LITERATURE REVIEW

ASSESSMENT 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

ON

What is the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings in terms of reducing defects and increasing durability, and how does this compare to the cost of corrective repairs?

Table of Contents

TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc131782019 h 3Literature review PAGEREF _Toc131782020 h 31.1.Building Maintenance PAGEREF _Toc131782021 h 31.2.Types of building maintenance PAGEREF _Toc131782022 h 41.3.Challenges in Maintenance PAGEREF _Toc131782023 h 71.4.Maintenance approach PAGEREF _Toc131782024 h 71.5.Importance of building maintenance PAGEREF _Toc131782025 h 81.6.Trends in Research of Building Management System PAGEREF _Toc131782026 h 91.7.Gaps in literature PAGEREF _Toc131782027 h 12References PAGEREF _Toc131782028 h 14

IntroductionPreventive maintenance measures for residential buildings are essential in ensuring that buildings are well maintained and defects are reduced. This can lead to increased durability and overall cost-effectiveness of the building. Preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings are essential in ensuring that buildings are well maintained and defects are reduced (Ahmad et al., 2021). This can lead to increased durability and overall cost-effectiveness of the building. In this literature review, we examine several studies that focus on the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings. In this literature review, we examine several studies that focus on the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings.

Literature reviewBuilding MaintenanceIn the written academic literature, the word "maintenance" is clearly defined. The terminology relating to maintenance, however, are not fully defined. The writers utilize a few terminology, including maintenance strategy, maintenance policy, maintenance tactics/approaches, and maintenance concepts, in a variety of contexts. An object or system is maintained when a mix of technical and related administrative actions are taken to keep it in working order or restore it to that condition (Adabre and Chan, 2019). Ayvaz and Alpay, (2021) further defined maintenance as any procedures necessary to maintain or return an item, part, or piece of equipment to a specific state.

For the proper use of assets like factories, power plants, vehicles, equipment, and machines, technical skills, techniques, and methods are required. System function (availability, efficiency, and product quality), system life (asset management), and system safety are the primary goals of maintenance (Arisanti et al., 2020). The production engineers at an organization consider maintenance as a source of concern because the production department's goal is to reach the production target. So, any organization must prioritize integrating maintenance and production.

The role of maintenance, particularly industrial maintenance, is to support the production and operational functions. The main step in converting raw materials into finished goods with the aid of labor (input) is operation or production (outputs). According to Cardinal et al., (2020), maintenance is a secondary activity that aids in the operation's or production's ability to meet targets. As a result, maintenance is essential to meeting the production goals. By keeping the physical assets and equipment in good shape, the maintenance function can be translated into efficient production and operation.

Building maintenance is typically firmly defined from several definitions as the combination of all technical and related administrative steps to ensure that all the things and parts in the structure are capable of functioning and perform to an acceptable and suitable standard (Civerchia et al., 2017). Services, facilities, facades, components, and structures can all be maintained, and each maintenance duty is different.

Types of building maintenanceIn general, there are two forms of maintenance: life-based maintenance and failure-based maintenance (also known as corrective maintenance, CM) (i.e. Regular Preventive Maintenance, RPM) (Civerchia et al., 2017). The cost of the CM is determined by the number of components changed during the course of the system's whole operating stage and the accompanying maintenance expenses, and it cannot be prevented when a component has a random failure (Carvalho et al., 2019). The previous maintenance policy was failure-based, meaning that once equipment malfunctioned, it would be repaired without any attempt being made to identify or stop it. Yet, under this situation, maintenance costs are occasionally low as well as high (Cheng et al., 2020).

Regular Preventative Maintenance (RPM) involves carrying out maintenance tasks on a regular basis or in response to a machine or piece of equipment operating as planned. Before a spare part's service life expires, it is replaced. The expense of upkeep is still substantial. RPM is therefore employed regardless of the condition of the equipment to prevent frequent failure of the equipment/machine (Falorca, 2019). It could seem like paying for upkeep would be superfluous.

