Abstract

In the following examine, the subject of concern is the effect of mortality salience manipulation on self-esteem among members of the population within Singapore. Based on the terror management principle or TMT, the study propose that heightened mortality salience will significantly affect the level of self-esteem stages (Trzeciak, 2017). Utilizing a factorial ANOVA, individuals were randomly assigned to one among 3 situations: mortality salience or the sense of non-loss of life anxiety or even a control situation. Outcomes provided evidence of large disparities in vanity evaluations across scenarios, meaning that the mortality predisposition influences thinness in culturally suitable ways. These studies contribute to the understanding of TMT across different cultures; the importance of seriously considering the role of culture in psychological study is stressed here.

This have a look at examine how mortality salience manipulation boosts shallowness inside a community pattern among the Singapore residents applying the terror management idea (TMT). According to the TMT, awareness of mortality creates psychological stress because it forces people to improve their shalllowness and elevate the culture as ways of dealing with it.

The conclusions have vast implications for extending the achieve-ability of knowledge TMT in contexts other than Western countries, specifically in socially affluent surroundings such as Singapore where collectivistic values may outline mental reactions. Nonetheless, in collectivistic nations, the focus on network and social relations is likely to influence how people confront threats of existential sort. For example, the consideration of threat of giving up life may also raise concerns regarding social status as well as the state of relationships and thus, affect vanity in a different manner compared to in individualistic cultures.

However, these effects amplify the significance of the cultural dimensions inclusion in mental studies. It is informative to comprehend how cultural variables contribute to responses to mortality salience expands the arsenal of culturally competent psychological practice. It can be specific for increasing the vanity in the person experiencing existential threats only in collectivistic cultures where the focus is more on the relationship with the group.

Introduction

Background

Terror control theory (TMT) indicates that the focus on demise principally defines human activity and mental effectively-being. As TMT postulates, people manage the cognizance of death through enhancing their thickness and conforming to the culture norms of a society (Greenberg et al., 1986). Self-esteem plays the role of a psychological armor that enables people to cope with distress connected to existential risk.

In the past, most studies revolving round the notion of TMT concentrated on Western organizations hence offering a rich analysis of transfers the concept to different cultures (Burke et al. , 2010). Such element as Singaporean context provides a completely different attitude since here people are really both, collectivist and individualist. This may take the darkness off the interaction between cultural values and psychological reactions to mortality salience while explaining how MSS affects shallowness in this setting.

The research hypothesis used in this study posits that increased rates of mortality salience will lead to substantial changes in the subjects vanity levels. In undertaking the have a look at, members had been randomly assigned to one among 3 awesome conditions: mortality salience, non-death tension, or a control organization can be effective in promoting the substance. The mortality salience circumstance focused on availing members with contents that would make them recall the concept of death, as well as a writing analyzing the relevance of practising those considerations before death.

On the other hand, the non-death tension circumstance entailed creating tension other than death-relatedmembers responded to materials concerning lack of finances, the lack of which could create pressure but not deaths reminder. The control condition was made blunt, where members were assigned no specific activities that would provoke anxiety or existential thinking. In so organising these conditions, it was the studys intention to parent the differential effects of mortality-associated as opposed to non-loss of life related tension on self-esteem. Using the factorial ANOVA as the analysis tool of the study, the examine evaluated vanity scores in the three conditions. The outcomes revealed immense disparities, further elucidating that persons situated in the mortality salience circumstance aver a significantly lower self-esteem than those in the non-death tension and control enterprise.

Significance of the Study

Contributions of the research consist in the fact that it might help to enrich our understanding of TMT in a non- Western population. Thus, by examining how mortality salience affects shallowness in Singapore, this will bring the contribution of this studies towards a better understanding of the detailed psychological process that occur in other cultural contexts. In connection with the outlined goals and objectives, the relevance of this examine is several-fold but primarily pertains to the advancement of understanding TMT in relation to a non-Western setting. Despite the fact that, a substantial part of the present research studies done on TMT has predominantly targeted the western population; thus, this study offers a novel understanding of how mortality salience affects vanity in a culturally diverse and collectivistic society, which is Singapore.

This look at is helpful in understanding psychological stratagems in cultures that are collectivist in nature as compared to the individualist cultures. In collectivistic culture such as Singapore, people usually obtain their self-esteem from relational sources and reference group. Thus, the impact that mortality salience has on shallowness may not necessarily be as stated in cultures independent, because worth remains connected more carefully with the achievements and self-actualization. Thus, the study discusses these dynamics in order to stress their regard to culture when using mental theories.

