OverviewThe Student Guide should be used in conjunction with the recommended reading and any further course notes or activities given by the traine
OverviewThe Student Guide should be used in conjunction with the recommended reading and any further course notes or activities given by the trainer/assessor.
APPLICATION OF THE UNIT
This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to prepare detailed traffic analysis in civil construction, including analysing options, preparing and finalising analysis and advising on analysis implementation.
It applies to those working in management role or technical specialist roles. They generally apply a broad range technical and managerial skills and are responsible for the delivery of outputs that meet site requirements.
Licensing, legislative and certification requirements that apply to this unit can vary between states, territories, and industry sectors. Users must check requirements with relevant body before applying the unit.
LEARNING GOALS
Learning goals include:
You are able to plan and prepare for detailed traffic analysis.
You are able to carry out detailed traffic analysis.
You are able to finalise traffic analysis processes.
You are able to support and review traffic analysis implementation.
Topic 1: Planning and preparing for detailed traffic analysisTraffic analysis is performed as part of planning for, as well as maintaining transportation infrastructure. The objective of traffic analysis is to optimise the development or redevelopment of transportation infrastructure such as roads, freeways or traffic control devices/traffic calming methods. To take a simple example, imagine a new road is to be built then traffic analysis would involve assessing the traffic activity that will be generated. Another example is where traffic analysis is used to assist in the planning for multimodal improvements in transport infrastructure such as including access for cyclists in a transportation network.
This first topic will focus on planning and preparing for detailed traffic analysis.
Image byDenys Nevozhaion HYPERLINK "https://unsplash.com/s/photos/traffic?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" Unsplash
ACTIVITY: watch
Watch this short video to give you an initial insight into the purpose of traffic analysis, as well as what insights traffic analysis gives us.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZCjbyl0ROw (05:44)
Write down your key learnings from this video for discussion with your group.
PREPARING TO UNDERTAKE DETAILED TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
The first step in terms of preparing for traffic management is to develop a thorough understanding of the project itself. For example, the project could be in relation to a new housing development that will result in increased traffic, and it could be a requirement under state/territory planning requirements to conduct a traffic impact assessment which will involve detailed traffic analysis. It could be a redesign project such as whether to widen a road or to create a bypass based on existing traffic congestion.
You should begin by gathering as much information as you can about the project and the work you need to complete. This can include:
plans and drawings
specifications
design briefs
engineering survey information
hydrological, meteorological and geotechnical data
state/territory traffic impact assessment guidelines.
Lets have a look at these areas below in detail.
Plans, drawings and SPECIFICATIONS
Plans are technical drawings they use technical language and many symbols, lines, marks, abbreviations and measurements to communicate information to different parties. Specifications are the written details of the job they communicate to project personnel the materials, workmanship, standards and tolerances of their work.
In relation to traffic analysis, you could be reviewing maps of the area, local council zoning of the area, current uses of the area and details of the existing road networks, pedestrian/cyclist networks and public transport.
Design briefs
A design brief defines the clients requirements. It can also be referred to as a project brief. The design or project brief includes information about the clients requirements including overall objectives for the project, deliverables required, the scope of the projects, as well as timing and budget. In terms of traffic analysis, the traffic analysis work to be conducted could form part of an overall brief for a new road or highway.
Engineering survey information
You may also be provided with existing engineering survey information. This will essentially relate to the plans, drawings and specifications as described above. This information may also be provided by the client based on previous projects conducted and information available.
geotechnical, Hydrological, meteorological and cultural and heritage data
Geotechnical, hydrological, meteorological and cultural and heritage data are all important data that will be needed to inform a traffic analysis project.
Lets look at each of these:
Geotechnical data
All civil works design projects, including transportation infrastructure projects, must be informed by geotechnical data. Geotechnical data provides information about subsurface conditions, soil and ground water. Such data could be informed by existing information that the client can make available to you or by your own investigations.
A site investigation could include:
geological modelling
geotechnical investigations
soil parameter determination
hydrogeological assessment
groundwater extent
soil aggressiveness testing.
In relation to traffic analysis, this data could be useful in terms of considering what options are suitable for the transportation infrastructure once the traffic analysis has taken place.
ACTIVITY: watch
Watch this interesting video about geotechnical investigations.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqfJFctahM8 (07:14)
Make notes for future reference.
Hydrological data
Hydrology is essentially the study of water. Hydrological data is vital to any civil works construction project as the information it provides is used to inform the design and build of the infrastructure planned. For example, hydrological data can be used to find out:
maximum probable flood at proposed sites
the relationship between a catchments surface water and groundwater resources.
Essentially the collection and analysis of hydrological data is critical for effective modelling, forecasting, and all types of water resource management.
Data may be provided within, for example, technical specifications provided by clients.
In relation to traffic analysis, this data could be useful in terms of considering what options are suitable for the transportation infrastructure once the traffic analysis has taken place.
right38300Meteorological data
With extreme weather events becoming more common, planning for extreme weather and climate change becomes even more important. Meteorological data helps engineers to design infrastructure, for example, by providing information about rainfall predications.
Meteorological data can be sourced quite easily from the Bureau of Meteorology website. For example, Intensity / Frequency / Duration (IFD) charts are available. Charts for any Australian location can be created on this website using the latitude and longitude of the location.
right469007Image by Ahmed on PexelsImage by Ahmed on PexelsIn relation to traffic analysis, this data could be useful in terms of considering what options are suitable for the transportation infrastructure once the traffic analysis has taken place.
Cultural and heritage data
Civil works design projects, including transportation infrastructure projects, must be informed by information about cultural and heritage matters i.e., cultural and heritage data. Such data could be provided by local councils or aboriginal land councils and could include, for example, information on aboriginal archaeological sites or heritage buildings.
Management of cultural and heritage issues would be documented in a Cultural/Heritage Management Plan which is generally a sub plan of an environmental management plan (which is covered in this first topic also).
In relation to traffic analysis, this data could be useful in terms of considering what options are suitable for the transportation infrastructure once the traffic analysis has taken place.
Traffic impact assessment guidelines
State and territory transport departments will have guidelines that will assist land use planners and transport planning professionals to undertake and assess transport impact assessments of developments.
