TheChatswoodSchoolbuildingexemplifiesthesystematicmethodologyusedtomaximizestructuralintegrity,utility,andcost-effectiveness. Thisprocedureentailsdo

Executive Summary

TheChatswoodSchoolbuildingexemplifiesthesystematicmethodologyusedtomaximizestructuralintegrity,utility,andcost-effectiveness. Thisprocedureentailsdoingathoroughinvestigationofframematerialssuchassteel,timber,andreinforcedconcrete,takingintoaccounttheirstrengths,durability,andenvironmentalimpact. Prefabricationandmodularconstructionarebeinginvestigatedasalternativeconstructiontechnologiesforreducingconstructiontimeandcosts. Furthermore,severaldesignpossibilitiesareconsideredtoensurethattheselectedframesatisfiescertainneedsandspecifications. Themostappropriatesolutionisselectedthroughrigorousexamination,takingintoaccountperformance,sustainability,andbudgetaryrestrictions. Finally,thisdetailedexaminationconfirmsthattheChatswoodSchoolfacilityisasafe,efficient,andfavorableenvironmentforlearninganddevelopment.

Table of Contents

TOC o "1-2" h z u 1Overview of the structure PAGEREF _Toc168434413 h 321 Structural system and members PAGEREF _Toc168434414 h 32.11.1 Roof members PAGEREF _Toc168434415 h 32.21.2 Suspended slab system PAGEREF _Toc168434416 h 42.31.3 Columns PAGEREF _Toc168434417 h 62.4Load-bearing walls PAGEREF _Toc168434418 h 92.5Bracing bay members PAGEREF _Toc168434419 h 93Strength of members PAGEREF _Toc168434420 h 244Member-to-member connections PAGEREF _Toc168434421 h 15Evaluation of the frame and alternative design/construction options PAGEREF _Toc168434422 h 156Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc168434423 h 16

Overview of the structureThe architectural concept for the Chatswood School building embodies a meticulous and thorough approach to crafting a secure, durable, and efficient educational space within the lively community of Chatswood, situated on Sydney's northern shore. This professional outline outlines the key elements of the building design plan.

Commencing with a detailed examination of various system loads including gravitational (both static and dynamic) and external factors like wind and seismic forces, the design process adhered to Australian standards to ensure the structure's ability to withstand anticipated conditions safely (Williams,2024).

The structural framework of the building comprises carefully chosen components designed to bear vertical loads and counter lateral forces effectively. Common elements such as columns, beams, braces, slabs, trusses, studs, and joists were thoughtfully integrated into the design to enhance the system's resilience, stability, and operational efficiency (Stevanz,2024).

Structural system and membersTheroofsystemoftheChatswoodSchoolbuildingisintendedtoprovideconsistentweatherprotectionwhilealsocomplementingthestructure'soverallbeauty. Theroofingmaterialsusedaredurableandresistanttoexternalconditionsincludingrain,wind,andsunlight.Properdrainagepreventswatercollectionandharmtothebuildingenvelope. Insulationisconsideredtocontrolindoortemperatureandsaveenergy.

Theprimaryraftersorbeamssupporttheroofloadandspanthebuilding'swidthorlength. Dependingonthedesignandroofconfiguration,theseelementsareusuallyseparatedatregularintervalsandrunparalleltooneanother. TheChatswoodSchoolbuilding'scorerafters/beamsarebuilttobearroofloads,includingroofingsupplies,snow,wind,andmaintenancestaff. Materialsforprincipalrafters/beamsmightvarydependingonstructuralrequirements,architecturaldesign,andconstructionfeasibility. Commonmaterialsincludewood,steel,andreinforcedconcrete. Primaryrafters/beamsaresecurelycoupledtothebuilding'sstructuralframework,includingcolumns,walls,andSize:Primaryrafters/beamsaresizedbasedonspanlength,roofload,andmaterialstrength (Zhang,2024). Timberrafterstypicallyrangeinsizefrom2inchesby6inches(50mmby150mm)to2inchesby12inches(50mmby300mm)forshorterspansandbiggersizesforlongerspans. SteelbeamdiameterscanrangefromW4x13toW14x30(wideflangebeams)orUB203x133toUB533x210(universalbeams),dependingonstructuralneeds.

