Species ID Upper limit, Diameter class Trees in class (per ha) Average height (m)
Species ID Upper limit, Diameter class Trees in class (per ha) Average height (m)
Red pine 5 0
Pinus resinosa10 0
20 0
30 25 13.8
40 350 16.3
50 100 21.3
60 20 23.2
Snags 70 10
80 0
>80 0
Description:
Stand is a 110-year-old red pine plantation established on glacial outwash sands in Durham County Ontario. The pine were planted initially to prevent excessive erosion due to failed attempts at farming in the 1900s-1920s.
AS the trees have aged and some have died (for a variety of reasons), tree species typical of the original mixed hardwood forest have begun to regenerate (See table below this description). The sparse understory comprises Rubus idaeus, grasses and several herbs. However, a fairly thick litter layer limits both understory herbs and natural regeneration of trees.
In tree fall gaps, however, occasional stems of Quercus rubra (red oak, black ash (fraxinus nigra) and white pine (Pinus strobus) have become established (see table below).
Management objectives:
Local authorities and conservation groups would like to encourage the gradual conversion of this stand to a more natural, mixed hardwood-conifer stand typical of forests on these soils prior to settlement.
The objective, therefore, is to harvest existing red pine for timber values while maintaining soil integrity, conserving existing natural regeneration, and encouraging (or planting) more of the desired tree species to establish and grow.
Useful references:https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Pages/Tree-Harvesting.aspx
https://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/pdf/10.5558/tfc77721-4
A silvicultural guide to managing southern Ontario forests (https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/2819/silv-guide-southern-on.pdf) -- also in the Readings folder on Nexus
Managing regeneration in conifer plabntations to restore a mixed, hardwood forest http://www.lrconline.com/Extension_Notes_English/pdf/cnfr.pdf
Natural regeneration Species Diameter classes Trees in class (ha) Est. Height (m)
White pine 5 50 3.5
10 5 7.6
Red oak 5 50 2.4
10 10 5.8
20 1 10.6
Black ash 5 75 1.5
10 2 7.6