ACTIVITY: REad
Explore an example of state/territory traffic impact assessment guidelines developed by the WA Department of Transport.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/planning-guidelines-transport-impact-assessment"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/planning-guidelines-transport-impact-assessment
In Topic 2, we will come back to these guidelines.
Once you have reviewed and assessed all the above data and/or information that you are provided with, then you can begin to understand the work requirements. Its also important to check that you indeed have all the information that you need to meet the requirements of the project.
As well as understanding the requirements for the work, you must also understand relevant legislation, standards and codes.
Before we continue on to look at planning and preparing for detailed traffic analysis, lets have a look at the legislation, standards and codes you need to be aware of and apply at work.
246824524003000LEgislation, standards and codes
There are both a combination of generic and specific civil construction legislation, standards and codes you need to be aware of.
3770630173518Image by Mikhail Pavstyuk on UnsplashImage by Mikhail Pavstyuk on UnsplashThese are as outlined below.
Environmental management
The impact of construction activities on the environment is well known and steps have been taken over the years to improve work practices and construction practices. In Australia, we have a piece of Commonwealth legislation called the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. We also have state and territory environmental legislation and guidance that provides information about the obligations under legislation.
Common environmental impacts of civil construction works include:
Your state or territory environmental protection authority or relevant government department will provide a wealth of information on environmental management.
The following documents are useful in regard to best practice environmental management:
Environmental management plans (EMPs): EMPs provide information about sustainability, waste management and other environmental issues such as dust control, storm water management, management of noise and vibration and so on.
Job safety and environmental analysis: a job safety and environmental analysis (JSEA) is a planning tool that analyses hazardous work activities and documents the controls that will be put in place, but it also incorporates environmental as well as health and safety issues.
Workplace policies and procedures: most organisations will have procedures in place on how to manage risks to the environment. Procedures will refer to issues such as spill management, working with hazardous materials and substances, waste disposal
SDS: these provide guidance and instructions on the safe use of hazardous substances. In particular, guidance will be provided about the safest ways in which to clean up and dispose of the substance itself and its packaging and associated waste. SDSs will also include directions on what to do in the event of a spill.
Your local council will also have its own requirements. For example, there will be set requirements around hours of work, acceptable levels of noise, waste disposal (what waste can go to landfill or to what must go to dedicated waste facilities) and stormwater protection.
ACTIVITY: Research
Find the website for your local council or another council of your choice and find out their requirements in relation to civil construction works.
Locate the website for your state or territory environment protection agency (or the relevant government department). Look for information relevant to civil construction.
Regardless of your role, you have an obligation to ensure that you and others around you are following the sites EMP, environmental/sustainability procedures and the requirements of the local council and your state or territory government. Consider your responsibilities in this area just like those of WHS role model best practice, be prepared to report any breaches, and assist others to apply best practice.
WHS
One of the key legislative requirements for any civil works is work health and safety. Every person has an obligation to ensure a safe work environment.
The legislation and regulations specific to WHS in Australia are:
Work Health and Safety Act 2011
Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011.
Each state and territory have its own legislative and regulatory instruments.
Image by Mufid Majnun on UnsplashThe WHS Act and WHS Regulations provide a framework for health and safety to:
secure the health and safety of workers and their workplaces
protect workers and other persons against harm to their health, safety and welfare through the elimination of risks arising from work, in accordance with the principle that workers and other persons should be given the highest level of protection against harm to their health, safety and welfare from hazards and risks arising from work as is reasonably practicablepromote continuous improvement and progressively higher standards of work health and safety.
Everyone plays an important role in ensuring compliance with WHS legislation.
Relationship between WHS Acts, regulations and codes of practice
The Act provides the broad responsibilities for workplace health and safety.
Regulations provide legally enforceable requirements for managing specific hazards and risks.
Codes of practice these are not legally enforceable (but they can be used in court as evidence that legal requirements have or have not been met). They provide guidance on how you can meet the requirements of the Act and Regulations.
WHS Acts and Regulations and Codes of Practice by state and territory
Safe Work Australia developed a set of model workplace health and safety laws for implementation by the Commonwealth as well as all states and territories. However, it is up to each state and territory to evaluate, regulate and enforce the laws if they choose. At the time of writing, all states and territories except Victoria and Western Australia have implemented the model laws.
You can learn more about the legislation in your state or territory at the links below.
Victoria: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/occupational-health-and-safety-act-and-regulationsNSW: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/legal-obligations/legislation
QLD: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/laws-and-compliance/work-health-and-safety-lawsACT: https://www.worksafe.act.gov.au/about-worksafe-actSA: https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/law-compliance/laws-regulations/legislation#accordion-2NT: https://worksafe.nt.gov.au/laws-and-compliance/workplace-safety-laws
WA: https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/worksafe/legislation
Tasmania: https://worksafe.tas.gov.au/topics/laws-and-complianceCommonwealth: https://www.comcare.gov.au/scheme-legislation/whs-actCodes of practice
A model code of practice is a document that provides practical guidance to principal contractors and PCBUs about how to meet their health and safety requirements under the Model WHS Act and Regulations.
Model codes of practice have been developed for general high-risk activities that occur across a range of industries. For example:
excavation work
managing the risk of falls at workplaces
managing noise and preventing hearing loss at work
confined spaces
demolition work
preventing falls in housing construction
hazardous manual tasks
how to manage and control asbestos in the workplace
how to safely remove asbestos.
A model code of practice has also been developed for construction work. This code of practice has been developed to provide guidance to PCBUs on how to eliminate and/or control risks to safety in a construction environment. It also provides useful guidance to others involved in the industry.
You will rely heavily on the Construction work Code of Practice for your state or territory to ensure your organisation is meeting its health and safety obligations.
You can download the code at the link below.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1901/code_of_practice_-_construction_work.pdf"https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1901/code_of_practice_-_construction_work.pdf
Other relevant codes of practice include:
managing WHS risks
demolition work
excavation work
hazardous manual tasks
confined spaces
first aid in the workplace
asbestos control and management
safe removal of asbestos
managing electrical risks
hazardous chemicals
crystalline silica
managing noise.