Preventive maintenance can be viewed as counterproductive even when it does not immediately translate into breakdown costs or production downtime costs. RPM costs are basically an investment to guard against unplanned plant or equipment shutdowns and significant harm to certain pieces of equipment (Fuentes, Arce and Salom, 2018). In the following circumstances, this technique will be more beneficial if failure rates rise with age, (i) RPM downtime is smaller than repair time after failure, and (ii)

There are several types of maintenance when it comes to building construction. Majorly, we can identify five types as Corrective maintenance, Pre-determined maintenance, Preventive maintenance, Condition-based maintenance and Predictive maintenance (Gilabert et al., 2017).

Corrective maintenance

Corrective maintenance is the most basic type of maintenance strategy and it entails using a building component up until it breaks. All actions are included, such as replacing or fixing a component that has failed to the point that it can no longer function as intended. Corrective maintenance is often referred to as unscheduled maintenance or failure-based maintenance. Ad hoc corrective maintenance is routinely carried out in response to errors or user requests (Gilabert et al., 2017).Hence, preventative maintenance can be very costly for two reasons:

The breakdown of one component might result in significant secondary damage to other components of the building (Hauashdh, Jailani and Rahman, 2022). For instance, the interior of the building and the ceiling may sustain damage if the roof fails.

An item's failure may take place at a moment that is inconvenient for both the user and the maintaining authority (Howell and Alshakhshir, 2020). Planning for labour and spare components may become quite challenging as a result.

Corrective maintenance is still a crucial component of any maintenance management approach. We can gain crucial prediction information from such efforts.

Preventive maintenance

By lowering the likelihood of failure and preventing unexpected failure, preventive maintenance was developed to address the drawbacks of corrective maintenance. Time-based maintenance, planned maintenance, or cycle maintenance are all terms used to describe this method. Tasks for preventive maintenance are completed according to a predetermined schedule at regular, specified intervals, which could be based on anything as simple as operational time (Hauashdh et al., 2020). An approach like this is routinely used for interior or exterior paint work. Preventive maintenance has the following benefits over corrective maintenance (Ismail, 2021):

Maintenance can be scheduled in advance and carried out whenever it is convenient for the building's occupants.

By reducing the expense of consequential damage, maintenance costs can be decreased;

Downtime, or the period when a part of the building or the entire facility is not in use,

can be reduced to raise the habitability of the building and

To improve user health and safety.

However, there are some drawbacks to preventive maintenance that must be reduced (Ighravwe, and Oke, 2019):

Planned maintenance is performed no matter how well the building's parts are doing. As a result, numerous unnecessary operations will be carried out on parts that could have been kept in a secure and functional state for a much longer amount of time (Igwe and Usman, 2019).

The state of an element may worsen as a result of human error during the maintenance task's execution. Tasks for planned maintenance are typically quite labor- and spare-parts-intensive.

Corrective maintenance, when considered independently, is the maintenance you carry out immediately after addressing the damage or defect. It is done in order to correctly fix the broken portion and get it back to working (Jia et al., 2019). Corrective maintenance may be done quickly and should be done so. Defects that develop after preventive maintenance procedures are taken can be fixed.

Predetermined maintenance

Predetermined maintenance is focused on maintaining the structure according to the manufacturers instructions. This maintenance method does not stray away from those instructions and becomes impractical and imperfect sometimes (Jia et al., 2019). We cannot just rely on the manufacturers instructions when taking care of a building. As its name suggests, preventive maintenance processes are carried out prior to the defects may occur. These maintenance steps are regular and carry out throughout a constant period of time.

Condition-based maintenance

Condition-based maintenance is defined as: Maintenance carried out in response to a significant deterioration in a unit as indicated by a change in monitored parameter of the unit condition or performance (Kasraei and Ali Zakeri, 2022).The condition-based maintenance approach acknowledges that the key justification for performing maintenance is a change in the condition and/or performance of an item. In order to ascertain the true state of each component part of a structure, a condition survey is done to decide the best time to perform maintenance (Kumar et al., 2018). This strategy involves effectively monitoring the building's structural components, such as the walls, floors, and roof, as well as its service equipment, such as the boilers, pumps, and heating system, to determine which component or piece of equipment needs maintenance before a serious malfunction takes place.

The condition-based approach is far more advanced than preventive maintenance. Here, instead of performing scheduled maintenance, the structures are tested for possible defects. Then the risk conditions are understood and treated in order to prevent hazards.