oSecondaryroofmembersreinforceandsustaintheroofstructureinadditiontotheprincipalrafters/beams. oThesememberscanincludecollarties,struts,purlins,braces,andmore,basedontheparticulardesignandconstructionspecifications. oPurlinsarehorizontalcomponentsthatsupportthesheathingorroofcoveringandarepositionedbetweenthemainraftersandbeams. oStrutsandbracesareverticalordiagonalpartsthatresistlateralstresseslikeseismicloadingandwinduplifttosupporttheroofstructure.

Collartiesarehorizontalcomponentsneartheroofridgethatlinkopposingrafters/beams,preventingthemfromexpandingapartandmaintainingstructuralintegrity. ChatswoodSchool'ssecondaryroofmembersareintendedtomeetengineeringprinciplesandbuildingrequirements,providingadequatesupport,stability,andresiliencetodiverseloadsandenvironmentalconditions.

Purlins:Timberpurlinsnormallyrangeinsizefrom2inchesby4inches(50mmby100mm)to2inchesby8inches(50mmby200mm),whereassteelpurlinsrangefromC100toC200,dependingontheroofspanandloadrequirements (Asi,2024). StrutsandBraces:Thesizeofstrutsandbracesisdeterminedbytheirorientationandload-bearingcapabilities. Diagonalstruts,forexample,canmeasure2inchesby4inches(50mmby100mm)to4inchesby6inches(100mmby150mm)fortimbermembersorcorrespondingsizesforsteelmembers. CollarTies:Collartiesarecommonlysizedsimilarlytopurlinsorrafters,withmeasurementsrangingfromtwoinchesbyfour. Overall,theroofmembersintheChatswoodSchoolbuilding,includingprimaryrafters/beamsandsecondaryroofmembers,arecriticalcomponentsoftheroofstructure,providingnecessarysupport,stability,andfunctionalitytoprotectthebuildinginteriorandoccupantsfromtheelementswhilealsoenhancingthearchitecturaldesignandaestheticappeal.

Suspended slab systemThesuspendedslabtechnologyoftheChatswoodSchoolbuildinghasvariousbenefits,includingplandesignflexibilityandspaceefficiency. Thesystemconsistsofreinforcedconcreteslabssupportedbybeams,columns,andwalls,creatinganelevatedfloorsurface.

Reinforcementiscarefullydesignedandplacedtoensuretheslab'sstrengthandload-bearingcapacitymeetstandards. Thethicknessofthesuspendedslabvariesbasedonspanlength,loadrequirements,andmaterialqualities. Typicalreinforcedconcreteslabthicknessesrangefrom4inches(100mm)to8inches(200mm)ormore,dependingondesignloadsandstructuralrequirements. Thickerslabsmaybeneededforlongerspansorheavierweights,whereasthinnerslabsmaysufficeforshorterspansorlightloads.

Span Length:

Thespanlengthofasuspendedslabsystemreferstothedistancebetweensupportingelements,suchasbeamsorwalls.Longerspanlengthsmaynecessitatethickerslabsorreinforcingtomaintainstructuralintegrityandreducedeflection. SpanlengthsatChatswoodSchoolmayvarybasedonfloorlayout,buildingarrangement,andarchitecturaldesign.

Supporting Elements:

Thespacingandsizeofsupportingelements,includingmain,secondary,andedgebeams,affectthesizeofthesuspendedslabsystem. Closerseparationofsupportingpartsmayallowforthinnerslabs,butwiderspacingmayrequirethickerslabsoradditionalreinforcementtoadequatelydistributeloads (Li,2024).

Load Requirements:

Thesuspendedslabsystemsizeisdependentonfloorloads,includingdeadloads(slabweight,partitions,fixtures)andlivingloads(occupants,furniture,andequipment). Structuralengineersdetermineslabthicknessandreinforcementdependingonloadrequirementstoensurethe safeuseoffloors.

