Develop a case-study on how and why a community was successfully able to engage with a major social issue (poverty, unemployment, affordable housing

Topic:

Develop a case-study on how and why a community was successfully able to engage with a major social issue (poverty, unemployment, affordable housing, health care, discrimination) through citizen engagement. What transferrable lessons can be drawn from this case-study?

Preliminary Research Paper outline: Please prepare a 4-page double-spaced research paper outline. (Due on August 3rd) Already DONE

4-page double-spaced paper outline.

Do some initial research for the paper.

Share your initial thoughts on what you found out and how you are going to answer the topic question(s).

What do you think the answer(s) to the research topic question could be? A working theory.

Research paper: Students are required to write one major analytical research paper for this course. (Due on August 25th)

Research paper - stylistic details

The paper should be typed and paginated, with standard margins (e.g., 1"). The length should be between 12-15 pages, double-spaced, Arial, 12 font, minus appendices (e.g., bibliography). Please carefully edit the proposal for spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity, sequence, and integration (flow). Place all citations and references in a standard, consistent APA format. Please use internal (parenthetical) citations rather than foot/endnotes, using the latter only for subsidiary explications rather than references. Do not use et cetera (etc.) or and so on in your writing. Academic writing involves providing as much detail as possible.

FEEDBACK:

You will need to develop a specific focus for the research paper. You have chosen to do topic number three. My suggestion would be to research a specific example of how an indigenous community was able to address poverty through citizen engagement. You can develop your paper based on that specific example. How was that community able to address a poverty issue, and what lessons can be learned? You cannot study all of Canada or even Atlantic Canada in a 12-page paper. Nor can you study several different initiatives. Choose one example based upon your research and go from there. More needs to be done.

Writing Style:

The paper should be typed and paginated, with standard margins (e.g., 1"). The length should be between 12-15 pages, double-spaced, Arial, 12 font, minus appendices (e.g.bibliography). Please carefully edit the proposal for spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity, sequence, and integration (flow). Place all citations and references in a standard, consistent APA format. Please use internal (parenthetical) citations rather than foot/endnotes, using the latter only for subsidiary explications rather than references. Do not use et cetera (etc.) or and so on in your writing. Academic writing involves providing as much detail as possible.

Introduction

The term, indigenous people, in a Canadian context essentially refers to the original inhabitants of North America and their descendants. Three main groups are recognized by the Canadian constitution, and these include the First Nation, Inuit and Metis (Cattapan et al., 2023). According to the census of 2016, the number of indigenous people was 1.67 million in Canada. Poverty remains a generational challenge among the indigenous people in Canada, and this challenge was more pronounced a decade back. Poverty defined by Adam Smith as inability to afford the necessities, while on the other hand, Karl Marx views poverty as a consequence of social and economic inequalities (Dunn, 2023). A more technical approach to the concept of poverty has been taken by Keynes, who defined it as lack of effective demand for goods and services, while the concept of capability deprivation has been introduced by Amartya Sen in his definition of poverty (Ghosh, 2021).

For the research paper, a case study will be developed to provide detail research on the Indigenous population of Atlantic Provinces of Canada (NB, NS, NL & P.E.I) and how they tackled poverty in their communities through Citizen Engagement. The research will focus on the development of the businesses by indigenous communities in in these provinces which is one of the important steps towards poverty alleviation and how local awareness campaigns have played a dominant role. There will be examples in the research paper from all the indigenous communities of Canada and how they have tackled poverty in their communities but the focus of the case study will be the Atlantic Canada.

In the context of the indigenous community in Canada, the Poverty Action Research Project (PARP), which worked with First Nation communities found that there was no term for poverty in the indigenous languages (Quinn, 2022). While many indigenous people still live in poverty, the community programs and citizen engagement has been successful in reducing poverty levels considerably, and concerted efforts are being made continually to eliminate poverty. This is evidenced by the community wellbeing scores between 1981 and 2011, which shows an increase. This is shown in the following diagram:

Figure 1: Increase in the average wellbeing scores of three indigenous communities

(Source: Government of Canada, 2015)

The case will contain a comprehensive discussion of how the poverty among the indigenous population in Atlantic Canada alleviated considerably through citizen engagement, and other constructive community-based initiatives. The below table shows the total % of population of Indigenous people in each of the Atlantic provinces:

NS NL NB PEI

Indigenous 5.5 9.3 4.4 2.2

Non Indigenous 94.5 90.7 94.6 97.8

Source: 2021 Census of Canada - Indigenous People (2023 Government of Alberta)

The total Indigenous population in Atlantic Canada is 131,430 out of 1.7 million Indigenous population in Canada. The case study will focus on the indigenous population of Atlantic Canada by researching on the examples of how they have tackled poverty in their communities. Challenges in poverty alleviation

Poverty reduction among the indigenous communities is complex, as there are considerable constraints to the same (Kendall, 2022). Significant issues have been faced by the indigenous communities which contributed to their poverty, and these include, loss of land and resources they previously had access to. Impositions from the mainstream society has also had an important role to play in increasing poverty levels among the indigenous population. Inequality of power is one of the challenges, and the interaction between the indigenous communities with mainstream societies significantly demonstrate this power difference. Geographical isolation is also a major hurdle in poverty alleviation as the same is also associated with low education levels, resulting in lower employment opportunities. Another major challenge in poverty alleviation was distinct experiences of the First Nation, Inuit and Metis (MacDonald & Steenbeek, 2015). While there are many shared experiences between the three indigenous communities, Canadas colonial history has resulted in many unique challenges which impedes resolution of the issue of poverty with a uniform approach.