Predictive maintenance

The last type is predictive maintenance. It is derived from condition-based maintenance yet is far more advanced and intensive (Kumar et al., 2018). This maintenance type uses a special sensor to constantly keep track of the structures and alerts the technicians of possible danger.

Challenges in MaintenanceThese days, organizations consider maintenance as a crucial support role that aids in sustaining productivity and encouraging organizational growth. The following are the goals of effective maintenance: increasing uptime, cutting costs, improving accuracy, preventing safety hazards, reducing risks, and being more environmentally conscious (Liu, Balieu and Kringos, 2022.). These are the organizational and commercial strategic needs. Making the best maintenance decisions is a challenge. Control over maintenance decisions is the ultimate goal.

It need constant work to manage and regulate maintenance choices; else, random equipment/asset failures drive up expenses. In the cutthroat corporate world of today, such enormous prices are unaffordable. Maintenance managers and engineers frequently carry out maintenance tasks in a "fire fighting" manner. Without preventative maintenance measures, organizations can only react when a failure occurs (Madureira et al., 2017). Low productivity, availability, and reliability are the outcomes of such a strategy, and these elements contribute to lower profitability.

Maintenance approachManagement of building upkeep is frequently linked to future sustainability and creative strategy. To improve building maintenance management performance, various working methodologies are introduced. There are two things: building maintenance management and asset management, respectively (Nhleko and Inambao, 2018). Cost analysis and budget allocation are necessary for the success of both elements' actions. Surfaces and finishes, doors and windows, fixed equipment, fire prevention and safety, and all other services necessary to make the interior of a building safe, aesthetically beautiful, and functional are all included in interior maintenance.

The importance and benefit of preventive maintenance are emphasized by Oladokun et al. (2017). It is suggested to adopt the following preventative maintenance best practices: Building performance is improved by performing an inventory of building components and evaluating their conditions, ranking maintenance tasks according to cost, developing long- and short-term maintenance plans, establishing a framework for running a preventive maintenance program, using tools to optimize the program, and more.The maintenance of residential buildings has been the subject of investigation by Malaysian researchers. An efficient property management system is required to provide for sustainable high-rise residential property development, as evidenced by the ongoing increase of high-rise residential properties (Olanrewaju, Fang and Tan, 2018). Notwithstanding how thorough these studies are, they do not attempt to examine the connection between Malaysia's high-rise residential property development patterns and property management systems. This article examines the patterns and circumstances of high-rise residential property development in Malaysia in an effort to comprehend the effects of effective property management. According to Prn, Edwards, and Sing (2017), the findings of this scoping study will contribute to a better knowledge of the Malaysian property management systems in use today and offer prospective solutions for expanding the high-rise residential unit market.

Due to the various sorts of programs, the management term is also utilized. Currently, various stakeholders use their own software programs to deliver building management services. According to (Qin and Stewart, 2020), project managers must have a thorough understanding of build maintenance in order to deploy persons and resources efficiently, complete maintenance duties, and lower the build maintenance burden on routine development chores like fixing bugs and adding new features. Nine open source projects of various sizes and domains, as well as one proprietary project, have empirically researched build maintenance.

Build maintenance is the term for the adjustments made to the build system as a software project develops over time (Pret et al., 2017). It has been demonstrated that build maintenance places a significant burden on overall development costs, in part because source code changes frequently necessitate parallel build system adjustments. The build system often automates the challenging process of packaging software products for release, ensuring that the right versions of software components, necessary libraries, documentation, and data files are included in the release.

Importance of building maintenanceAll structures need to be maintained in order to keep them functional, to keep their value as high as possible, and to prolong their lives. In order to maintain the building's aesthetic value and to create a safer and better working environment, building maintenance is essential (Prete et al., 2017). Building maintenance is crucial to making sure the structure is kept up efficiently, therefore efficiency in building maintenance operations must be taken into account. Making sure all of the building's amenities are functional and convenient for its users is the aim of building maintenance.

In summary, repair and maintenance are essential components of a building's life cycle. Building upkeep is an essential discipline for every development (Ramamurthy and Jain, 2017). It's because maintaining the building is essential to maintaining the property's value. Also, the building will continue to fulfill its function and benefit the tenants and residents.