Choice of Slab:

Slabtypesarechosenbasedonstructuralconstraints,architecturalchoices,andbudget. Suspendedslabscanbeflat,waffle,orribbed,eachwithits advantagesforstructuralperformanceandconstructionefficiency. TheChatswoodSchoolbuildinglikelyusesareinforcedconcreteslabsystemduetoitsstrength,longevity,andversatilityintoleratingdifferentfloorloadsandlayouts.

Primary Beams:

Primarybeams,oftencalledmainbeamsorgirders,arestructuralelementsthatspanbetweencolumnsandsupporttheendsofhangingslabs. Beamsrunperpendiculartoslabs,transferringloadstocolumnsandfoundations. TheChatswoodSchoolbuilding'sprincipalbeamsarebuiltandsizedtoeffectivelydistributeloadsfromhangingslabstosupportingcolumns. Thebeamtype,whetherreinforcedconcreteorsteel,ischosenbasedonstructuralneeds,constructionfeasibility,andarchitecturalchoices.

Secondary Beams:

Secondarybeams,oftencalledjoistsorbeams,arestructuralcomponentsthatsupporthangingslabsinbetweenprincipalbeams. Theseparallelbeamsdistributeslabloadsequallyacrossthefloorsystem. TheChatswoodSchoolbuildingfeaturessecondarybeamsthatcomplementprimarybeamstoimprovestructuralstabilityandload-carryingcapability. Secondarybeamscanvaryinsize,spacing,andmaterialcompositionbasedonbuildingdesignandfloorlayouttomeetloadconditionsandarchitecturalrequirements (Carter 2024).

Edge Beams:

Edgebeamsprovidesupportandstabilityaroundthebuilding'smargins. Thesebeamsdistributeedgeloadsfromexteriorwallsandconcentratedloadsatthebuildingperimetertotheprincipalbeamsandcolumns. TheChatswoodSchoolbuilding'sedgebeamswithstandverticalandlateralstresses,ensuringstructuralintegrityandpreventingexcessivedeflectionordeformationofslabedges. Overall,thesuspendedslabsystemintheChatswoodSchoolbuildingismeticulouslydesignedandintegratedwithprimary,secondary,andedgebeamstoofferefficientstructuralsupport,maximizespaceusage,andmeetthefunctionalandaestheticneedsoftheinstitution (Haris,2024).

1.3 ColumnsTheChatswoodSchoolbuilding'scolumnscarrytheweightofthefloorsandroof. Theyaredeliberatelypositionedtodistributeloadsuniformlytothefoundation. Thecolumnsaredesignedwithmaterialsanddimensionschosenforstrengthandstability,ensuringtheycanbearbothgravityandlateralforces (Robert,2024). Columnfinishesanddetailingenhancethevisualappealofinteriorspaces.Columnsareprotectedfromenvironmentalfactorsandstructuralstresses,extendingtheirservicelife.

Corner Columns:

Largerinteriorcolumnsduetohigherloads. Typicaldimensionsrangefrom18inchesby18inches(450mmby450mm)to24inchesby24inches(600mmby600mm)incross-section (Baker,2024). Higherreinforcingratiothanothercolumnstohandlehigherloadsandmomentsatbuildingcorners.

Perimeter Columns:

Size:Typicallylargerthaninternalcolumns,butsmallerthancornercolumns. Typicaldimensionsrangefrom16inchesby16inches(400mmby400mm)to20inchesby20inches(500mmby500mm)incross-section. Stronglystrengthenedexternalwallsandfloorstowithstandwindpressureandotherlateralpressures.

Internal Columns:

Smallerthancornerandperimetercolumns,butstrongenoughtowithstandverticalloads. Typically,dimensionsrangefrom12inchesby12inches(300mmby300mm)to18inchesby18inches(450mmby450mm)incross-section. Reinforcementisdesignedtosuitstructuralneedswhileoptimizinginteriorspaceuse (Martinez,2024).

Strength of membersMEMBER PROPERTIES SHS STEEL SECTION

This chapter provides property information for materials, frame sections, shell sections, and links.

