is still their and its improvement is mandatory to minimize the losses happens due to the issue (Litvinenko 2020).
This review will answer the questions related to necessity of improving the cycle time, reducing the cycle time in construction when technologies are used, challenges faced during this cycle time, and the ways to overcome those challenges. As per the scope of the review, the study is the first stage towards bringing about changes to the project's duration that will shorten inefficiencies and boost project effectiveness (Beste and Klakegg 2022). Additionally, this study is the result of an investigation of potential difficulties encountered during the project stages, as it is crucial for any project to endure and succeed. Because of a dearth of information on the difficulties encountered by contractors over the course of a task, our investigation is, nevertheless, constrained. Additionally, this investigation is hindered by a lack of time. Another barrier to theinvestigator's ability to move forward with the study was an insufficient budget for gaining access to numerous resources. The criteria use for reviewing this literature is coverage which emphasize on covering the information which is essential for supporting the literature. The gathered information is sufficient and has been evaluated in depth for supporting the same.
2.2 Ways to Improve the Project Time CycleSupply Chain in Real Time for the Deliverables of the ProjectThis is one of the major issue due to which the time cycle of the construction is disturbed. The late deliveries of the essentials for the project have to be kept in check. Industries like Balfour Beatty are finding difficulties in creating a real-time view of the supplies (Prabhakaran et al. 2022). For organizations based on projects, this presents a barrier because monitoring and locatingtheir operations supply networks requires a number of suppliers, carriers, and shipping facilities, some of which are sporadic or perhaps one-time. To assist the expanded manufacturing business throughout the course of its life, resourcesand supply chains are now essential (Paul et al. 2021). The final known location of the consignment is found via surveillance systems, which also notify the recipient or the following operatorbeforehand. The management of numerous linked goods has never been practicable for scattered industries like Balfour Beatty, despite the fact that such procedures are routinely employed by major shipping corporations. It is very hard to locate delivered thingsfrequently, items thought to be lost or stolen, without a dependable monitoring system. Project supervisors require the data to keep track of everything throughout the manufacturing process to logistics and handling of materialsin real-time (Helo et al. 2020).
Several othersectors have acknowledged the need for the monitoring and identification of products in distribution networks. The field of academia is working hard to create worldwide identifying systems for goods, and regulatory groups are doing the same (Rabbani et al, 2020). Since the usual methods of operation created thus far are primarily focused on item recognition, they do not explicitly describe any relationship to continuous monitoring systems. The globalbusiness' enthusiasm for enhancing project-oriented supply chains' scalability is growing as a result of their intricacy. A great deal of data regarding the goods is required because ofthe variety of product versions and the requirement to increase thetraceability of products.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN), radio frequency identification (RFID), and other barcode types all offer monitoring solutions in operation (Temjanovski and Bezovski 2020). Nevertheless, a lot of these platforms only offer divided remedies and lack a cohesive framework. Many surveillance systems currently in use are unable, for instance, to pinpoint the whereabouts of an item's contents or what is insidea container that was recently unsealed. Recent innovations like IoT (Internet of Things), the Industrial Digital Platform, and monitors must be created to supportmanufacturing operations with the goal to address such discrepancies in the supply chain channel. Such devices are necessary to be economical while also providing the required data or insight. Blockchain innovations can be incorporated alongside such technologies to ensure the safety and reliability of such information. Thistechnology offers the required data confidentiality and integrity in the logistical networks for activities that cannot be changed (Litke et al. 2019). Analyzing the potential implications and consequences of real-time monitoring and tracking systems is essential before moving forward with it. Monitoring a technology's entire effectiveness contributes to the effective completion of projects (Rahimian et al. 2020). The investigation establishes three primary objectives according to the aforementioned necessities: to determine both the working and inoperative needs of transportation within the project company; to present an approach for supply chain efficiency evaluation centered on a decision scope and information gathering matrix; and to create a web-based portal that utilizes RFID, IoT, and blockchain-based innovations for transportation monitoring and tracking.