WHS systems
Comprehensive WHS systems must be in place for every project before commencement. These should include:
a site safety management plan for every site
SWMS for high-risk activities
emergency evacuation procedures
induction processes
safety policies and procedures
hazard identification and reporting, risk management and controls
the processes in place to ensure that the safety plan is constantly reviewed and updated.
Safe work method statement (SWMS)
The nature of construction means that it is an industry of high-risk for injury and even death to its workforce, visitors and bystanders. A SWMS is a planning tool that identifies the hazards andrisks associated with those activities and documents the controls that will be put in place to control the risks and ensure the work will be done safely. A SWMS must be in place wherever high-risk activities will take place.
One of the most important things to do when developing a SWMS or a JSEA SWMS (or a JSEA as it is also sometimes called) is to consult with the people that it will affect. They are the ones who know the task well and know the risks involved.
SDSs
As mentioned earlier, SDSs provide guidance and instructions on the safe use of hazardous substances. It is a legal requirement that employers have up to date SDSs available on site of all hazardous substances that are currently stored and being used.
standards
There are a range of Australian Standards that apply to civil construction works and that must be adhered to when designing and building these structures. These Standards focus on the building of the transportation analysis once the traffic analysis has been completed to inform the design or redesign. Examples include:
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 - Structural design actions, Part 0: General principles
This Australian Standard sets out the procedure for structural design. It includes design procedures, reference to design actions, combinations of actions, detailing for robustness, methods of analysis and methods for confirmation of a limit states design. This Standard also includes several other parts including Part 2 and 3 and relating to wind actions and snow and ice actions.
AS 3600:2018 Concrete structures
This Australian Standard specifies minimum requirements for the design and construction of concrete building structures and members that contain reinforcing steel or tendons, or both.
AS 4100:2020 Steel structures
This Australian Standard specifies the minimum requirements for the design and the engineering aspects of fabrication and erection, and modification of steelwork in structures in accordance with the limit states design method. It applies to buildings, structures and cranes constructed of steel.
There are also many other specific and general Standards that apply and specific to the type of civil works structure. For example, AS 4825 refers to Tunnel Fire Safety. It is also important to carefully review design criteria documentation to see if there is any information included on Standards that apply and design references in general.
One Standard that specifically applies to traffic analysis is the Standard below:
AS 1742.3 Manual of uniform control devices, Part 3 Traffic control for works
This Australian Standard sets out the requirements for the principles relating to devices that are used for the control of traffic for works that occur on roads. It sets out what traffic control measures and devices should be used to warn, instruct, and guide road users so that they can safely negotiate work sites on roads.
Thus, this Standard relates to traffic analysis in that it would be applied once the traffic analysis has informed the most suitable option for transportation infrastructure.
preparing a traffic analysis plan
To undertake detailed traffic analysis, its important to prepare a plan. A traffic analysis plan would generally include information about:
tasks to be completed and priorities
roles and responsibilities
type of data needed and data collection methods
resources requirements
communication and reporting requirements
quality management.
Lets have a look at each of these areas below:
Tasks, priorities, roles and responsibilities
A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a useful project tool for identifying tasks, responsibilities and timelines. It can also be used to monitor whether tasks have been completed to time and budget.
The Work Breakdown Structure is a breakdown of all the activities and tasks that make up a project. It is a tool used to break down work into manageable chunks.
A WBS will include goals, objectives, tasks and subtasks. It is represented in a hierarchical format, either using a graphical tree or line structure. It is a top-down breakdown with the highest level at the top.
Key steps involved in a WBS include:
listing all of the project outputs
identifying all of the activities required to deliver the project outputssubdividing activities into sub activities and tasks
identifying the deliverables and milestones of each task
identifying costs of resources (staff and materials) for each task.
ACTIVITY: READ
Read the information at the following link about developing a WBS.
Website: https://www.workbreakdownstructure.com
Make notes for future reference.
Type of data needed for traffic analysis
right635000The traffic analysis plan will need to specify the type of data needed, as well as how the data will be collected. Common types of data are outlined below.
Traffic flow data
Traffic flow data gives information on the rate at which vehicles pass a particular point on a road and is normally provided in terms of vehicles per hour.
Traffic volume data
right568545Image by Chuttersnap on UnsplashImage by Chuttersnap on UnsplashTraffic volume data gives information about the number of vehicles in a particular section of a road per hour or day or even per month or year. Traffic volume would also give information about the types of vehicles that are moving.
Traffic speed data
Traffic speed data gives information about the speed at which people are travelling in their vehicles. This will be calculated in terms of the distance travelled per unit of time. Because most of the time, each vehicle will have a speed that is somewhat different from those around it, the average speed of the traffic is the variable that is significant. The average speed is found by averaging all of the vehicles in the study area.
Pedestrian and bicycle data
Provides information about usage by cyclists and pedestrians.
Travel time and delay data
Provides information about the time it takes vehicles to travel a specific distance and queuing time that is involved.
Origin-destination data
Provides information about the amount of traffic that is passing through an area.
Noise, fuel and emission data
Provides information about the amount of noise produced by traffic and fuel and emissions generated. Surveys could include, for example, community reactions to the noise/fuel/emissions or decibel readings.
Parking data
Provides information about parking supply and demand.
Traffic generation data
Provides information about the traffic that will be generated from developments. There are sources of data that can be used to assist in calculating traffic generation, for example, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) has developed a manual that is widely used by practitioners to estimate trip generation which then forms an essential component of traffic impact studies.
Data collection methods
To collect the traffic data needed for the traffic analysis, the data collection methods need to be determined. Common methods for collecting traffic data include:
Road traffic sensors Road traffic sensors typically provide a record of all vehicle movements at the point of the sensor. They record data such as vehicle traffic counts and vehicle speeds.
Household travel surveys Typical information collected as part these surveys include origin destination trip patterns by transport mode, trip purpose and time of day, as well as household demographic information to model travel choices.
Road traffic statistics Road traffic statistics collected by government agencies can provide a range of long-term data.
ACTIVITY: READ
Austroads offers comprehensive online training on traffic management. This training includes a section on Transport Study, Traffic Data and Analysis Methods (unit 3). Have a look at Unit 3 which has some really useful information about transport and traffic data, traffic analysis concepts and capacity analysis at the following link.