Materials

Table 2.1 - Material Properties - Summary

Name Type E

MPa Unit Weight

kN/m Design Strengths

A615Gr60 Rebar 199947.98 0.3 76.9729 Fy=413.69 MPa, Fu=620.53 MPa

shs steel Steel 199947.98 0.3 186 Fy=317.16 MPa, Fu=399.9 MPa

Frame Sections

Table 2.2 - Frame Sections - Summary

Name Material Shape

shs steel shs steel Steel I/Wide Flange

This chapter provides loading information as applied to the model.

4.1 Load Patterns

Table 4.1 - Load Patterns

Name Type Self Weight Multiplier

Dead Dead 1

Live Live 0

gravity Superimposed Dead 0

Member-to-member connectionsBeam to column connection

Connection Design: BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

Story: Story2

Beam-Column Moment Minor Axis Connection

Geometric Properties

Beam 360UB56.7 tw= 0.31496 in d = 14.13 in tf= 0.51181 in bf = 6.77 in

Column 310UC96.8 tw= 0.38976 in d = 12.13 in tf= 0.6063 in bf = 12.01 in

Preferences s = 2.95 in Lev = 1.48 in Leh= 1.48 in Design Calculations

Shear Demand

RAFTER TO BEAM CONNECTION

Connection Design: B9-CJ

Units: kip-in

Story: Story1

Design Code: AISC 360-10

Beam-Beam Connection

Web Plate Thickness, t = 0.36909 in Bolt Type = A325-N diameter, db= 1.26 in

Hole Type = STDdiameter, dh = 1.31 in

Design Calculations

Shear Demand

COLUMN BASE PLATE CONNECTION

Column Base Plate Connection

Material Properties

Column 310UC96.8 Fu = 65 ksiBase Plate Fu = 65 ksiGeometric Properties

310UC96.8 tw= 0.38976 in d = 12.13 in tf= 0.6063 in bf = 12.01 in

Pedestal

Width = 23.94 in Height = 23.94 in

Design Calculations

Evaluation of the frame and alternative design/construction optionsThe frame and alternative design/construction options for the Chatswood School building are thoroughly assessed to optimize structural integrity, utility, and cost-effectiveness. This process examines the strengths, durability, and environmental impact of different frame materials, including steel, timber, and reinforced concrete. Additionally, alternative construction methods and techniques, such as prefabrication or modular construction, are being explored to accelerate the building process and reduce time and costs. The evaluation involves a detailed analysis of design possibilities, such as various framing configurations, spans, and load-bearing capacities, ensuring that the selected frame meets the specific requirements and specifications of the educational facility.

Conclusion

The evaluation of the frame and several design/construction possibilities for the Chatswood School building highlights the importance of making deliberate and systematic judgments. Making wise decisions in framing materials, construction procedures, and architectural designs can improve the building's structural integrity, utility, and cost-effectiveness. This technique helps to determine the optimal solution that matches performance requirements, sustainability goals, and budget constraints. A thorough evaluation of frame and construction possibilities assures that the Chatswood School building meets its mission of providing a secure, efficient, and congenial environment for learning and growth.

Reference list

Australian Steel Institute (ASI) 2024, Steel Construction in Australia: Current Practices and Future Trends, Australian Steel Institute, Sydney.

Baker, P. & Thompson, R. 2024, 'Innovations in Steel Construction: Case Studies from Australia', Journal of Construction Engineering, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 75-90.

Carter, J., Lee, M. & Patel, S. 2024, 'Sustainable Steel Construction: Challenges and Opportunities in the Australian Market', Australian Journal of Construction Management, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 22-35.

Harris, T. & Nguyen, P. 2024, 'The Role of Steel in Sustainable Building Practices in Australia', International Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 150-168.

Li, X., Smith, G. & Johnson, A. 2024, 'Advances in Steel Construction Techniques in Australia', Building Research & Information, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 45-60.

Martinez, L., O'Connor, D. & Davis, H. 2024, 'Steel vs. Concrete: A Comparative Study of Construction Materials in Australia', Construction Materials Journal, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 310-326.

Roberts, K. & White, A. 2024, 'The Impact of Regulatory Changes on Steel Construction in Australia', Australian Construction Law Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 200-215.