How was indigenous poverty alleviated?Although there are few anti-poverty measures which have been explicitly developed by the indigenous communities. However, one major initiative was introduced in New Brunswick. Through the strategy, over the last two decades, a considerable number of First Nation, Metis, and Inuit, have been able to strengthen the economic base, hence addressing poverty (Dana, 2015). There have been three main elements of the strategy:

Partnership and opportunity creation for economic leaders

Offering training and dignity of work for people of working age

Addressing the root causes of poverty

While the strategy was primarily formulated by the First nation, the Metis and Inuit have been able to address the issue considerably. This strategy addresses the issue of poverty in many ways, such as increasing employment, bolstering self-reliance, and expanding business opportunities with the communities (Ninomiya & Pollock, 2017). Through development of the community owned businesses, the approach is also ensuring that a proportion of the profits derived from the business is channeled for community developments such as providing scholarships and making contributions to trust funds thereby increasing education, and by extension employability of community members. The initiative launched in 2018 was an all-inclusive approach aimed at poverty alleviation throughout the country. Similarly, indigenous business development has been a major focus of the government, as evidenced by development of procurement strategy for indigenous businesses (PISB), facilitating the indigenous businesses to compete for contracts, work on various projects, gain access to tools for increasing their visibility, and explore joint-venture opportunities and partnerships (Hoicka et al., 2021). The success of the initiatives is evidenced by the fact that as of 2020, there are more than 50,000 businesses owned indigenous people from the three communities contributing to $48 billion to the economy annually (Daly, 2023).

Conclusion

The research paper will contain a case study which will represent the strategy of community business development and why it has been successful in creating jobs for local indigenous people in Atlantic Canada. The case study will detail the facts about provincial governments taking progressive steps towards further augmenting the strategy through awareness campaigns, training and development and capability building which indicates positive developments in poverty alleviation.

ReferencesCattapan, A., Patrick, J., & Yuen, B. (2023). Beyond the Constitutional Architecture: An Act respecting First Nations, Inuit and Mtis children, youth and families at the Supreme Court of Canada.Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique, 1-7.

Daly, J. (2023).Building trust with Indigenous businesses[Review ofBuilding trust with Indigenous businesses]. www.edc.ca.

Dana, L. P. (2015). Indigenous entrepreneurship: An emerging field of research.International Journal of Business and Globalisation,14(2), 158-169.

Dana, L. P. (2015). Indigenous entrepreneurship: An emerging field of research.International Journal of Business and Globalisation,14(2), 158-169.

Dunn, A. (2023). Necessities Laid Bare: An examination of possible justifications for Peter Townsends purely relative definition of poverty.Journal of Social Policy,52(2), 237-255.

Ghosh, S. (2021). Economist and statesman: Keynes on poverty. InPoverty in Contemporary Economic Thought(pp. 28-46). Routledge.

Government of Canada. (2015, January 7).Archived - Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 20152016 Report on Plans and Priorities. Rcaanc-Cirnac.gc.ca. https://rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1420651340132/1621025369072

Hoicka, C. E., Savic, K., & Campney, A. (2021). Reconciliation through renewable energy? A survey of Indigenous communities, involvement, and peoples in Canada.Energy Research & Social Science,74, 101897.

Kendall, J. (2022). Circles of disadvantage: Aboriginal poverty and underdevelopment in Canada. InScholars, Missionaries, and Counter-Imperialists(pp. 119-131). Routledge.

MacDonald, C., & Steenbeek, A. (2015). The impact of colonization and western assimilation on health and wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal people.International Journal of Regional and Local History,10(1), 32-46.

Ninomiya, M. E. M., & Pollock, N. J. (2017). Reconciling community-based Indigenous research and academic practices: Knowing principles is not always enough.Social science & medicine,172, 28-36.

Quinn, A. L. (2022). Experiences and well-being among Indigenous former youth in care within Canada.Child abuse & neglect,123, 105395.

Topic:

Develop a case-study on how and why a community was successfully able to engage with a major social issue (poverty, unemployment, affordable housing, health care, discrimination) through citizen engagement. What transferrable lessons can be drawn from this case-study?

Preliminary Research Paper outline: Please prepare a 4-page double-spaced research paper outline. (Due on August 3rd) Already DONE

Research paper: Students are required to write one major analytical research paper for this course. (Due on August 25th)

Research paper - stylistic details

The paper should be typed and paginated, with standard margins (e.g., 1"). The length should be between 12-15 pages, double-spaced, Arial, 12 font, minus appendices (e.g., bibliography). Please carefully edit the proposal for spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity, sequence, and integration (flow). Place all citations and references in a standard, consistent APA format. Please use internal (parenthetical) citations rather than foot/endnotes, using the latter only for subsidiary explications rather than references. Do not use et cetera (etc.) or and so on in your writing. Academic writing involves providing as much detail as possible.

FEEDBACK:

You will need to develop a specific focus for the research paper. You have chosen to do topic number three. My suggestion would be to research a specific example of how an indigenous community was able to address poverty through citizen engagement. You can develop your paper based on that specific example. How was that community able to address a poverty issue, and what lessons can be learned? You cannot study all of Canada or even Atlantic Canada in a 12-page paper. Nor can you study several different initiatives. Choose one example based upon your research and go from there. More needs to be done.

Writing Style:

The paper should be typed and paginated, with standard margins (e.g., 1"). The length should be between 12-15 pages, double-spaced, Arial, 12 font, minus appendices (e.g.bibliography). Please carefully edit the proposal for spelling, punctuation, grammar, clarity, sequence, and integration (flow). Place all citations and references in a standard, consistent APA format. Please use internal (parenthetical) citations rather than foot/endnotes, using the latter only for subsidiary explications rather than references. Do not use et cetera (etc.) or and so on in your writing. Academic writing involves providing as much detail as possible.