2.2.2 Use of Digital TwinThis paradigm is old but is coming into the effect again so that the construction life cycle of the projects could be improved. The necessity to track and oversee resources (made components, structures, roads, etc.) during the course of their lifetime and technological advancements has prompted various study sectors to look at the possibilities and usage of digital twins (DT). The DT model demands a greater degree of accuracy and exactness, which can vary from tiny produced assets, structures, city regions, and possibly national digital twins, even if a lot of these kinds of projects have been studied in isolation within the Building Information Modeling (BIM) area. The notion of a DTinitially came up in 2003 as a component of a curriculum in a university program; when technological advances emerged, it wasspread to related industries (Laato et al. 2022). The DT idea, which was first described as a reengineering of building lifespan estimation and planningin theindustry of aerospace, later made an appearance in the production of products and, lately, in the development of smart cities. ADThas been referred to as a "cyber-physical integration" in multiple research studies, using the expression "Digital Twin" signifying a final, impractical objective because no representation of conceptualization can accurately reflect what is actually happening. The parts of DT in the construction industry are models created virtually and the physical components (El Bazi et al. 2023). The study of DT is done when these two parts are connected to improve the construction life cycle.
Source (ars.els-cdn)
The building services sector is evolving above the existing BIM customs, which primarily concentrate on the exploitation of Virtual Models in both design and construction, according to the study articles that were reviewedand each of the categorization subclasses developed (Safikhani et al. 2022). In the framework of the building sector, this suggests that even though theinformation is being gathered and connected to the BIM approach, modifications implemented in the computerized representations fail to result in alterations to the actual space. Almost all thesources that werestudied fall under the Digital Shadow (DS)subcategory. A DS, for instance, can be employed for monitoring a different system; in a dire situation, sucha model could bring up the issue but would nottake action whatsoever (Reche, 2020). A completely integrated DTmight not just disable the problematic component of the design but additionally,foresee a problem before it materialized and provide preventative steps. An initial stage of a project as well as the entire lifespan of an establishment ought to serve as the starting point for DTarchiving to achieve its maximum efficiency. Using a model created with BIM, information collecting should begin during the designing phase. Themodel must then be continually upgraded and collected during the installation stage of the building endeavor to ensure that it is fully operational. The model gathers information from a variety of sensors (such as temperature and other factors) during the setup and upkeep phase (Bacanin et al. 2022). Data extraction and big data techniques are used to organize and evaluate the data. The necessary information and forecasts of the actions of the actual building are then added to the computer model in real time. The building's owner, site supervisor, andtechnician may all make well-informed judgments thanks to its capabilities. Preventive upkeep is also made possible by the two-way link that exists between the actual and digital facilities. Additionally, implementing this idea will enhance upcoming building initiatives by utilizing the information stored in the DT (Lu et al, 2020).
To improve the lifecycle of the construction processes, DT has to be applied effectively in order to maintan and upkeep with the cycle time. The occurrence of not maintaining these things properly will lead to the increased cycle time which is harmful for any construction project whether it is small or big. Another aspect of maintaining these is the control over quality of the project which is really important to keep the promises made with the stakeholders (Holifield and Williams 2019). Any kind of delay is a dent in the process of construction which leads to the uncountable losses in different areas. This is why it is essential to apply the technologies so that these things could be kept at the minimum with properly communicating the issues the project is facing. Looking at those issues and providing timely solutions with the aid of DT will be a major step in reducing the time cycle in the construction projects.
2.2.3 Prefabricated Building SystemsPrefabricated construction systems, such as those that are pre-cut, panelized, adaptable, and portable home building systems, have been acknowledged to be amongthe solutions to slowing down the pace of traditional construction techniques. This prefabricated building technique is additionally marketed as one of eight essential "visions" for enhancing productivity and efficacy (Navaratnam et al. 2019). Systems for constructing volumetric precast structures include adaptable volumetric modules that are normally producedoff-siteand come replete with design details and amenities. Then, together with all thenumerous load-bearing supporting elements of the structure, these sections are shipped and constructed on-site. The primary benefits of suchstructures over traditional construction techniques are both cost and time savings. Other advantages comprise increased manufacturing precision and performance, quick on-site setup, and the ability to disassemble and repurpose (Bertino et al. 2021). This type of prefabricated structure also assists the natural world by reducing building debris and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as by causing fewer disturbances at the place of construction to bother nearby residents. These benefits are what are causing prefabricated construction systems to proliferate so quickly. In addition, manynationsareadoptingmodular building systems as a result of the demographic increase (El-Abidi et al. 2019). During the past few years, flexible technology for buildinghas drawn greater interest from the construction sector. Many low-rise homes were constructed as a consequence. However, just a small portion of the entire low-rise structures was constructed employing a volumetric precast building method or modular building techniques. The construction sector and consumers in general both have a limited understanding of the relevance, design, and efficiency of precast structures.
