Applied Exercise and Sport Science: Plan (Project Synopsis)
Applied Exercise and Sport Science: Plan (Project Synopsis)
Question (5 marks): PICO framework
(P) 65+ years old women
(I) Bodyweight training
(C) Lightweight resistance training
(O) Improvement in activities of daily living (ADLs) performance
Title: Is lightweight resistance training more effective than bodyweight training in improving ADLs performance in women aged 65 and over?
Introduction
As we get older, it becomes inevitable that we lose strength and energy, and our overall health tends to decline. Walking, climbing, and dressing are just some basic ADLs that older adults struggle with ( Sequin RA et al, 2002). These struggles are associated with muscle loss to a great degree. Independence is one of the biggest issues faced by many elderly people in society today. It is defined as a degree of individual autonomy in meeting their daily needs such as eating, personal hygiene, toileting, ambulating, dressing, housekeeping, food preparation and more complex activities like mobility, transport and financial management (Motamed-Jahromi & Kaveh, 2021). During the ageing process, latent physical, physiological, psychological, and social changes cause difficulties in daily life activities and diminish independence (Motamed-Jahromi & Kaveh, 2021). While these duties may appear simple to a healthy adult, they can be unpleasant and difficult for an elderly person, forcing them to rely on others for all ADLs. This can be mentally taxing and have a negative impact on one's quality of life. As a result, it is critical to keep the elderly's capacity and independence in ADLs. Resistance training (also called strength training) is a great way to maintain strong and healthy muscles that help to prevent weakness and fragility as well as reduce common diseases and chronic conditions such as Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Diabetes, Obesity, Back pain and heart disease (Papa et al., 2017). Physical activity, mobility exercise and functional training, also known as resistance training, were the most common exercises done and examined in many similar intervention studies to improve muscle strength, balance and ADLs in elderly people (Motamed-Jahromi & Kaveh, 2021) Therefore, this project will focus on understanding what exercise works more in improving ADLs performance through bodyweight training vs lightweight resistance training among older women aged 65 and over.
Sub-section 2: Control/comparison condition
The current solution that has been taken up for increasing ADLs in aged women is physical therapy. Regular activity in the physical sense can help in the improvement of balance, strength, and coordination, which can help in assisting with the performance of ADLs in 65+ aged women. Certain exercises like swimming, walking, and resistance training can be considered beneficial for maintaining ADLs. ADL performance can be impacted by chronic diseases like diabetes, coronary artery disease, and being overweight, which can be prevented and managed through physical exercise (Zhang et al., 2016). The performance of daily activities like dressing, bathing, and cooking may become easier for people as their general well-being and fitness levels increase.
Age-related health issues, including arthritis, cardiovascular disease, or persistent pain, may make it difficult for some elderly people to exercise. It is crucial in these situations to collaborate with a healthcare practitioner to create a suitable workout regimen that considers any restrictions. Aged people frequently suffer fear of falling, especially if they have in the past. Even though exercise is good for enhancing ADLs, this fear may prevent them from participating in physical activity (wirlej-Sozaska et al., 2019). To prevent aggravating their illness or doing more injury, people with specific medical problems or traumas might have to change their physical activity. Incorrect form or excessive exertion during physical exercise can also raise the chance of harm, affecting how well ADLs are performed.
Sub-section 3: Alternative/intervention condition
The alternative intervention that can be taken up is parallel design. From home renovations to assistive technology, various products and places can benefit from using parallel design concepts. For instance, adding grab rails and non-slip flooring to the shower can make it simpler and safer for an elderly lady to complete ADLs like taking a shower and using the lavatory (Osuka et al., 2018). A senior woman may manage her wellness and medication routine more easily with wearable technology with large buttons and visible displays. Resistance training with progressive overload, in which muscles generate a force against an external load, is considered the safest and most effective approach to improving strength in older persons. Resistance training improves functional mobility in older persons, including gait speed and kinematics, balance function, and stability limits (Papa et al., 2017).
According to a randomized controlled experiment written in the Journal of Gerontology, a 12-week fitness regimen helped elderly women with their ADLs and mobility. Resistance training, balance drills, and aerobic exercise were all part of the exercise regimen. Within the Journal issued by the American Medical Association, a meta-analysis of 43 randomized controlled trials indicated that exercise interventions enhanced ADLs in elderly people (Tanaka et al., 2021). Even though women comprised many participants, the study did not expressly focus on them.
Sub-section 4: Novelty/gap in the literature
A relatively recent development in the field of design is parallel design. Its uniqueness comes from its emphasis on developing goods, settings, and amenities that are useful and accessible to individuals of all abilities, particularly older women. The necessity of generating accessible patterns that do not stigmatize or exclude people with disabilities is emphasized by parallel design, which instead emphasizes producing designs that are visually beautiful, welcoming to society, and user-friendly (Malik, 2022). As it acknowledges that individuals with any ability should have access to the tools and settings, they need to complete daily tasks independently, parallel design is an innovative approach in the context of ADLs.0.
Aim(s) and hypothesis (es) Aim(s): To determine whether bodyweight resistance trains or light resistance training has a greater impact on ADLS performance in Australian women 65 and older.
Hypothesis(es): It is hypothesized that there will be significant changes in the ADLs among the aged group of 65+ years old women using bodyweight training as compared to lightweight resistance training.
Methodology
Participants (5 marks)
The participants for the research would include 65+ aged Australian women suffering from ADLs due to cognitive and physical limitations. Along with older adults, people with disabilities in the age chosen age group can be considered. Different Australian women from the same age group belonging to different ethnicity, health status, and socioeconomic status can be taken up so that the opinion can be gained from a diverse population.
Experimental overview (5 marks)
40 women aged 65 or older were split into two groups for a period of 3 weeks, and the assessors were blinded to the clinical information. Measurements are made of bone and muscle strength before and after.