One study by Re Cecconi et al., (2018) examined the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings in terms of reducing defects and increasing durability. The study found that preventive maintenance measures were cost-effective and led to a reduction in the number of defects over time. The authors recommended that building owners invest in preventive maintenance measures to increase the durability of their buildings.

Another study by Selcuk, (2017) investigated the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings in terms of energy efficiency. The study found that preventive maintenance measures such as air sealing and insulation were cost-effective in reducing energy consumption and improving the overall energy efficiency of buildings. The authors recommended that building owners invest in these measures to reduce energy costs and increase the longevity of their buildings.

A study by Tambe and Kulkarni, (2022) examined the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for public housing in Hong Kong. The study found that preventive maintenance measures such as painting, cleaning, and repairing were cost-effective in reducing the occurrence of defects and extending the lifespan of buildings. The authors recommended that building owners invest in preventive maintenance measures to reduce maintenance costs and improve building durability.

In another study by (Tam, Fung and Choi, 2017), the cost-effectiveness of preventive maintenance measures for residential buildings in Iran was investigated. The study found that preventive maintenance measures such as regular inspection and maintenance of HVAC systems were cost-effective in reducing energy consumption and improving the durability of buildings. The authors recommended that building owners invest in preventive maintenance measures to reduce energy costs and increase the lifespan of their buildings.

Trends in Research of Building Management SystemThe monitoring equipment systems and management system for managing all of the building's systems are included in intelligent buildings. The ability of the structure to respond to changes in the environment both inside and out increases functionality, comfort, and user safety while lowering maintenance costs (Tam, Fung and Choi, 2017). The Internet of Things, a network of networked, ubiquitous items, is most prevalent in buildings, where it is made up of a variety of Internet-connected devices (IoT). Modern digital technologies (such as sensors, actuators, etc.) and frequently wireless modern communications can be used to instrument and connect buildings, providing information about the state and health of the physical infrastructure of buildings (Vidakovi et al., 2022).

One of the essential components of construction automation systems is the Internet of Things (IoT).This enables efficient resource management and prompt reaction to unforeseen events. Users should take both the objective and subjective demands of users into account when making decisions in accordance with the fundamental ideas of building management.(Wu et al., 2019). The study looked at the most recent building technologies, structural inspection technologies, new building materials, as well as upkeep and administration processes, in order to produce a new universal building maintenance standards on the basis of laws and regulations.

Researchers from Sweden and Lithuania have developed a novel multi-criteria decision-making method to choose the criteria for a building sustainability assessment (Wang et al., 2017). Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodologies are incorporated with the building certification system methodology.

Building management systems (BMS) can be viewed as a specific sort of module inside a wider Smart Grid system. Building IoT data is typically received by building management systems, which then combine it with other tools to assess the health and state of the structure and its assets (Wang et al., 2017). Since the efficient monitoring of buildings requires the creation, processing, and transfer of information, data has a significant impact on building automation and will be used to oversee and enhance the data integration that will trigger architectural events and services. The system includes tools for management, monitoring, and accounting. Building management systems combine multi-building utility systems, making it possible to manage buildings efficiently and affordably (Zonta et al., 2020). They are the most effective solutions for building maintenance and energy conservation.

Enabling interoperability between numerous distinct computational platforms by supplying a standard protocol across a large variety of devices with diverse capabilities and resources is one of the problems in the implementation of a distributed smart building management system. Building owners and occupants have access to a communication infrastructure thanks to smart meters (Howell and Alshakhshir., 2020). The management can conserve energy and provide a secure and comfortable environment for users thanks to the effective building monitoring system. The Smart Building is an end-user architecture that enhances the responsiveness, dependability, interactivity, and transparency of the electricity distribution network. The objective of the "Smarter Building Architecture" is to offer effective and intelligent operation and administration of the physical infrastructure of the building (Falorca, 2019).

An essential tool for improving the operational effectiveness of campuses and commercial and governmental buildings is the building management system. An essential component (a type of module) of the energy-efficient Smart Grid will be such an automated system (Civerchia et al., 2017). Building Automation and Control System (BACS), Advanced Metering Interface (AMI), high-level applications that enable commercial models, and an improved Energy Data Management System (EDMS) as one of the key components of Smart Grids will all be necessary for the integration of BMS into a larger system.