Prefabricated building components require extensive pre-project preparation because their layout is more sophisticated than traditional design (Inomovich 2021). Considerations have to be made during the process of design for aspects like lifting, transportation, base placement, and joining of components to create the structure itself. More engineers, safety inspectors, and qualified laborers are needed for this. In comparison with traditional buildings, these demands will result in a rise in both the price and the length of the planning stage but a substantial reduction in both the expense and the length of the on-site building phase (Jayalath et al. 2020). In addition, any changes in the outside conditions or environment have a big impact on thebuilding operations of traditional buildings. However, because the most bulk of building operations, or around 8090% of them, take place in factories, these delays were minimal while using the precast building approach. When contrasted with conventional methods of building, this also results in a shorter construction period and lower overall project costs. In prefabricated structures, the producer can place large orders for materials and produce numerous sections at once. As a result, providers charge customers less and use fewer laborers and drivers. The undertaking will spend less money and take less time as a result. Additionally, when compared with traditional building techniques, themodular building uses fewer on-site workers, which lowers the overall labor expense by around 25% (Loizou et al. 2021). Due in part to the employment of cutting-edge technology and contemporary machinery, and also a shortage of availability of enterprises' finance and real project plans, these expenses and time advantages are not entirely evident.
Many scholars from all over the globe have assessed the strength and durability of traditional structures like concrete, iron, as well as made from the frames of timberunder any man-made or natural disaster. However, there are few documented instances and minimal engineering study in-depth on the structural effectiveness of precast building systems (Han, et al. 2022). By transmitting these stresses to the ground via the framework's foundationalcomponents, non-structural components, andconnections between the components can be made, the engineering technique should assure the rigidity of the building frame under such natural and man-made stresses. While these methods have been found to be effective, complicated frameworks like precast structures, unconventional constructions, andhomes framed on timbermay result in less-than-ideal designs (Besana and Tirelli 2022). This is because building systems' shared loads and distribution are not well understood. As the structure requires numerousconnections among the sections, which might be affected by inaccuracies in the method of installation, distributing weightin modular structures can be complicated (Chen et al. 2021). Overall, stabilizing components like vertical framing or wall cores and component interconnections are used to transfer the upward and sidewaysstresses. Axial stress is transmitted directly from thewall onto the wall in modular systems with walls that bear theload. In order to avoid the C-sections (i.e., the structural members typically employed in wall panels) from collapsing along the in-plane orientation of the barrier, gypsum or other similar panels are frequently fastened to the outside of walls. Unexpected loads are resisted by the tie pressures at the corners of the sections, and the inadvertent limit condition is often calculated as the self-weighting plus 1/3 of the applied load.
The major issuein the buildup of modular structures is the preparation of the project, which involves taking into account a number of elements, including combining various components inside a section when being lifted, transforming, setting the section on the base, and assembling the structure. This takes longer and costs more, as well as requires skilled planners andspecialists, skillful production, and an explicit goal (Pacherie and Mylopoulos 2021). Modular homes or towering buildings did, however, complete more quickly than traditional structures. The amount of time saved in a precast construction decreases noticeably as the amount of levels rise. This is because, as the system develops more complicated, planning for projects issues increase (Vom Brocke et al. 2020). The size of the modules, lack of ability to perform alterations on-site, and shipping are additional restrictions in the precast system. These are the most crucial elements that must be taken into account both during and after building design.
Implementation of BIMInfrastructureis an extremely competitive sector, and businesses that adopt the most recent technology can set themselves apart from other companies by being ready to use and respond to new innovations. Amongthe sectors with the quickest rate of growth in the USand the remainder of the globe is infrastructure (Hepburn et al. 2021). The much-anticipated shift from custom to technology in this industry remains in its early stages. As a result, it is vital and required to create and implement methodologies, instruments, and technological advances in this fieldtechnologies that will enable smart and real-time relationships among individuals, data, and visualizations between the physical and digital worlds. In this sense, thebuilding sector has the opportunity to genuinely alter the way that buildings are designed, constructed, and run. Arguably the most important and exciting development in the construction sector is the use of building information modeling (BIM) as an electronic data administration system (Liu et al. 2022). This is due to the fact that BIM uses a technique for organizing design information in an electronic form to be utilized throughout the lifespan of a project, which marks an important change. The constructionsectorhas been able to move from concept to reality thanks to the acceptance of BIM for managing building endeavors and creating data-rich simulations.
