For Assessment 2, you will use the findings from your problem analysis (Assessment 1) to develop an evidence-based intervention that addresses your

For Assessment 2, you will use the findings from your problem analysis (Assessment 1) to develop an evidence-based intervention that addresses your selected health issue. You will need to articulate your interventions goal, objectives, and the broad intervention design to achieve the desired outcomes. The focus of this assignment is to identify and justify your recommended intervention; solving the public health issue should be a secondary consideration. ( 4-6 slides)

Criteria

Your presentation should:

Briefly summarise the magnitude and burden of the public health issue and outline the major populations affected and risk factors and/or enablers(10%)

Identify an appropriate goal and associated objectives for addressing the public health issue(10%)

Critically appraise the broader evidence base around possible solutions to the health issue(30%)*Outline and justify your proposed intervention, the characteristics (key intervention components), prevention level, setting, and/or target population of your proposed intervention.(30%)

You will also be assessed on your presentation style, particularly the clarity of your slides(20%)

You must record your presentation, includingan accompanying audio recording. ( ILL DO THE AUDIO RECORDING)

Length: 5 mins. This is a hard upper limit.We will stop listening at 5 minutes. This does not include time spent on the reference slides, provided you have stopped talking.

As a guide, a 5 minute presentation equates to approximately 4-6 slides, excluding title slide and reference slide(s). Note that this slide count is a guide only; there are no penalties for using more or fewer slides.

REFERENCING can be placed in the last slide ,APA STYLE.

Literature search: you will need to conduct a literature search and review for this segment of the presentation ( please write the literature search strategy in the last slide after referencing)

Smoking prevention and control in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations

Table of Contents

TOC o "1-3" h z u

INTRODUCTION: PAGEREF _Toc130374426 h 3BURDEN AND MAGNITUDE: PAGEREF _Toc130374427 h 3ANALYSIS: PAGEREF _Toc130374428 h 4SUMMARY: PAGEREF _Toc130374429 h 5REFERENCES: PAGEREF _Toc130374430 h 6SEARCH STRATEGY: PAGEREF _Toc130374431 h 7

INTRODUCTION:Being a large contributor to both health and economic costs, smoking is a top priority for Australia's public health authorities. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare estimates that over 21,000 fatalities occur annually in Australia due to smoking. The frequency of smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is much greater than that of the general population. The purpose of this paper is to briefly outline the burden and extent of the public health concern within the specified target group and to examine the preventative and control techniques that may be implemented to address this problem.

BURDEN AND MAGNITUDE:In Australia, the rate of smoking is much greater among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities than among the general population. According to the ABS, in 201819, 41.4% of Australian Aboriginals, as well as Torres Strait Islander individuals aged 15 as well as older, were daily smokers, whereas just 12.2% of non-Indigenous Australians were smokers. Cancer, heart disease, or respiratory illnesses are just a few of the many who suffer from the widespread use of tobacco products. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals have a lung cancer death rate that is 2.5 times that of non-Indigenous Australians.

The financial consequences of smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are substantial, despite the obvious health consequences. According to the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare, during 2015-16, smoking was predicted to cost $1.5 billion in direct healthcare expenses among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, with an additional $2.3 billion in indirect costs owing to productivity loss and early death.

The high smoking incidence across Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities is exacerbated by social, cultural, as well as historical reasons. Consequences of colonialism, societal deprivation, and inadequate access to medical treatment are all contributing issues (Thurber et al, 2021). To successfully address this public health concern, it is crucial to deploy preventative as well as control strategies which are culturally relevant and developed in conjunction with Indigenous people (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021). The increased prevalence of smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, COPD, cardiac disease, as well as respiratory problems is a direct outcome of the higher cigarette consumption among Indigenous communities.

The difference in life span among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is mostly attributable to smoking. Smoking is responsible for around a quarter of the difference in life span among these two groups (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021). Another major contributor to low birth weight, early delivery, and infant death is maternal smoking.

ANALYSIS:Social and economic hardship, cultural influences, and historical trauma all play a role in the high rates of smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Poverty, joblessness, and substandard housing all contribute to social isolation, which is a known trigger for smoking. The health and economic consequences of Australia's Indigenous population are worse than those of the broader population. This is especially true of smoking rates (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021).