These applications are supported by automation and control systems: automatic fault detection, assignment of interventions to maintenance personnel, on-the-ground assistance (including assisted fault location), and notification of tenants regarding the progress of interventions (Arisanti, Latief and Machfudiyanto, 2020). If we take an office building as an example, automatic update to each tenant of currently planned maintenance processes and real-time end of the interference can greatly decrease the invasiveness of maintenance operators and increase the overall efficiency of an intervention (Ismail, 2021). Automated support for building maintenance also has other benefits. Building operators may monitor, manage, and control the energy used in their buildings thanks to the building energy management system (BEMS), which is a crucial component of a smart grid. This lowers the need for and consumption of energy.

The recent development of information and communication technologies (ICT) proposes suitable solution by facilitating intercommunication between building infrastructure and different devices, such as end-use appliances, mobile phones, automotives, and power grids (Ighravwe and Oke, 2019). While conventional buildings have been practicing various energy saving and building management measures by each building individually. Building Lifecycle Management (BLM) is a flexible system that combines energy management, building maintenance, network maintenance, and product/information traceability management (Igwe and Usman, 2019). This system enables users to reuse and integrate building data and domain knowledge over the course of a building's lifecycle.

For instance, during maintenance tasks, researchers conducted a thorough analysis of the lifecycle of the structure. In order to determine which messaging protocol, i.e., a flexible protocol that offered sufficiently generic communication interfaces, was best suitable for supporting building lifecycle management, their article examined existing messaging standards.

The next step was to present a platform that had been put up on a college campus using the chosen communications protocol (Liu, Balieu and Kringos, 2022). The research agenda that should be followed to create new methods and algorithms for improving building energy management was made public in this area. Researchers from Sweden investigated the new public management theory in turn, highlighting the political nature of management, applauding the management of liberalization, promoting management that is market-oriented, and supporting leaders who are entrepreneurial.

According to the new public management theory, it is possible to achieve the programmed control, standard considerations, and continuous improvement of the party building management by teasing, integrating, and optimizing building management, rules, procedures, and systems.

Building management should be integrated into various duties in a system to transform it from "soft" management to "rigid" operation and raise the standard and level of building management (Madureira et al., 2017). A housing policy is another study subject in Latvia. The development of housing policy more broadly has been impacted by a number of significant components of Latvia's housing policy over the past 20 years. There are market failures because the real estate market is never flawless. If necessary, the housing sector needs to be updated because it is already aging (Oladokun et al., 2017). The real estate market may provide housing while also taking into account the ability to generate a healthy demand by providing high-quality homes in brand-new, cutting-edge development projects. For this reason, creative solutions to improve efficiency measures and advance the management of the housing industry can be identified.

Gaps in literatureThe literature analysis makes clear that the frameworks connected to maintenance strategies established a connection between the organization's maintenance strategies selection process, maintenance strategies, and maintenance practices, but they did not explain how or why. Process analysis of maintenance strategies and maintenance practices at an organizational level is necessary because explanation is crucial for developing theory and improving practice (Prete et al., 2017).

The gaps in the literature can be summarized as follows based on the literature review mentioned above: -

No literature references were discovered in a study on maintenance strategies & practices linked to procedures of maintenance strategy selection & maintenance practices at an organizational level in an operations-intensive business.

A lack of literature examining tacit and implicit knowledge held by maintenance managers, which would allow for a richer description of maintenance strategies, selection procedures, and maintenance practices.

Absence of a comprehensive and integrated maintenance model that explains the relationships and processes of all planning and execution-related components of maintenance strategies and practices.

Concluding remarks

The majority of the studies found point to the cost-effectiveness of preventative maintenance programs for residential structures in lowering faults and boosting durability. To increase the total cost-effectiveness of their structures, building owners are urged to make investments in preventive maintenance methods. A thorough literature review relating to maintenance management was conducted as the first phase. After that, the literature was analysed and categorized in accordance with major themes such maintenance strategy, formulation of maintenance strategy, choice of maintenance strategy, application of maintenance strategy, maintenance performance, and maintenance techniques. This chapter also includes a thorough analysis of the numerous frameworks and models linked to maintenance strategy that were found in the literature. With this thorough literature research, holes in the literature are finally identified and reported.

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