AVAT11005 Flight Fundamentals Assessment

Question 1

[5 marks]

1. What is the difference between speed and velocity? “She moves at a constant speed in a constant direction.” Rephrase the same sentence in fewer words.
   (0.75×2 =1.5 marks)
2. Under free fall, when the acceleration is 10 m/s2 , calculate the distances fallen in 3 seconds, 4 seconds, and 5 seconds.
   (0.75×3 =2.25 marks)
3. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.5 seconds for a distance of 120 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.
   (1.25 marks)

Question 2

[5 marks]

1. What do you know about the conservation of energy? The roller coaster ride in Figure 2(i) starts from rest at point A. Rank the potential energy from greatest to least at each point.
   (0.75×2 =1.5 marks)
2. Draw the pressure versus specific volume diagram of an open Brayton cycle and discuss each process.
   (2.5 marks)
3. Calculate the acceleration of a 300000 kg jumbo-jet just before take-off when the thrust on the aircraft is 120000 N.
   (1 mark)

Question 3

[5 Marks]

1. Define transverse wave. A mosquito flaps its wings 500 vibrations per second, which produces the annoying 500-Hz buzz. Consider the speed of sound is 330 m/s, how far does the sound travel between wing beats? In other words, find the wavelength of the mosquito’s sound.
   (0.5+1=1.5 marks)
2. A 1500 kg vehicle is running at a speed of 100 km/h. Another vehicle of 2500 kg is running at 50 km/h. Calculate the momentum of both vehicles.
   (1.5 marks)
3. What do you mean by the term propulsion? Discuss the purpose of using the compressor and combustion chamber of a gas turbine.
   (0.5+1.5=2 marks)

Question 4

[6 Marks]

1. Show in diagrams the positive camber and negative camber. Discuss their effect on the lift.
   (1+1=2 marks)
2. Define the term angle of attack. Draw a graph (not according to scale) that shows the angle of attack and lift coefficient.
   (1+1=2 marks)
3. Show in a figure the different forces when an aircraft flies (steady level flight). Name two liftgenerating devices used in modern airliners and discuss their function.
   (1+1=2 marks)

Question 5

[6 Marks]

1. State Bernoulli’s theorem? Discuss Figures 5(a) and 5(b) as per notes in the figure captions.
   (0.5+2=2.5 marks)
2. What is the full meaning of TCAS? What is its function?
   (0.5+0.5 =1 mark)
3. How does pressure differ from force? What is the relationship between liquid pressure and the depth of a liquid? A piston reciprocates in a cylinder. The area of the cylinder is 0.0004 m2 , and the pressure on the piston is 100 kPa. Calculate the force in Newton exerted on the piston.
   (0.75+0.75+1 = 2.5 marks)

Question 6

[6 Marks]

1. Distinguish between reflection and refraction. What is the law of reflection?
   (1+1=2 marks)
2. Define the term “index of refraction”. The index of refraction for diamond is 2.42 ? what do you understand by this?
   (1+1=2 marks)
3. Explain what is happening in figure 6(iii).
   (2 marks)

Question 7

[6 Marks]

1. What is Archimedes’ principle? Explain two examples where Archimedes’ principle is applied.
   (0.75+2=2.75 marks)
2. A block of wood with a volume of 0.48 m3 . The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 . Determine the buoyant force in KN when the block is put in the water. Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.
   (1 mark)
3. In figure 7(iii), calculate the kinetic energies for A (left figure), B (middle figure), and C (right figure).
   (0.75×3 =2.25 marks)

Question 8

[6 marks]

Using a flight computer, calculate the following:

1. Speed = 120 KTS, Distance = 520 NM, Time =?
2. Speed = 110 KTS, Time = 1:30, Distance =?
3. Time = 2:30, Distance = 350 NM, Speed=?
4. Gallons per hour =8, Time= 3:30, Total fuel used=?

For each case of the above, discuss the procedure of using the flight computer to determine the time in (i), distance in (ii), speed in (iii) and total fuel used in (iv). [Not mandatory: You can check your results by using some fundamental physics relationships].

(1.5×4=6 marks)

Question 9

[5 marks]

1. What is the main difference between a sound wave and a radio wave?
   (0.75 mark)
2. What do you mean by AM and FM?
   (0.75 mark)
3. In the circuit shown in Figure 9(iii), calculate the equivalent resistance, current from the supply and voltage drops in each resistor.
   (0.5×3=1.5 marks)
4. What are the key components of an aircraft electrical system?

In an electrical circuit, for twice the resistance and twice the voltage, the current will be unchanged – explain.
(1+1 =2 marks)

Formula sheet for AVAT11005

Kinematics – Linear motion

V^2=u^2+2as
S or d=ut+1/2at^2
V=u+at

v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
a = acceleration
t = time
s or d = distance

Newton’s law

F=ma

F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration

Momentum and impulse

M=ma
Ft=(mv)

M = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity/speed
Ft = impulse

Work, energy and power

W=Fs
P=W/t
KE=1/2mv^2
PE=mgh

W = work
F = force
s = distance
t = time
P = power
v = velocity/speed ,br> m=mass
KE = kinetic energy
PE = potential energy
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height above the datum

Force, pressure, and buoyancy

F=PA
A=22/7/4d^2
m=Vp
P=pgh
A1v1=A2v2
Fb=pvg
P+1/2pv^2+pgh=constant(Bernoulli’s eq.)
(In terms of energy per unit volume)
P/pg+v^2/2g+h=constant (Bernoulli’s eq.)
(In terms of the head which is energy per specific weight)

F = force
P = pressure
A = area
d = diameter
m = mass
V = volume
? = density
g = acceleration due to gravity
FB =buoyant force
h = depth
A1 = area at point 1, A2 = area at point 2,
v1 = speed at point 1, v2 = speed at point 2

Waves, light and sound

T=1/f
V or c=f?
F=w/2.22/7

T= time
f = frequency
v or c = speed/velocity
angular velocity/speed
w = wavelength

Electricity

V=IR
P=VI

V= voltage
I= current
R= resistance
P = p

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