Website: https://austroads.com.au/network-operations/traffic-management/traffic-management-training
Make notes for future reference.
resources requirements
The traffic analysis plan will specify the resources requirements for the project. Human resources will be determined as per the work breakdown structure and the tasks to be completed. Other resources could include financial resources to complete the project i.e., a budget and physical resources to collect the data i.e., as per the data collection methods discussed in the last section.
communication and reporting requirements
Another important part of your traffic analysis plan is communication and reporting requirements.
It is important to have communication and reporting processes established as part of a traffic analysis projects. These processes could include:
project team meetings
progress reports
use of the organisation's intranet
use of email
All communication and reporting must embrace the following characteristics:
Clear there must be no ambiguity. The message must not be open to various interpretations.
Brief it must be to the point without being curt or rude.
Targeted or customised the communication needs to be crafted to suit the person or audience to whom the message is sent.
Well-timed communication has to be regular and provided in a timely manner.
Explanatory it should give the rationale for directions, instructions or information provided.
Positive the communication should seek to encourage and enthuse employees, where possible.
Quality Management
Quality management as part of the traffic analysis planning process is very important. Developing quality management processes as part of the traffic analysis plan is very important as this will reduce the risk of a project failure. Quality management processes are put in place essentially to ensure that:
there are agreed quality methodologies and standards for managing the project and in the production of the outputs
there are agreed processes for the management of changes, problems, issues and incidents that emerge during the production of the outputsquality roles and responsibilities are confirmed.
ACTIVITY: reAD
Read more information on project quality management at the following link.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/resources/resource-library/articles/what-is-project-quality-management/" l "gref"https://www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/resources/resource-library/articles/what-is-project-quality-management/#gref
Quality management planning, assurance and control.
Website: HYPERLINK "http://www.projects.uts.edu.au/stepbystep/planning5.htm"www.projects.uts.edu.au/stepbystep/planning5.htm
Take any notes to summarise what you have read and keep for future reference.
ACTIVITY: practical
Read the following guide about planning a traffic impact assessment.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/traffic-impact-assessment/"https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/traffic-impact-assessment/
In small groups, identify a transportation project you are interested in by searching on the Internet. This could be a proposed or completed project.
As a group, consider and then document all the things you would need to do to plan for the traffic analysis (traffic impact assessment).
Topic 2: Carrying out detailed traffic analysisOnce your traffic analysis plan has been implemented and the data collected as per the plan, you can conduct your detailed traffic analysis.
Interpreting traffic data
In Topic 1, we looked at the data that can be collected. Now lets look at the type of information that an analysis of this data might produce.
Data type Provides information about
Traffic flow data Assists in road design and determines whether traffic control devices are needed.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Traffic volume data Assists in road design and classification
Estimates loading on pavements and bridges
Prioritises improvement and upgrades of roads
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Speed data Assists in road design and determines whether traffic control devices are needed.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Pedestrian and bicycle data Assists in incorporating the needs of cyclists and pedestrians into road design.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Travel time and delay data
Assists in road design and determine whether traffic control devices are needed.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Origin-destination data
Provides valuable information about where vehicle users want to travel which would then assist with road design.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Noise, fuel and emission data Assists in road design and determine whether traffic control devices are needed.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Parking data Assists in road design and the level of parking that might be needed.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
Traffic generation data Assists in assessments of the impact of traffic and therefore the road design.
Assists with traffic management strategies.
The traffic analysis will depend on the project, as well as the type of data collected. Have a look at these two videos below which focus on traffic volume data and analysis.
ACTIVITY: watch
Watch these videos about traffic volume including the objective of a traffic volume study and how to measure and analyse traffic volume.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcb0VXUAeBc (21:52)
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm9if6bwu9I (34:29)
Write down your key learnings from this video for discussion with your group.
More about Traffic data analysis
In the section above we looked at traffic volume analysis and we also looked at types of traffic data in Topic. There are also some other important traffic analyses which you need to understand as the unit of competency you are studying has identified these as required knowledge. Lets look at each of these below:
Traffic data analysis techniques Description
Traffic flow rates
Traffic flow is the rate at which vehicles pass a given point on the roadway and is normally given in terms of vehicles per hour.
Level of Service (LoS)
LoS is an indicator of queuing incidence and delay time incurred, for example at an intersection. An indicator is produced ranging from A to F. A LoS of A indicates an excellent level of service whereby drivers delay is at a minimum and they clear the intersection at each change of signals or soon after arrival with little if any queuing. Values of B through D are acceptable in normal traffic conditions. Values of E and F are typically considered undesirable, within CBD areas with significant vehicular and pedestrian numbers, corresponding delays/queues are unavoidable and hence, are generally accepted by road users.
Traffic capacity requirements Traffic capacity requirements is essentially the maximum potential capacity of any given transportation infrastructure such as a road. It is a central concept in the design transportation infrastructure as it will be important to predict the times and places where congestion occurs, the amount of delay involved, and the volumes of traffic expected in bottle necks.
Essentially capacity is associated with traffic volume and flow and is the maximum traffic flow that can be accommodated in, for example, a road during a given time period under prevailing roadway, traffic and control conditions.
Note that one of the biggest constraints on road capacity is driver behaviour. Inattentive driving, speeding, reckless driving and other behaviour can slow overall traffic. Similarly, failure to merge in an orderly fashion, frequent exits and entrances, also cause traffic to slow.
Percentages Percentages are an important part of traffic analysis. For example, if were looking at origin-destination surveys, then you may need detailed information on the distribution of trips i.e. 50% go on to the north on X road, 15% go to the east on X road and so on. This gives insights into future traffic use.
ACTIVITY: READ
Read more about traffic data analysis and WA Department of Transports guidance.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2021-06/GD_Transport_impact_assessment_vol5pdf.pdf"https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2021-06/GD_Transport_impact_assessment_vol5pdf.pdf
Write down your key learnings from this video for discussion with your group.
Traffic analysis software
In the videos above, you would have seen that Excel was used as a software analysis tool. There is more complex software that can be used to analyse traffic data and design relevant transportation infrastructure. For example, SIDRA is a commonly used intersection modelling tool used by traffic engineers for all types of intersections. If you are interested look the company up online and have a look at their website and the software they offer.