In addition to biological issues, smoking is a social norm among Indigenous communities for a variety of cultural reasons. The widespread acceptance of smoking as a cultural norm is one such example. It may be especially challenging for Indigenous people to kick the habit since tobacco has been used in rituals as well asceremonies for many centuries (Colonna et al, 2020).

High levels of smoking across Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are exacerbated by historical trauma. The Stolen Generations, the result of the forcible abduction of Indigenous children from their families, have left a lasting mark on their societies. Indigenous Australians have greater rates of drug and tobacco usage due to this trauma.

Community involvement, culturally relevant education, including healthcare services, are drivers for smoking avoidance and cessation among Indigenous communities. Tobacco control and prevention initiatives can't work without the help of the community. Much more probable that community-led initiatives will be effective in reducing smoking among Indigenous communities since they take into consideration the unique cultural, social, including historical aspects that contribute to smoking among these groups (Maddox et al, 2020).

Prevention and control efforts aimed at reducing smoking among Indigenous peoples must also prioritize providing them with culturally relevant knowledge. Indigenous communities need to have their education programs presented in a manner that is interesting and relevant to them. Traditional cultural practices and values may be included in educational programs as part of this effort (Colonna et al, 2020).

There are several obstacles for Indigenous Australians to get medical treatment, such as financial constraints, geographical distance, and cultural norms. It has been shown that decreasing smoking rates among Indigenous groups are linked to increased access to healthcare, especially in rural and frontier regions (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021).

In summary, smoking is a major contributor to poor health outcomes among Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Socioeconomic status, cultural circumstances, and prior trauma all increase the likelihood that an individual would start smoking. Community involvement, culturally relevant education, and healthcare options are all facilitators for smoking prevention and control.

SUMMARY:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia face serious public health problems due to their high smoking rates. Socioeconomic status, cultural circumstances, and prior trauma all increase the likelihood that an individual would start smoking. Community involvement, culturally relevant education, and access to healthcare are all enablers for smoking prevention and control. There are several obstacles for Indigenous Australians to getting medical treatment, such as financial constraints, geographical distance, and cultural norms. Successful smoking cessation programs among Indigenous people are more likely to be community-led initiatives that recognize and address the specific cultural, socioeconomic, and historical variables that lead to tobacco use in these communities. Indigenous peoples need education programs that are tailored to their needs and interests, which means include elements of their own culture and pedagogy. Reducing smoking rates and increasing health benefits for Indigenous Australians will need focusing on these causes.

REFERENCES:Broady, T. R., Cama, E., Brener, L., Hopwood, M., de Wit, J., & Treloar, C. (2018). Responding to a national policy need: development of a stigma indicator for bloodborne viruses and sexually transmissible infections.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health,42(6), 513-515.

Colonna, E., Maddox, R., Cohen, R., Marmor, A., Doery, K., Thurber, K., ... & Lovett, R. (2020). Review of tobacco use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019: Detailed findings. Canberra: AIHW.

Maddox, R., Thurber, K., Calma, T., Banks, E., & Lovett, R. (2020). Deadly news: the downward trend continues in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking 2004-2019.

Thurber, K. A., Banks, E., Joshy, G., Soga, K., Marmor, A., Benton, G., ... & Lovett, R. (2021). Tobacco smoking and mortality among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in Australia.International Journal of Epidemiology,50(3), 942-954.

SEARCH STRATEGY:Comprehensive search strategy planner

Review question: Smoking prevention and control in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations

What are the main concepts that make up my review question?

Smoking, cigarette, Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, control

Concept 1 OR combines terms for the same concept together

Main Concept Keywords like "smoking," "cigarette," "Indigenous," "

Is it a searchable term?

yes

AND combines different concepts together

Concept 2 OR combines terms for the same concept together

Main Concept Aboriginal," "Torres Strait Islander," "control," "control," as well as "health effects" were found to be relevant.

Is it a searchable term? Yes

AND combines different concepts together

Are there any relevant limits I can apply to my search?

Limits on publication dates were imposed, with studies only published within the previous 6 years being considered.

List the citations of a few relevant papers you have found from your scoping searches

I looked at the cited works of certain research to find more like them.

used PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to find relevant articles

What search methods will I use to find evidence/information for my review?

Grey literature review Agency and NGO reports were among the sources considered.

The search strategy's goal was to unearth the most up-to-date and applicable research on smoking avoidance and management in Aboriginal as well asTorres Strait Islander communities.