Moreover, the findings of this research enhance the TMT framework because they seek to establish whether mortality salience increases vanity among Singaporeans. It questions the notion that TMT theorys conclusions apply to all people across the world and postulates that contextual features do create mental responses to existential dangers. This offers intensity to the knowledge of how varied cultures handle anticipation of existence, agreeing subsequent researchers to employ TMT in other non-Western societies.

The consequences of the present examine lengthen to intellectual health interventions. Learning about how mortality salience influences shallowness will make it possible to develop interventions aimed at the communal facets, whether this is to strengthen the peer support mechanisms or to encourage people to become involved in community activities. Such culturally appropriate interventions should be more effective than general strategies that could hardly be appreciated by the people due to cultural differences.

Research Objectives and Hypotheses

Consequently, this study aims at conducting a research to establish the impact of mortality salience manipulation on self-esteem among the Singaporeans. Presumably when contributors are in mortality salience, they will describe hatred comparable to a lower vanity than contributors who are not in death anxiety and mend conditions. Based on this notion, mortality salience can also lead to existential doubt and a threat to ones value and self, hence eliciting protective psychological action (Romano, 2010).

Research Design:

The study employs a factorial design with two independent variables: more on the effect of the manipulation of morality salience and participants level of star interest. The specific type of mortality salience manipulation in this context entails activities or cues that would bring thoughts of death to a participant while star interest relates to how high or low a participant is based on their interest in celebrities or other public figures. The dependent variable of this study will be the participants self-esteem which will be assessed through normative or self-reports measures.

The main hypothesis of the research is to examine the relationship between the self-esteem of participants and morality salience manipulation while controlling their star interest. Moreover, the research question of the current study proposes to compare star interest level responses to mortality salience manipulation between individuals with high and low star interest.

Hypothesis:

Based on these arguments, it is expected that participants who were administered with mortality salience manipulation will have lower self-esteem scores as compared to the participants in the control condition. Additionally, the study assumes that the changes in self-esteem due to the mortality salience will depend on the level of star interest with possibly higher changes shown by those who are most interested in celebrities.

Star interest will be measured through participants self-report of their degree of interest in celebrities or prominent personalities through a developed questionnaire or a scale. This variable is added to examine the specifics of how the differences in media consumption and celebrity worship interact with mortality salience in regards to self-esteem.

According to the studys experimental design, participants will be randomly assigned to this mortality salience manipulation or a control condition. Thus, depending on the level of star interest, the participants in each condition will be divided into two groups: Low Star Interest and High Star Interest. Existential doubts and perceived threats to self scales will also be administered to the participants before the manipulation and after the manipulation of SE.

Literature Review

Terror Management Theory

Terror management theory says that the awareness of ones mortality leads to distress, which causes people to seek for self-esteem and cultural viability as a coping mechanism. They found out that the influence of dying thoughts can increase cultural compliance, provided that persons recognize those standards as shield against threats coming from beyond time and existence.

Mortality Salience and Self-Esteem

The cross-sectional studies have time and again described how mortality salience makes individuals become more self-centered as well as culture conformist among the W-East. However, the study on the impact of mortality salience and shallowness in collectivist culture is still and largely an open topic for local research. Thus, based on the findings, collectivist cultures can also focus on social harmony and communal identity rather than personal identity, which will lead to different ways of coping with mortality salience.

Cultural Context and Psychological Responses

Culture is recognized to occupy a central place in influencing mental responses to death. Also, the preservation of organization cohesion as well as social interdependence that are hallmarked by collectivist societies affects the manner in which people in the organizations perceive and respond to ideas that are labeled as threats to existence. For example, the breast cancer campaign may also increase mortality salience and that in Singapore it might also evoke special self-esteem processes related to social relations and communalities, which are so valued in the Singapore culture.

Method

Research Design

This study employed a 3 (condition: The first hypothesis that was tested in this study is that the mortality salience will have a significant effect on the self-esteem of the participants; this was tested through the manipulation of independent variable mortality salience (MS), non-death anxiety (NDA), and control) x 1 (self-esteem) factorial ANOVA. The target sample size was estimated by the results of previous studies regarding the moderate effect size (Cohens f = 0. 25) of mortality salience manipulations (Burke et al. , 2010). Based on the criteria, the minimum number of participants was determined to be 100 to ensure the required target power of 0. 05.

Participants

Potential participants were selected from the social clubs and community relating organizations up to the time they were mobilized from Singapore. The participants comprised 100 independent adults, aged from 18 to 65 years, which were equally divided by gender and ethnicity. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: mortality salience, non-death anxiety, and control are fear related factors. All participants gave their informed consent, and the study was carried out as a reward for participating in the research, the participants were offered a chance to participate in a draw to determine a winner of gift voucher.