Modern simulation software enables construction professionals to produce n-D models with characteristics that are flexible, based on objects,and packed with specific data for ongoing and upcoming building projects (Huang et al. 2021). BIM offers a centralized databasethat developers, builders, service engineers, electricians, plumbers,mechanicalcontractors, administrators, and property managementfirms may access and use for fresh construction of any kind and scale in addition to current construction projects. The goal of BIM as a method is to enhance the value ofinvested moneythrough streamlined and consistent procedures. It also aims to use the most efficient technologies that are accessible and boost productivity. A BIM's efficiency depends on the procedure. Connectivity and information conversion throughout the conceptualization stage to the building processthrough to the upkeep and management of the operationsphase presents a difficulty (Yitmen et al. 2021). Considering BIM's achievements thus far, many projects currently fail to fully reap the rewards from its adoption and execution because of various restrictions that impede the adoption of the BIM approach. These restrictions fall into five different groups: technological, financial, managerial, human resource-related, and regulatory. Technology-wise, BIM utilization is still far from its full capacity despite all technological advancements. This is due to the most prevalent BIM issue, which is that the data is not displayed in a manner that allows for complete comprehension on a practical level. Although BIM makes it easier for us to get into an undertaking, its flaw is that it does not allow us to stroll around the project at an actual size. If an actual scale could be incorporated into the representation, it would look amazing. Users may "feel" the substances, illumination, decor, and numerous other minute features from the design in this way, in addition to seeing them through various angles (Horn et al. 2022).
The concept of extended reality (XR) offers a remedy for this issue. Itencompasses a range of interactions that conceal the boundary between the physical and simulated environments (Mystakidis 2022). These technological innovations include virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies. Through sights, music, and maybe smell and tactile contact signals, XR technology can immerse the individual using them. VR, AR, and MR arethe main subcategories of XR. While the "innovative" industries (such asentertainment videos and video games) now have the highest demand of such technological advancements, thesetechnologies offer a huge potential to increase worker productivity and effectiveness. The potential must constantly be unlocked and fostered. Although there has notbeen much XR use in this particular discipline, it has the ability to transform the field and has been widely used. By combining BIM with XR, users may take advantage and utilize the full capabilities of cutting-edge technology, which has changed the building sector (Huang 2021). BIM-integrated virtual reality (VR) tools are primarily utilized for supporting design, making decisions, design and construction-related training and instruction, andoversight of building security which reduce much of the cycle time of construction. The building sector, particularly that of construction, is predicted to be most significantly impacted by AR indistinct manners: by decreasing labor costs, enhancing safety, minimizing rework, and ensuring schedules are fulfilled. Designing assistance, training in construction assistance, building processes aid, choice-making procedure, cooperation, and ecological analysisare all areas where MR is being applied. In addition to being quickly developing innovations that have attracted significant funding and adoption as business instruments in the constructionsector, BIM and XR are additionally drawing a lot of attention from academic researchers at colleges and other academic centers (Pan and Zhang 2023).
2.3 ConclusionFrom this review of the literature, it can be concluded that significant steps are mandatory in order to minimize the cycle time in the construction. These important aspects which have been gathered when reviewing the literature are delays happening due to the design process, not able to linkup the designs with the actual size of the buldings due to the less technological interlinking of the componenets, and so on. One can identify their importance when actually working in the field of the construction and not by just the reading the articles. The importance of technologies can only be experienced in that way only. The four methods were explained in this review which are supply chain in real time, use of digital twin, prefabricated building systems, and implementation of BIM. It is necessary to look at the pros and cons of these methods. When looked at the supply chain in real time, the approach is very good for reducing the error like missing instruments and other thing required for construction processes, however, developing and maintaining such a system which can oversee this huge amount construction supplies is not an easy thing to be maintained. Moving towards the use of Digital Twin, the rigidness of construction companies of not changing themselves according to the changing times is major obstacle in its extensive usage in the industry. The use of prefabricated systems in the construction of the building is very good for reducing the lifecycle of the construction, but the designing of the sections and logictics takes more time in the completion. Any other issue with these sections cannot be handles on-site. Finally, the implementation of BIM can be a major step in improving thr cycle time of the construction process but the issue of integrating it with the extended reality are still their which can make the process smoother and build confidence in the parties involved in the infrastructure development.
There are many gaps in the research which must be kept in mind when conducting the research on the same in the future. First of all, the identification of the actual construction project must be taken into consideration in order to make it more qualitative instead of relying on the whole construction industry. The intricacy of the project will provide more insight on the matter at hand. Another gap is the availability of the resources with the researcher is essential for the conduction of the research is necessary because. It was mentioned in the beginning that conduction of the research was not extensive based on the availability of the resources. From my perspective, the topic is quite good and requires a more depth researches based on the availability of the other researches on the same. The topic is important in order to identify the issues and methods for reducing the construction cycle time which is mandatory to reduce the losses experienced by the construction companies in terms of economic, trust, mrket standind, and so on.
