LSU SHREVEPORT SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
LSU SHREVEPORT SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
MHA 707 HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
SPRING AP1
CATALOG DESCRIPTION
Explores the various components of the United States health care system, with significant attention being placed on the various entities operating within the industry, the labor requirements of healthcare organizations, the application of technology within the industry, the role of third-party payer systems, and the role of regulatory agencies and government. We'll examine its good, bad, and where it might go next.
PREREQUISITES
Consent of the department.
TYPE & TIME OF CLASS
This course consists of seven modules and spans approximately 7 calendar weeks. Course delivery is completely on-line with all assignments posted in Moodle weekly. To cover this much material in 7 weeks requires strict adherence to posted deadlines. Please note that the time is compressed; and not the requirements or the expectations. It is recommended that you log in to the course at least three to four times weekly, and before taking a test or submitting a major assignment, to stay on top of the work flow. Paying attention to deadlines and staying current with assignments is your responsibility. Exceptions will be granted, but rarely.
All references to time during this course are U.S. Central Time (Chicago, IL).
REQUIRED TEXTS
Goldsteen R, et al., (2021). Jonas Introduction to the U.S. Health Care System, 9th Edition. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company
This book can be downloaded from the Noel Library. Please login to the library website using your LSUS login credentials. You will be limited to the number of pages (100) you can download at a given time just come back later and get the rest. Alternatively, you may enter the Noel Library tab. Click on e-textbooks. Then click on Masters in HC in the left-hand tool bar. Scroll down to MHA 707 where you will find the book. Click on the title and you will see the textbook. You can read it there or download up to 100 pages per day under Save pages. Should you have trouble with accessing or downloading, contact the Library Help Desk or a fellow student for assistance.
Other readings and related assignments will be shown on the Main Course Page and detailed in the assignments themselves. Updates and corrections are usually announced in the Announcements and Weekly Assignments posts throughout the semester.
N.B. If you are not receiving these posts in your email, you are not in touch with this class!
The Announcements and Weekly Assignments forum is where important information about schedule changes, instructor hints on assignments and correction notifications are issued. If you are not receiving these posts, it is YOUR responsibility to check for spam blockers, computer glitches, etc. The LSUS Computer Center can often help you with these issues.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Proctorio is the required proctoring system for examinations and is referenced in the next section.
Other software such as spell checkers or Grammarly (available at https://www.grammarly.com) is optional, but may be very useful. Effective communication, particularly in written assignments, is mission critical to success. English is a funny and difficult language, even for those who grew up speaking it. Getting it right is important!
TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
All students must have access to a computer capable of running a current version of Windows or a Mac-comparable operating system, a webcam, speakers, and microphone. Google Chrome is the web browser required for taking examinations in this course.
Proctorio is a virtual testing modality that, by Department policy, is required for taking all examinations. You must have a current version of Chrome on your computer and successfully download the Proctorio Extension to take an exam. Your camera must be enabled to take the exam. You can find details in the MHA Resource Center under the Program Requirements and Guidelines banner Online Learning and Required Technology sub-section - MHA Proctoring and Turnitin Services tab.
Computer problems, power failures, server outages, etc. not directly caused by LSU Shreveport will not be accepted as excuses for late or missed assignments or examinations. Do required assignments earlier than later. Always have a back-up plan. Handling contingencies is part of the training program.
PHOTO REQUIREMENT
Please note that you are required to post and maintain a recent photo of yourself to serve as your Moodle user picture throughout the duration of this course.. The photo must be a full-color headshot of you ALONE, similar to that used for passports. Your face must not be obstructed in any way (e.g., with hats, sunglasses, Halloween masks, large ships or airplanes, etc.). Photos help humanize the online experience.
RESEARCH REQUIREMENT
This is a graduate course. Assignments will involve reviewing and reflecting on research from current published literature and reference materials. The Noel Memorial Library at LSUS offers numerous databases (e.g., Business Source Complete, JSTOR, Medline) which allow electronic searches and to access articles remotely. If you have questions concerning library reference resources, please direct them to the Noel Memorial Library. You also use resources such as Google Scholar and PubMed.
INSTRUCTOR
Rohit Pradhan, PhD
Since I do not maintain a physical office on the LSUS campus, please contact me via email at: Rohit.Pradhan@lsus.eduVirtual Office hours: Monday:8.30-11.00 am.
Please use this zoom link: https://lsus.zoom.us/j/93568984269?pwd=bm8zNXJtR2I0ZFlUM09ORDg4NTZ3QT09If this time doesnt work for you, please send me an email and I will set up a meeting with you based upon mutual convenience.
Email policy: My policy is to respond to every email within 24 hours during the business week. Realistically, I will respond to your queries much more quickly. However, considering the large course roster, I would urge you to carefully review course policies---including this syllabus! ---to ensure that your questions have not already been covered. Include your full name and student ID number in all correspondence.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this course, a student will have the ability to:
1. Discuss key drivers of change in the health care system and the current organization of the U.S. health care system, how it has evolved over time, and the shape it is likely to take in the future.
2. Explain the past and present roles of all levels of government and public policy in the U.S. health care system.
3. Compare the U.S. health care system with those of other nations and describe similarities and differences.
4. Define and discuss the significance of population health and public health in the United States.
5. Identify vulnerable populations in the United States, describe the challenges they face in accessing health care, how individual and group behaviors influence health, and identify potential solutions to this problem.
6. Explain how health care is financed in the United States and explain how the costs of health care influence the quality and delivery of care.