Materials

Mortality Salience Manipulation

The mortality salience manipulation concerned the article in one of the magazines used which focused on the theme of preparing for death. This was the picture of a man in a casket opened, to make people to think about death.

Non-Death Anxiety Condition

The article depicted financial insecurity and used a picture of a man begging, these were presented to participants under the non-death anxiety condition. This manipulation was used to produce state anxiety that was not-death related and was used as the comparison condition.

Control Condition

The participants in the control group did not receive any article and served as a control group against which the effect of the treatment was determined.

Self-Esteem Measurement

The level of self-esteem was assessed employing Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) which includes 10 items rated according to 4-point Likert scale. These self-estimates were arrived at by summing up the scores into total scores ,wherein higher total scores correlated to positive self-esteem. Moreover, participants were required to fill the demographic section that was asking questions about age, gender and nationality.

Procedure

The study was administering online using Qualtrics. Then, participants filled in the informed consent and investigated an information sheet concerning the purpose of the study. Next to measuring mortality salience by using the related questions participants filled in Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and answered demographic questions. Lastly, the subject ended the session with a debriefing to ensure them to understand the purpose of the study before appreciating their willingness to participate.

Results

Post Hoc Tests
Mortality salience condition

ANOVA Results

The significant difference in the mortality salience manipulation was analyzed using a factorial ANOVA on the self-esteem. These findings demonstrated that there is a significant main effect for condition on the self-esteem means, F(2, 117) = 5. p < . 05, ??2; = . 12, p < . 001 (Anupama, 2018).

Post Hoc Comparisons

The results of the study further showed that participants in the mortality salience condition were significantly different from participants in the non-death anxiety condition and the control conditions when conducting post hoc comparisons using Tukeys HSD, t = - 5. 038, p < . 01, and t = - 4. 287, p < . 01 respectively, in terms of self-esteem (Felin T. K., 2021).

Assumption Testing

The analysis of the assumption test also provided reason to reject normality because the self esteem score as evidenced by Shapiro-Wilk test was significant at 0.05 level (Gomersall, 2013). Nonetheless, it was established that ANOVA is largely insensitive to violations of normality provided there is adequate sample size results which vindicate the analysis (Felin T. K., 2021).

Discussion

Interpretation of Findings

Pursuant to this study, it can be concluded that mortality salience influences self-esteem, which affirms the TMT hypothesis (Toledo, 2011). Study two showed that persons in mortality salience were self-esteem lower than persons in non-death anxiety and the control groups. This points to the fact that a discussion of mortality can cause existential anxiety, which poses a risk to ones identity, and urges defensive psychological processes.

Cultural Considerations

Altogether, the findings emphasize the importance of the cultural background as a determinant of psychological attitudes toward death. Perhaps, in Singapore where collectivism could be a prevalent cultural value, there would be an additional concern on relation and reputation, thereby affecting self-esteem, should the participants be subjected to mortality salience.

Implications for Psychological Interventions

Thus, the knowledge of the cultural factors affecting TMT can be useful for designing psychological therapies targeting self-esteem related to the coping mechanisms in stressful contexts concerning mortality awareness. This way, practitioners can also ensure that the approaches used are culturally sensitive to the clients culture thereby increasing the likelihood of positive results.

Limitations and Future Research

However, this study has some limitations that need to be deemed into consideration when interpreting the findings. The obtained measures are based on self-reports which may be problematic in terms of validity and objectivity, studies used cross-sectional data thus no conclusions can be drawn about causal relationships. Future research should try and adopt follow-up study designs and use physiological measures alongside self-reports. Moreover, future research on how mortality salience operates cross-culturally will strengthen TMTs external validity.

Conclusion

Thus, this studies brings for the importance of mortality salience with regards to vanity in the Singapore context. These conclusions underline the exigency for culturally applicable mental analyses and declare that focus on mortality may also have deeper effects on how people view themselves and how they derive their self esteem. Studying of TMT throughout a variety of different populations shall strengthen our understanding of human behavior in the presence of existential threats.

Are you struggling to keep up with the demands of your academic journey? Don't worry, we've got your back!
Exam Question Bank is your trusted partner in achieving academic excellence for all kind of technical and non-technical subjects. Our comprehensive range of academic services is designed to cater to students at every level. Whether you're a high school student, a college undergraduate, or pursuing advanced studies, we have the expertise and resources to support you.

To connect with expert and ask your query click here Exam Question Bank