Data collection procedures / processes
Both lightweight resistance and bodyweight resistance will be used to measure pre-post conditions for assessing the degree of change in the muscle strength as well as the bone strength of the chosen participants.
It is possible to compare the efficiency of an occupational therapy program and a cognitive rehabilitation program for enhancing ADLs in people with cognitive impairments. Participants would be randomized to one of both treatments at random, and the effectiveness of each intervention would be assessed by contrasting the results of the two groups with the help of a parallel design.
Parallel design is valid and reliable for this experiment. If properly executed, parallel design may serve as a legitimate and trustworthy research method. A crucial study tool for assessing the efficacy of various therapies or treatments is parallel design (Malik, 2022). The fundamental benefit of a parallel design is the fact it enables the simultaneous testing of several interventions, which can be more successful and economical than other study designs. Additionally, because the parallel design enables direct comparison of the efficacy of several therapies, it can offer more precise and relevant comparisons between interventions.
Statistical analysis
Changes in muscle and bone strength
The data collected within the pre-and post-intervention group and controlled group has been taken up.
Then the difference between the intervention group and the control group was assessed.
References list
wirlej-Sozaska, A. et al. (2019) Determinants of ADL and IADL disability in older adults in southeastern Poland, BMC Geriatrics, 19(1), pp. 3466.
< https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-019-1319-4>.
Motamed-Jahromi, M. and Kaveh, M.H. (2021) Effective interventions on improving elderly's independence in activity of Daily Living: A systematic review and Logic Model, Frontiers in Public Health, 8.< https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.516151>.
Osuka, Y. et al. (2018) Exercise type and activities of daily living disability in older women: An 8-year population-based Cohort Study, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(3), pp. 400406.< https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13336>.
Papa, E.V., Dong, X. and Hassan, M. (2017) Resistance training for activity limitations in older adults with skeletal muscle function deficits: A systematic review, Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 12, pp. 955961.< https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s104674>.
Sequin, Rebecca A Epping, Jacqueline N Buchner, David M Bloch, Rina Nelson, Miriam E (2002) Growing stronger - strength training for older adults, Viewed 21April 2023, <https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/growing_stronger.pdf>.
Tanaka, S. et al. (2021) Relationship between mobility-related activities of daily living and health-related quality of life among healthy older adults: A cross-sectional study using structural equation modeling, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7, pp. 233332.< https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214211013166>.
Zhang, Y. et al. (2016) Study on prediction of activities of daily living of the aged people based on Longitudinal Data, Procedia Computer Science, 91(5), pp. 470477. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.122>.
Applied Exercise and Sport Science: Final Report 2500 words total (maximum)
Complete the below sections by typing over any italicised blue font using traditional sentence/paragraph responses.
Title (5 marks): Type your question (which will also act as your project title) here. In less than 180 characters with spaces, use the PICO framework to construct an appropriate question for your project.
Character count (with spaces): Type number here
Introduction (20 Marks)
Type your introduction here. As per your Plan assessment piece, provide information on
The problem/population
What is the problem/population?
What is the significance of this problem/population?
The control/comparison condition
Define, review and critique the control/comparison condition
What has been done to address the problem currently (i.e. what is the control/comparison)?
What is wrong/limited with the current solution to the problem?
That is, there must be something wrong/limited with the control/comparison for you to want to investigate the intervention/alternative condition
The alternative/intervention condition
What is the alternative (intervention) to addressing the problem that you want to investigate?
What evidence is there to support the alternative (intervention) at this stage (i.e. why might it work in your context)?
The novelty/gap in the literature
State the novelty of your project/gap in the literature that your project will fill
How is it different to what has been investigated previously?
Aim(s) and hypothesis(es) (8 Marks)
Aim(s): Using the PICO framework, type your aim(s) here
Hypothesis(es): Using the PICO framework, type your hypothesis(es) here
Methodology (30 marks)
Participants (5 marks)
Type participant details here describe who the data will be collected in
Experimental overview (5 marks)
Type experimental overview details here. Include a figure of your methodology/study design.
Data collection procedures/processes (15 marks)
Type data collection procedures/processes details here. Specifically, describe your treatment(s) / intervention(s) (5 marks). Describe the assessment of your outcome measures around the treatments / interventions (5 marks). Ensure you justify the use of your treatments / interventions and outcome measures (i.e. their validity and reliability) (5 marks). Consider the use of sub-sub-headings.
Statistical analysis (5 marks)
Type statistical analysis details here. Describe how your data will be analysed to answer your question.
Strengths and limitations of the proposed project (10 marks)
Type the strengths and limitations of your proposed project here
Ethical considerations (10 marks)
Risks and Benefits
What are the risks to participants as a result of participation in this project?
Type your response here
Are the risks associated with the project easily minimised or managed? Explain.
Type your response here
What expected benefits (if any) will this project have for the wider community?
Type your response here
What expected benefits (if any) will this project have for participants?
Type your response here
Resourcing (5 marks)
Insert your resourcing table here. Some brief commentary of the table may be required for any noteworthy personnel/equipment.
Expected Outcomes (10 marks)
Insert your expected outcomes figures/tables here. Some brief commentary of the expected outcomes may be required.
Conclusion (5 marks)
Type your conclusion here.
Template word count: 107 (introduction sub-heading to the end of the conclusion)
Total word count: highlight from the introduction (including the introduction sub-heading) to the end of the conclusion section and insert word count here (including template headings, figures and tables)
Figure/s and table/s word count: highlight your figures and tables and insert their word count here
Student word count (Total word count MINUS Figure/s and table/s word count MINUS 107): insert student word count here
References
Insert references here (please note this text is deliberately non-italicised to ensure you can appropriately format your reference list)