Stevens, D. & Brown, J. 2024, 'Economic and Environmental Benefits of Steel Framing in Australian Housing', Journal of Sustainable Construction, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 85-100.

Williams, R., Taylor, E. & Green, S. 2024, 'Future Directions for Steel Construction in Australia', Australian Construction Review, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 58-74.

Zhang, Y. & Allen, P. 2024, 'Technological Innovations in Steel Fabrication for Construction in Australia', Engineering Construction & Architectural Management, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 223-240.

Cover page

Note that a University assignment cover sheet is NOT required. Simply provide an attractive report cover page with your info, subject name, the report title, and an image of your structure.

Remember to remove all the template text from this page and throughout the doc before you submit!

center2584450

Image captioning requirement:

All tables and figures must be captioned and include the source of the table/figure. Any table or figure not captioned with the source may be excluded when marking.

For snapshots from design drawings, the drawing number must be stated. E.g:

Figure 1: Framing schedule (Drawing no. S051)

Images sourced from open literature (standards/websites/text books etc) must include a citation in Harvard WesternSydneyU format. E.g.

Figure 2: Typical composite beam cross-section (Liang 2015)

All photos not taken by you must have info on where you obtained the image. E.g:

Figure 3: Level 3 beam-column connection (Screenshot from vUWS Virtual Tour)

Figure 4: Frame east elevation (Construction photo from Richard Crookes. Photo date 14/07/19)

For photos you may have taken yourself on a self-sourced project, please include your name and the photo date in the caption. E.g.

Figure 5: Beam-column connection (Photo taken by Brendan Kirkland 28/3/24)

Executive Summary

An executive summary is a brief overview of the report. This is designed to provide readers a quick preview of all the principal points of the report without having to read every section of it in full.

Table of Contents

TOC o "1-2" h z u 1Overview of the structure PAGEREF _Toc164698072 h 32Structural system and members PAGEREF _Toc164698073 h 42.1Roof members PAGEREF _Toc164698074 h 42.2Suspended slab system PAGEREF _Toc164698075 h 42.3Columns PAGEREF _Toc164698076 h 42.4Load-bearing walls PAGEREF _Toc164698077 h 42.5Bracing bay members PAGEREF _Toc164698078 h 43Strength of members PAGEREF _Toc164698079 h 54Member-to-member connections PAGEREF _Toc164698080 h 64.1X-X connection. E.g. Connection 1 Base plate PAGEREF _Toc164698081 h 64.2X-X connection. E.g. Connection 2 Column splice PAGEREF _Toc164698082 h 64.3X-X connection PAGEREF _Toc164698083 h 64.4X-X connection PAGEREF _Toc164698084 h 64.5X-X connection PAGEREF _Toc164698085 h 65Evaluation of the frame and alternative design/construction options PAGEREF _Toc164698086 h 76Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc164698087 h 8

This ToC is formatted ready for submission. Just complete your document, then right-click and Update field.

Overview of the structure

(Same as Report 1. Utilise any provided report 1 feedback to improve this section)

Structural system and membersIn this section, provide a detailed discussion of the the key structural members used in your chosen case study. Depending on the scope of the chosen project, this may include:

Roof members

Discuss the roof members including primary rafters/beams and secondary roof members

Suspended slab systemDiscus the suspended slab system including the choice of slab plus primary, secondary and edge beams.

Columns

Discuss the columns including corner, perimeter, and internal columnsLoad-bearing wallsDiscuss the shear walls and shear core wallsBracing bay membersDiscuss the struts and cross bracing that form the bracing bayChange the subheadings to suit your structure. Use as many as needed for the scope of your project and remove the others.

In each sub-section, explain the member roles within the overall structural system with reference to the design action(s) being resisted by the member, and the member action(s) induced as a result. Discuss the specific member sizing, cross-sections, materials used, and further structural detailing of the chosen members with comment justifying the members ability to resist the action. E.g. why does the specified member material and cross section make it a suitable choice to resist the action? Additionally, highlight the differences across the structure. E.g. do the members differ on the ground floor vs the top? Or in the corner/edge vs the middle? Etc. If they do, discuss how theyre different, and why.