ReferencesBacanin, N., Sarac, M., Budimirovic, N., Zivkovic, M., AlZubi, A.A. and Bashir, A.K., 2022. Smart wireless health care system using graph LSTM pollution prediction and dragonfly node localization.Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems,35, p.100711.
Bello, S.A., Oyedele, L.O., Akinade, O.O., Bilal, M., Delgado, J.M.D., Akanbi, L.A., Ajayi, A.O. and Owolabi, H.A., 2021. Cloud computing in construction industry: Use cases, benefits and challenges.Automation in Construction,122, p.103441.
Besana, D. and Tirelli, D., 2022. Reuse and Retrofitting Strategies for a Net Zero Carbon Building in Milan: An Analytic Evaluation.Sustainability,14(23), p.16115.
Beste, T. and Klakegg, O.J., 2022. Strategic change towards cost-efficient public construction projects.International Journal of Project Management,40(4), pp.372-384.
Coad, A., Domnick, C., Flachenecker, F., Harasztosi, P., Janiri, M.L., Pal, R. and Teruel, M., 2021. Capacity constraints as a trigger for high growth.Small Business Economics, pp.1-31.
El Bazi, N., Mabrouki, M., Laayati, O., Ouhabi, N., El Hadraoui, H., Hammouch, F.E. and Chebak, A., 2023. Generic Multi-Layered Digital-Twin-Framework-Enabled Asset Lifecycle Management for the Sustainable Mining Industry.Sustainability,15(4), p.3470.
El-Abidi, K.M.A., Ofori, G., Zakaria, S.A.S. and Aziz, A.R.A., 2019. Using prefabricated building to address housing needs in Libya: a study based on local expert perspectives.Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,44, pp.8289-8304.
Han, Y., Yan, X. and Piroozfar, P., 2022. An overall review of research on prefabricated construction supply chain management.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, (ahead-of-print). Chen, Z., Khan, K., Khan, A., Javed, K. and Liu, J., 2021. Exploration of the multidirectional stability and response of prefabricated volumetric modular steel structures.Journal of Constructional Steel Research,184, p.106826.
Helo, P. and Shamsuzzoha, A.H.M., 2020. Real-time supply chainA blockchain architecture for project deliveries.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,63, p.101909.
Hepburn, C., Qi, Y., Stern, N., Ward, B., Xie, C. and Zenghelis, D., 2021. Towards carbon neutrality and China's 14th Five-Year Plan: Clean energy transition, sustainable urban development, and investment priorities.Environmental Science and Ecotechnology,8, p.100130.
Holifield, R. and Williams, K.C., 2019. Recruiting, integrating, and sustaining stakeholder participation in environmental management: A case study from the Great Lakes Areas of Concern.Journal of environmental management,230, pp.422-433.
Horn, M., Traylor, A. and Buechley, L., 2022, April. Slabforge: Design Software for Slab-Based Ceramics. InProceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 1-12).
Huang, J.C., 2021. From Building Information Modeling to Extended Reality.Industry 4.0 for the Built Environment: Methodologies, Technologies and Skills, pp.471-493.
Huang, M.Q., Nini, J. and Zhang, Q.B., 2021. BIM, machine learning and computer vision techniques in underground construction: Current status and future perspectives.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,108, p.103677.
Inomovich, A.N., 2021. Principles of Reconstruction and Formation of Residential Buildings Typical of Historical City Centers.European journal of innovation in nonformal education,1(2), pp.29-40.
Jayalath, A., Navaratnam, S., Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Hewson, N. and Aye, L., 2020. Life cycle performance of Cross Laminated Timber mid-rise residential buildings in Australia.Energy and Buildings,223, p.110091.
Laato, S., Mntymki, M., Islam, A.N., Hyrynsalmi, S. and Birkstedt, T., 2022. Trends and Trajectories in the Software Industry: implications for the future of work.Information Systems Frontiers, pp.1-16.
Litke, A., Anagnostopoulos, D. and Varvarigou, T., 2019. Blockchains for supply chain management: Architectural elements and challenges towards a global scale deployment.Logistics,3(1), p.5.
Litvinenko, V.S., 2020. Digital economy as a factor in the technological development of the mineral sector.Natural Resources Research,29(3), pp.1521-1541.