Traffic analysis study
It will be very useful to be able to see a real-life traffic analysis report so that you can see what data was collected, how it was collected and how it was analysed. Your trainer will go through an example with you.
Options
Once you have completed your traffic analysis, then you can start to think about options as relevant to the particular transportation infrastructure project and which the traffic analysis is informing. These options will be specific to each project.
In terms of coming up with options, there are a range of ways for identifying options as relevant to each traffic analysis. These include:
discussing the traffic analysis with others
brainstorming ideas
looking at other transportation projects and solutions.
ACTIVITY: WAtch
Watch this interesting video that explores the idea of why an obvious solution for traffic congestion isnt always the answer.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-0z2uLn16o (04:15)
In identifying options, it is important to complete a risk assessment. Lets have a look at this now.
Risk Assessment
In terms of identifying options for the transportation infrastructure, it is important to carry out a risk assessment.
The first step in this process will be to identify risks. Identifying risks could occur through:
meetings with other stakeholders
distributing questionnaires and/or surveys to stakeholders (as an alternative to holding meetings)
referencing previous risk management documentation to see what other risks were identified and assessed
referencing what has happened in similar local, national and overseas organisationsreviewing internal risk-related reports
employing the services of a fee-for-service risk consultant.
Once risks have been researched, a detailed analysis of each risk is required to determine:
potential outcomes
the likelihood of the potential outcome occurring
the impact or consequence if the outcome occurs
prioritising risks
establishing potential risk treatments.
For all risks the business elects to manage, the likelihood of each risk occurring must be estimated. This may be done using words or numbers, for example:
Words Numbers
Rare 1
Unlikely 2
Likely 3
Very likely 4
Establishing the likelihood of the risk occurring requires the risk management team to decide how likely or probable it is that the risk will materialise into an actual negative event.
Making these decisions requires the exercise of personal judgement using as many legitimate reference points as possible. Keys to making this decision include:
examining internal historical records about the occurrence and timing of similar scenarios
referencing industry-wide records relating to the occurrence and timing of similar scenarios
asking managers in professional networks of contacts how they rate the same or similar likelihoods and what they base their ratings on
working with government bodies to determine if they have any guidelines in this regard
being as realistic and objective as possible (striving to be neither optimistic nor pessimistic)
seeking qualitative and quantitative input from stakeholders and other professionals and experts
realising some risks will be more difficult to decide probability to than others (some require more detailed analysis or consideration).
ACTIVITY: read
If youre interested in a more detailed explanation of calculating likelihood, read the article below.
Article: https://www.dummies.com/careers/project-management/assessing-the-likelihood-of-a-risk-in-your-project/How do I establish the impact or consequence of a risk eventuating?
The likelihood and impact are normally worked out at the same time. The same principles described above for deciding likelihood apply again here. An example of descriptive words and numbers that may be used to describe the impact of the risk are:
Words Numbers
Minor 1
Moderate 2
Significant 3
Catastrophic 4
ACTIVITY: read
If youre interested in a more detailed explanation of developing consequences, read the article below.
Article: https://paladinrisk.com.au/risk-tip-3-developing-consequence-matrix/
How do I prioritise risks?
Once the likelihood and impact have been established, a risk rating can be calculated by multiplying them together.
Risk = impact x likelihood
Take a look at the example and make sure you understand how risk is calculated.
Risk Potential outcomes Likelihood (0 4) Impact rating (0 4) Risk
Dust storm causes a truck driver to have an accident. Truck needs to be repaired 3 2 6
Driver injured 2 4 8
Other vehicles damaged 1 3 3
Once a risk has been analysed, you can choose to address the higher rated risks first (see the risk matrix below).
A risk matrix is the graphical representation of the risk impact and likelihood for each of the risks that have been addressed. It:
allows everyone to quickly and easily see the level of risk presented by each risk.
provides information to help prioritise the risk for treatment.
indicates what action may need to be taken on terms of treatment.
A sample risk matrix is shown below:
Severity
Minor Moderate Significant Catastrophic
Likelihood Very likely Moderate High Extreme Extreme
Likely Low Moderate High Extreme
Unlikely Very low Low Moderate High
Rare Very low Very low Low Moderate
The risk matrix can be used to assist with prioritisation for example in the following way:
Once risks have identified and addressed, they can then be considered as part of assessing which option will be most suitable for the transportation infrastructure.
Cost estimating methods
As well as assessing risks associated with each option, it will also be important to estimate costs for each of the options. While this may not be possible until the detailed design stage, it may be possible to give a rough estimate of costs.
There are a number of cost estimating methods that can be used to estimate costs. The most widely used cost estimating techniques are:
Expert judgement using the experience and knowledge of experts to estimate the cost of a project. For example, the experts could be project managers who have worked on other projects.
Analogous estimating this approach uses historical data from similar projects and the estimate can be adjusted based on known differences between the projects. This type of project is often used in the early stages of a projects as an estimate only. It is not a very reliable estimation.
Parametric estimating this approach uses statistical modelling to develop a cost estimate/ the modelling is based on historical data to calculate estimates.
Three-point estimating this approach is used to reduce uncertainties in estimating assumptions and uses the PERT method for estimating. This can provide quite an accurate estimate because of its lack of bias.
Bottom-up estimating this approach is the most time consuming, but its advantage is that it is very accurate. The cost of all activities in a project are calculated and then added up.
ACTIVITY: read AND WATCH
Read more about cost estimating at the link below.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://www.project-management-skills.com/project-cost-estimating.html"https://www.project-management-skills.com/project-cost-estimating.html
Watch the following video about time and cost estimating.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8rAAYT5A5k (11:56)
Write down your key takeaways.
Leading and coordinating a team
Leading and coordinating a team takes focussed effort and practice. Workplace leaders and managers are responsible to establish effective processes to facilitate positive, collaborative and synergic relationships within their team, work unit or organisation.
Positive relationships are important for success, as well as happiness.
Working professionals are more likely to spend more time with their co-workers than their family, so both professional and personal relationships in the workplace are very important.
Image by Tim Douglas on PexelsOpen communication, acceptance of diversity, mindfulness, mutual respect and trust are all characteristics of effective workplace relationships (see figure below).