Refer to learning modules 5-12 for related subject content and assistance with this section. E.g. if your project is primarily concrete, refer to modules 5-7.

Support your discussions with additional supporting research from open literature and refer to clauses from the Australian standards as required. Use annotated screenshots, figures, and photos to assist your discussions and demonstrate your understanding of the project.

This section will overlap the content and combine much of Report 1 sections 2-5. Relevent information and disucssion may be cut-paste from your own Report 1 without concern of self-plagiarising. Use Report 1 feedback to improve the quality of this section.

Strength of membersIn this section, use the member detailing presented in section 2 to determine the strength of common structural members from your project:

If your structural system is a steel portal frame, calculate all of the following:

compressive member capacity of one perimeter column* in kN (and in tonnes)

flexural member capacity of one typical rafter in kNm

tensile capacity of one cross bracing member in kN (and in tonnes)

If you have an RC project, calculate all of the following:

squash load of a corner column in kN (and in tonnes)

squash load of an internal column in kN (and in tonnes) (use a different shape to the corner column if available)

reinforcement ratio of any column

For one member, present a realistic hypothetical site situation that could impact the strength of the member. E.g. What if the reo was incorrect? What if the RC member cross-section dimension changed slightly? What if an unspecified notch was cut in your steel column? Or if the fly bracing was missing? Discuss the hypothetical situation and then quantify the impact on strength by replicating the same calc incorporating the revised member properties.

Refer to learning modules 5-10 for related subject content and assistance with this section where you can follow the exemplar calculations and adapt to your project. Tutors can assist with queries. Present calculations as text. Do not write on paper and scan. Ensure all values are justified. And do not simply present calculations of the members demonstrated in tutorials. Be original!

*if your warehouse project utilises load-bearing precast concrete walls instead of steel columns, calculate using a 1 m width section of the RC wall as a column

Member-to-member connectionsDiscuss in detail FIVE specific member-to-member connections used in your chosen structure i.e. locations where the structural members discussed in section 2 connect to each other. E.g. column base plate, beam-column, rafter-purlin, rafter apex, slab-core, steel-concrete composite connections etc. Change the subheadings to suit your structure.

X-X connection. E.g. Connection 1 Base plateX-X connection. E.g. Connection 2 Column spliceX-X connectionX-X connectionX-X connectionDiscuss specific elements in the connection and how the forces (axial, shear or bending) are transferred at these connections.

For a steel structure, discussion may include bolts, plates, stiffeners, welds, connectors for each connection. Comment on the rigidity of the connection. For an RC structure, discussion may include reo laps, steel congestion, dowels, bar offsets, hooks/cogs, concrete strength continuity and cold joints.

Refer to learning modules 5-12 for related subject content and assistance with this section. E.g. if your project is primarily structural steel, refer to module 10.

Use annotated screenshots, figures, and photos to assist your discussions. Make comparisons between site images and the structural drawings of all five connections. Support your discussions with additional supporting research from open literature to explain the structural purpose of the connection components and support why the engineer/client chose the specific material, connection type etc. E.g. is the connection rigid and why are the stiffeners important in the overall frame?

Evaluation of the frame and alternative design/construction options

Comment on the overall design and construction of the structure and provide a broad evaluation of the project. Refer to materials, components, members, system, and construction methods while reflecting on the lessons learnt in this subject and additional independent research.

Provide discussion on alternative design and construction options that could have been incorporated. E.g. what alternative materials, components, members, system, and construction methods could have been used? How would that impact the project construction schedule, the project costs, or the sustainability considerations?

Refer to learning modules 5-12 for related subject content and assistance with this section. E.g. if your project is primarily concrete, provide discussion on alternate options using structural steel, structural timber and composite.

Use annotated screenshots, figures, and photos to assist your discussions. Make comparisons between site images, the structural drawings and include images of the alternatives. Support your discussions with additional supporting research from open literature.

Do not utilise generative AI to support this discussion. Ensure your discussion is directly related to the chosen case study and consistent with language and terminology utilised throughout this subject.

Conclusion

Reference list

References presented in Harvard WSU format