Liu, Z., Li, P., Wang, F., Osmani, M. and Demian, P., 2022. Building Information Modeling (BIM) driven carbon emission reduction research: A 14-year bibliometric analysis.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,19(19), p.12820.
Loizou, L., Barati, K., Shen, X. and Li, B., 2021. Quantifying advantages of modular construction: waste generation.Buildings,11(12), p.622.
Lu, Q., Xie, X., Parlikad, A.K., Schooling, J.M. and Konstantinou, E., 2020. Moving from building information models to digital twins for operation and maintenance.Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Smart Infrastructure and Construction,174(2), pp.46-56. Bertino, G., Kisser, J., Zeilinger, J., Langergraber, G., Fischer, T. and sterreicher, D., 2021. Fundamentals of building deconstruction as a circular economy strategy for the reuse of construction materials.Applied sciences,11(3), p.939.
Mystakidis, S., 2022. Metaverse.Encyclopedia,2(1), pp.486-497.
Navaratnam, S., Ngo, T., Gunawardena, T. and Henderson, D., 2019. Performance review of prefabricated building systems and future research in Australia.Buildings,9(2), p.38.
Pacherie, E. and Mylopoulos, M., 2021. Beyond automaticity: The psychological complexity of skill.Topoi,40(3), pp.649-662.
Pan, Y. and Zhang, L., 2023. Integrating BIM and AI for smart construction management: Current status and future directions.Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering,30(2), pp.1081-1110.
Paul, S.K. and Chowdhury, P., 2021. A production recovery plan in manufacturing supply chains for a high-demand item during COVID-19.International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management,51(2), pp.104-125.
Prabhakaran, A., Mahamadu, A.M. and Mahdjoubi, L., 2022. Understanding the challenges of immersive technology use in the architecture and construction industry: A systematic review.Automation in Construction,137, p.104228.
Rabbani, M.R., Khan, S. and Thalassinos, E.I., 2020. FinTech, blockchain and Islamic finance: An extensive literature review.
Rahimian, F.P., Seyedzadeh, S., Oliver, S., Rodriguez, S. and Dawood, N., 2020. On-demand monitoring of construction projects through a game-like hybrid application of BIM and machine learning.Automation in Construction,110, p.103012.
Rechel, B., 2020. How to enhance the integration of primary care and public health? Approaches, facilitating factors and policy options.European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Policy Brief 10.
Safikhani, S., Keller, S., Schweiger, G. and Pirker, J., 2022. Immersive virtual reality for extending the potential of building information modeling in architecture, engineering, and construction sector: systematic review.International Journal of Digital Earth,15(1), pp.503-526.
Temjanovski, R. and Bezovski, Z., 2020. How IT can add Value to logistic sector: Bar code systems and RFID (radio frequency identification) in logistics services.Journal of Economics,5(2), pp.47-56.
Vom Brocke, J., Winter, R., Hevner, A. and Maedche, A., 2020. Special issue editorialaccumulation and evolution of design knowledge in design science research: a journey through time and space.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,21(3), p.9.
Yitmen, I., Alizadehsalehi, S., Akner, . and Akner, M.E., 2021. An adapted model of cognitive digital twins for building lifecycle management.Applied Sciences,11(9), p.4276.
Kabirifar, K., Mojtahedi, M., Wang, C. and Tam, V.W., 2020. Construction and demolition waste management contributing factors coupled with reduce, reuse, and recycle strategies for effective waste management: A review.Journal of Cleaner Production,263, p.121265.
Maeri, D.O., Iravo, M.A. and Muchelule, Y.W., 2022. PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAM IN KENYA.International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME),6(2).
Bajomo, M., Ogbeyemi, A. and Zhang, W., 2022. A systems dynamics approach to the management of material procurement for Engineering, Procurement and Construction industry.International Journal of Production Economics,244, p.108390.
Balfourbeatty. 2023. bim Realising the benefits available at; https://www.balfourbeatty.com/media/28595/bim-realising-the-benefits.pdf [accessed on 11th April 2023]
Morgansindallconstruction. 2023. Offsite and Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) available at; https://www.morgansindallconstruction.com/our-approach/modern-methods-of-construction-mmc/ [accessed on 11th April 2023]
Misra, P.K. and Mohanty, J., 2021, February. A review on training and leadership development: its effectiveness for enhancing employee performance in Indian construction industry. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering(Vol. 1045, No. 1, p. 012020). IOP Publishing.