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0Trust
39287452949412Trust
0Trust
869133604740Trust
0Trust
3880215561793Trust
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We will discuss each of these characteristics in more detail for the remainder of this topic.
Communication
Communication is key to personal and workplace success no relationship can prosper without it. It ensures a human connection and strengthens teams.
Communication must occur in order to transmit information and ideas from one person or place to another person or place in the clearest and most accurate way as possible.
ACTIVITY: watch
Watch the following video that introduces communication.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6IAhXM-vps (01:37)
The communication process
The goal of communication is to convey information (and the understanding of that information) from one person or group to another person or group. The communication process begins with a sender sending a message using a specific channel of communication (for example, verbally or in writing). The sender must encode the message before it is sent. Encoding is the process the sender follows to decide how to send the message to the receiver and what to include in the message. This will depend on who the message is sent to as well as the context (for example, more informal information may be sent through an email as opposed to more formal information which could be presented in the form of a report).
The receiver then receives the message and must be able to decode it. Decoding is the mental process to translate the message into understanding.
Sometimes a receiver will give the sender feedback, which is a message sent by the receiver back to the sender. For example, this could be a question to clarify the information received.
Communication can take place verbally and non-verbally.
ACTIVITY: RESEARCH AND DISCUSS
Research ways that communication may take place verbally in the workplace. Include:
a list of verbal communication methods (e.g., face-to-face discussion, email etc.)
examples in the workplace where each method is appropriate (e.g., performance review discussion).
Once youve completed your list, partner up with another student to compare what youve written. Your trainer will then facilitate a groups discussion to create a comprehensive list of verbal communication methods and examples.
Take notes to summarise what you have read and keep them for future reference.
While verbal communication is the most obvious type of communication, a large part of the way we communicate occurs through non-verbal cues in conversations (explained in the next table).
Non-verbal communication Description
Body language Body language can reinforce the verbal language you use and how you say those words. It can also demonstrate your actual feelings if you are angry, embarrassed or lacking confidence in a conversation.
There are two main facets of body language to consider:
posture your sitting or standing posture during a conversation is important. Your posture should be open, with your body turned to face the other person. Leaning forward slightly conveys you are actively listening.
gestures simple gestures that indicate you are listening include nodding your head and opening your palms. Moving hands can communicate a sense of engagement about a subject. Maintaining eye contact is very important.
Negative body language presents a negative image and can block progress. Looking at your watch, fiddling with an object or doodling during discussions can present as not being interested or contrary. Other negative body language to be avoided includes:
clenching fists
folding arms
rolling eyes
shrugging and shuffling
imitating another person's negative body language
finger pointing.
Positive body language can be learnt by watching how others behave during conversations: copy positive gestures and postures and avoid behaviour that you find repellent.
Eye contact Looking people in the eye when talking to them is a good way to let them know you are listening to them and interested in what they have to say. Eye contact can also convey sincerity and confidence, which is often important in business situations.
When we dont look the other person in the eye, we can appear disinterested, nervous, or even untrustworthy. If a business associate forms a negative view of a person, it can be difficult to reverse this impression, so trying to maintain eye contact and focusing on the person you are talking with is paramount.
Of course, it is important not to stare at them, accidentally or otherwise.
Facial expressions Faces are expressive, and often convey emotions away before we verbally express what we feel. It is important to try to keep your facial expressions positive during a business conversation.
Smiling is very important, and a genuine smile can help another person relax during a conversation.
Negative facial expressions should be avoided. These include:
frowning or scowling
glaring
having a blank look on your face
sneering
pouting.
Effective communication skills
Whether youre communicating verbally, non-verbally or using both, make sure you do it effectively.
ACTIVITY: read
Explore the Business Queensland website by accessing and reading the information on the following link.
Website: HYPERLINK "https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/marketing-sales/managing-relationships/communicating-effectively"https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/marketing-sales/managing-relationships/communicating-effectively
Remember to select the next button at the bottom of the page to access all relevant information.
Take notes and keep them for future reference. Your trainer will facilitate a group discussion to summarise what youve learnt.
ACTIVITY: watch
Watch the following video showing examples of ineffective communication.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FfaPhCKZew (02:31)
As you watch the video, reflect on what has gone wrong.
ACTIVITY: watch
If youre interested, watch the video below for more practical ways to communicate effectively.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gaj3Xl9vasc (35:14)
Diversity
At work (or in your studies), you will constantly be reminded of the fact that no two people are alike.
Always consider the diverse needs and situations of the people youre working with.
ACTIVITY: reflect
How would you describe yourself? What type of personality do you have?
Valuing difference allows each person to contribute their unique experiences to the workplace and can impact positively on not only internal activities and relationships, but the experiences of customers and other stakeholders as well.
Image by fauxels on PexelsACTIVITY: watch
Watch this brief video about diversity in the workplace.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwKOHv6dJD4 (04:49)
Interpersonal styles
An awareness of your own interpersonal style and the interpersonal style of people you work with (or study with) is important in determining how you can best work together.
There are many ways to describe personality types and interpersonal styles.
In addition to interpersonal styles, there are also different communication and leaderships styles.
ACTIVITY: read
Read the article explaining different communication styles.
Article: https://www.leadershipiq.com/blogs/leadershipiq/39841409-quiz-whats-your-communication-style
Take notes and keep them for future reference.
ACTIVITY: discuss
As a group, discuss:
the article youve just read.
examples of how you can adjust your communication style to suit different audiences.
how a specific communication style can build trust and support positive working relationships.
Take notes and keep them for future reference.
ACTIVITY: practical
What is your leadership style? Access the quiz via the link below to find out.
Website: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/leadership-style-quiz.htm
Take notes and keep them for future reference.
Mindfulness and mutual respect
Good leaders and managers consider how different perspectives, situations and contexts affect meaning and messaging in the workplace.
ACTIVITY: reflect
People imitate their leader. Lead by example. (Barbara Corcoran).
How does this quote relate to communication, diversity, mindfulness, mutual respect and trust (all characteristics of positive relationships in the workplace)?
Mindfulness and mutual respect involve:
identifying shared perspectives and trying to understand alternative perspectives
challenging assumptions about self or others (assumptions can be based on stereotypes, prejudice, biases, conscious or unconscious attitudes)
engaging with people and responding flexibly and positively in diverse groups.
addressing micro-inequities that you observe
taking action within the team to mitigate the impact of systemic inequitiesusing a variety of strategies to develop trust amongst the team.
provide support to colleagues and team members on how to work effectively in a diverse team (support can be provided through coaching, mentoring, training, feedback, recognition, commitment, information, resources, tools).
It may be necessary to provide translations of information both verbally and non-verbally. Ways of communicating that take culture into account include:
speaking clearly and without jargon or by providing additional explanations when needed
face-to-face meetings with bilingual staff or specialist support services
noticeboards, posters, pamphlets and displays that incorporate the home languages represented in the organisation
web pages with translated information and videos
mastering a few key phrases in a range of languages might be a great way to build rapport.
An inclusive leader will acknowledge their own biases and consistently demonstrate inclusive behaviour.
This can involve actively seeking to network with a broad diversity of people as well as taking opportunities to challenge common myths, perceptions and stereotypes about people, diversity and inclusion. In practice this may mean challenging a comment made at an executive leadership meeting that is intended to be humorous, but which reflects a common stereotype.
Performance reviews
Performance reviews play a big part in monitoring and evaluating performance. They are often held annually and provide an opportunity for employee and manager to discuss how well they have performed over the year. They can often include performance standards and key performance indicators and can include:
an assessment of how an employee is performing in their work role
evaluation of an employees work performance
identification of strengths and weaknesses
setting future goals.
An individuals code of conduct and behaviour
Performance reviews are often linked to salary reviews, incentives and to identify any training or development needs.
Conducting performance reviews
Following are some simple steps for conducting performance reviews:
both employer and employee should be prepared for the review (provide a copy of the performance appraisal beforehand and review the previous years appraisal)
allow enough time for the review
structure the meeting so that all points can be covered
constructive and positive feedback
employees should provide their own feedback and be encouraged to self-appraise
concentrate on the performance and be based on fact not opinion
analyse performance jointly and objectively
agree on objectives, which are achievable and measurable
create a plan of action.
ACTIVITY: read
Review the following articles.
Article: https://www.ahri.com.au/resources/ahriassist/performance-management/
Article: http://www.10mmt.com/2012/performance-review/how-to-monitor-staff-performance-against-performance-objectives/
What type of behaviour should be observed when monitoring performance?
Your trainer/assessor will facilitate a discussion.
ACTIVITY: read
Refer to the following articles to discuss methods used in appraisal.
Article: https://corehr.wordpress.com/performance-management/performance-appraisal-methods/
Article: https://www.valamis.com/hub/performance-appraisal
Take notes as you will be able to use your notes to help you answer two questions in Assessment Task 1 about self-appraisal and types of performance reviews.
Presenting your traffic analysis
Once you have completed the traffic analysis, identifying suitable options, completed a risk assessment and developed cost estimates, then it will be important to present it to other relevant stakeholders for their review and input.
right1031700This could be via a formal presentation at a meeting so lets look at what to look out for when presenting your work for review.
A good presentation strategy is to focus on your target audience and their needs. In this case as the traffic analysis need to be approved by decision makers, the presentation is most likely to be a formal presentation at a meeting.
right431548Image by Austin Distel on UnsplashImage by Austin Distel on UnsplashRegardless your information should be organised into an introduction, main concepts and a conclusion.
You can also use a range of presentation aids such as:
printouts/handouts
data projector equipment and peripherals
audio and visual recordings
charts, diagrams, images
whiteboard/smart board and markers
lighting and sound and the facility.
Also consider some techniques to make presentations interesting such as:
using a statistic, a story or a piece of pop culture to make a powerful impressionbeing bold and unexpected with your slides
making noteworthy statements and asking your audience questions
using images, not text.
standing up, moving around and using the space
ending with a bang, such as a compelling call to action, a rhetorical question, or a meaningful quotation.
Verbal and non-verbal communication skills are also vital.
Effective verbal communication requires solid speaking and listening skills on the part of the presenter.
Elements of verbal communication to be aware of and that can influence the way your communications are received and interpreted are:
the choice of tongue that is, whether or not English or another language is usedthe level of formality or familiarity used
the choice of individual words
whether or not abbreviations are used
the use of colloquialisms
the use of jargon or industry terms.
Active listening skills are also important and include:
facing the other person so they can read your facial expressions and you can see and read theirs
paying attention to the other person and avoiding distractions and interruptions
asking questions to show you are engaged
encouraging the other person to continue talking to obtain more information (such as smiling, nodding, saying I see, interesting or go on)
taking notes to demonstrate you are paying attention
leaning slightly forward and making eye contact to show interest
paraphrasing what the other person says to prove you have heard and understood
not interrupting
empathising with the other person
not being judgemental about what the other person is saying
forming visualisations of what the other person is talking about
looking for emphasis the other person places on certain words or how they state certain facts or phrases
reading non-verbal cues
reading between the lines.
ACTIVITY: watch
Watch the video explaining effective listening skills.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwWj_SfDpzg (05:26)
Take notes and keep them for future reference.
ACTIVITY: read
If youre interested, read the article 6 ways effective listening can make you a better leader.
Website: https://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2013/05/20/6-effective-ways-listening-can-make-you-a-better-leader/#5e2fa9321756
We communicate by sending out non-verbal messages that can be equally persuasive. During a presentation your posture should be open, and you should be facing the audience whenever possible. When answering questions from the audience, you can lean forward slightly to convey that you are actively listening to the person asking the question.
Positive body language can be learned by watching how other people do presentations. Anything that seems positive is worth imitating, while anything that puts you off should be avoided.
Some examples of negative body language include folding your arms, shrugging, clenching your fists or pointing a finger.
Eye contact with your audience can display honesty and confidence. You can also move your hands and make use of gestures as long as you dont overdo it.
Our faces are extremely expressive, and often give our emotions away before we have a chance to say what we feel. It is important to keep your facial expressions positive during a presentation or when listening to questions from your audience. Avoid negative facial expressions, such as sneering, pouting, frowning, glaring or rolling the eyesUsing a steady calm and confident tone at the right volume is an example of good presentation skills. Speaking too slowly or too fast or speaking in a monotone can convey in the topic youre presenting.
Presenting the traffic analysis in written form
It may also be appropriate to present the traffic analysis in report form. Read all the following information about developing a well written report.
When developing your messages and positions that you want to get across to others, you need to think carefully about each audience or stakeholder and how they fit with the purpose of your document.
right658200It is crucial to understand the level of interest of each stakeholder in your message. Once you know who you are communicating to and you are able to define what level of support you are seeking from them, you need to consider their perspective.
Depending on the level of knowledge of your audience, your document may contain general information or very complex information.
right100059Image by Alvaro Reyes on Unsplash0Image by Alvaro Reyes on UnsplashIf you need to illicit a response from your audience, make sure to clearly outline the next steps to be taken. INCLUDEPICTURE "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1531403009284-440f080d1e12?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEyMDd9&auto=format&fit=crop&w=1000&q=80" * MERGEFORMATINET
Some questions you might want to ask yourself are:
Factor Description
The target audience Who will you communicate with/who needs to know?
Why would the target audience care to know this information?
Am I presenting my document to multiple target audiences at the same time?
The timeline When do you need to communicate?
By when you need the audience to respond?
The purpose Why are you communicating about this topic?
Why is it unique or different?
The context What is the background?
What will the format and structure be?
The topic and key points What do you want to communicate?
Are your key points in a logical order?
The structure and content Should you include charts, tables or pictures in the document?
What is the appropriate tone and look for the document?
Determining the document layout and design
Most organisations have their own guidelines for producing documentation. Organisational requirements can include:
company colour scheme and guidelines for visual presentation, including margins, fonts and style.
spelling, grammar, punctuation and writing style to ensure a consistent corporate image.
graphics standards, including the use of logos and brands.
document naming conventions and filing protocols.
the use of company templates or letterheads, which presents a professional image.
consultation within the organisation to ensure only the relevant information is included or to consult on what can be distributed to both internal and external audiences.
It is important to set an example when communicating with others and to ensure that you are meeting organisational standards regarding professional and respectful language. This applies to verbal and non-verbal communication within the organisation.
Always check documents for spelling and grammar before it is distributed.
Style guides
A style guide is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organisation or field. A style guide establishes and enforces style to improve communication.
The number one goal of a style guide is consistency within a document and across multiple documents.
Inconsistency in the style and design of documentation makes businesses look unprofessional. The style guide gives staff assistance in how to write and format the different communication products they might use.
For example, the style guide sets out what font type and size to use, how to use the logo, consistent paragraph spacing, default colour schemes for SmartArt, charts and tables and how to write a briefing note. Style guides can also provide information on naming conventions and version control.
Feedback
Once you have presented your traffic analysis and got feedback, you should carefully review it. However, if you dont agree with feedback that someone has provided, you dont have to adopt it.
If you dont agree with the feedback provided, then its important to communicate with the person who gave that feedback as to why.
If you do agree with their feedback, its also important to acknowledge the feedback provided and to advise that you will make changes.
Producing the final version
Once you have made the final changes based on feedback, then its time to distribute the final traffic analysis to stakeholders. Its important that you stick to timelines for providing the analysis. For example, following a meeting to finalise the traffic analysis, it might be agreed that the finalised analysis should be updated and sent out to everyone within 2 days of the meeting.
You will also need to file the analysis following your workplaces procedures. For example, the workplace may have a specific folder for storing all traffic analysis. Make sure too that the plan can only be accessed by persons who have approval to access them.
File management
File management is the method used for saving, naming, storing and managing files on a computer. Filing on a computer is a complex hierarchical system consisting of directories and sub-directories.
If the process of naming and storing the files has been done in an organised, structured and consistent way then the file management is effective.
The importance of correctly naming files and folders are reflected in the standards usually set by organisations. Most organisations will have a style guide that will outline the way files and folders should be saved and stored.
ACTIVITY: reFLECT
How often have you lost a document, or created a folder and cant find it?
Why do you think people lose their documents?
Make notes on your thoughts.
Tips for Good File Management Practice
25857203873500The use of the computers default folder structure.
Creating folders in a logical hierarchical structure.
Nesting folders within folders.
Following naming conventions for folder creation.
Creating names with specific, relevant and logical names.
right68404Image by Ilya Pavlov on UnsplashImage by Ilya Pavlov on UnsplashFiling documents in the right place as they are saved.
Backing up your files is also good file management practice and will avoid problems with loss or damage to documents. Furthermore, saving work to a network drive or cloud drive can ensure that documents are backed up.
Removing USB drives from computers should also be done through ejecting the drive first to avoid loss or damage to files. Ensuring that your virus software is up to date will also avoid loss or damage to documents.
ACTIVITY: research and discuss
Look at the college network drive to see how documents and files are stored.
Ask your trainer/assessor what drives are used and why. Do they have to follow naming conventions?
ACTIVITY: read
Review the University of Hertfordshires management standards for naming conventions as a working example.
Website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/secreg/upr/pdf/IM11-Apx5-Standard%20Naming%20Conventions%20for%20electronic%20Files,%20Folders%20and%20Records-v03.0.pdf
Now look at your own file structure and the way you name files. Do you think you are consistent and use your own type of naming conventions?
Spend some time looking at how you can improve on your own file management.
Remember too that version control is important. Every time you create a file, it should be Version 1. If you make changes, such as changes suggested by a client, then the version must be changed. If the change is a minor change, then it will be Version 1.1 but if its a major change, it will become Version 2.0 and so on.
One more note in terms of documentation is that it is important to check that all documents are current and accurate. Carefully review each document to check this and make any changes required. For example, before printing or sending a document, it is important to review and check the presentation for spelling and grammar.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS PLAN TEMPLATE
Use this template to develop your traffic analysis plan.
Title of project Include the title of the project here.
Summary of requirements Include a summary of requirements for the detailed traffic analysis here.
Source of data that will be used Include the details of the data sources that will be used here.
Human resources requirements Include the details of all of those that will be involved in the project and their role and key responsibilities here.
Key tasks to be completed Include the details of the key tasks to be completed here in order of priority.
Progress reporting Include details of how the project will be monitored i.e. progress reporting.
Communication requirements Include details of communication processes.