7. Discuss how innovations in health information technology are generating both positive and negative effects in the delivery of health care.
8. Identify and discuss key issues facing the future of U.S. health care delivery and health policy.
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Student success and participation will be assessed via the following activities over the course of the seven modules:
Examinations (EX A D; 4 exams for a total of 2/3 of the final course grade): Exams will be given at the end of each odd number week (1, 3, 5 and 7) and coincide with each Module A D. Each test will consist of 25 40 multiple-choice and True-False questions. The time limit for each exam will be 90 minutes. These tests are designed to assess your working knowledge and familiarity with the course material. Hint: Do NOT leave questions blank. By guessing, you will generally have a 1:4 chance of getting it right. Hint 2: Unless you receive explicit notice to the contrary, each question has ONLY ONE correct response. Period. Moodle has occasionally been known to pose questions with Select one or more: DO NOT BE DECEIVED. There is only ONE RIGHT response to each question. You have been warned.
Tests will be given in Moodle utilizing Proctorio. All course materials the textbook, PowerPoint presentations (most with audio) and extra readings are fair game for exam questions. Examinations are closed book. More specifically, no textbooks, notes, slides, internet or smart device resources (printed or on-line) are permitted to be accessed during the exam. Additionally, there is no time allotted for breaks of any kind during the exam, therefore each examination must be completed at one sitting.
Examinations will not be given outside of the scheduled examination time to accommodate personal or work schedules. The examination window opens on Wednesday at 6 pm and closes on Saturday at 6.00 pm CST. Students who plan to travel during examination periods should be certain that they have adequate internet access and required technologies to complete the examination during the prescribed period. The class is too large to allow for individual exceptions and frankly, it is unfair to the students who comply with deadlines to grant exceptions without a penalty. Therefore, once an examination window closes, no extension will be granted. If you absolutely cannot complete the exam during the allotted time, please make arrangements with me as soon as you know. I will require a very good reason and documentation to grant you an extension. A late submission grade penalty would still apply.
Finally, the MHA program at LSUS has a no return policy on exams and written assignments meaning, you will not receive feedback on specific questions after a test, just an overall grade. I dont personally like this policy, but it IS the policy. Sorry.
Writing Assignments (1/6 each x 2 = 1/3 of the final course grade):
Writing assignments will be presented the week before they are due. Each assignment will consist of a primary post and two (2) secondary posts. ALL posts must be placed before the deadline stated in the assignment. Instructions for both the primary and secondary posts will be given with the assignment.
Posts will be set up in Moodle using the Q & A format. This format is unique in that until you post your assignment, you will not be able to see anyone elses work. I believe this does several good things: it allows/forces you to write your own material. In other posting formats, the few brave souls that post early do the majority of the work for those who post later, i.e. those who post later do so after having read earlier posts. This format also helps later authors by allowing them to feel that their post is fresh. In other words, late posters often feel that its hard to come up with something new something that hasnt already been said 40-50 times by the time they write their posts. This format obviates this issue.
N.B. There is a 30-minute delay between posting your initial post and being able to read other peoples posts. This 30-minute buffer allows you to go back and tweak your post during the first 30 minutes after entering it. Once the initial 30-minutes delay is over, no more editing is allowed.
Late submission of a writing assignment will result in a 10-point grade reduction.
Academic Integrity/Plagiarism
Plagiarism is taking the work, words or ideas of others and passing them off as your own. Plagiarism is dishonest and violates the LSUS MHA Honor Code. Writing assignments are graded on many parameters, one of the most important is originality of though. Please keep this in mind when writing your posts. I take plagiarism very seriously and you will receive a zero grade. Please dont do it.
GRADING FORMAT
A (100-90), B (89-80), C (79-70), D (69-60), F (59-0)
POLICY ON MAKE-UPS
Make-up examinations are not allowed unless the STUDENT is involved in a medical emergency that
was incapacitating for the entire duration of the assignment for which the make-up is sought. Medical
emergencies of friends, uber drivers, BFFs, or other individuals generally do NOT qualify. IF you think
you have an exception; you may email me the details. Be prepared to provide a signed physicians excuse
with contact information for verification purposes.
ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS
This is an exclusively on-line course offered in a dyssynchronous format. Therefore, timely completion
of assignments is a surrogate for attendance.
Student Support Resources
LSUS provides many support resources that address not only students academic needs but also various aspects of students nonacademic needs. Information about and website links for such resources are available in the syllabus supplement posted in Moodle or attached as the last page of this document, etc. Some resources such as the Student Success Center (tutoring and coaching) and IT support are also available from the Student, Technical, or Web Links drop-down menus available at the top of the Moodle screen.
Academic Accommodations
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other related laws protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in work, educational, and other settings. Students are responsible for making their needs known and must contact the LSUS Office of Disability Services for accommodation requests. For the request form, the Pilot Your Ability Student Manual, and more information, visit the LSUS Disability Services webpage.
Title IX Protections
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a U.S. federal law that provides various sex-based discrimination protections under educational programs that receive federal-level financial assistance. Such protections include, but are not limited to, pregnancy/parenting and gender-based harassment. For LSUSs Title IX policy (PM-73) and informational brochure as well as contact information and forms for emergency and non-emergency incident reporting, visit the LSUS Title IX webpage.
Syllabus Addendums
Additional communications, if any, at the University or the College of Business levels are posted in the Getting Started section of Moodle.
MHA 707
SEMESTER SCHEDULE
Spring 2024
Note: Please note that all readings included in the supplementary readings are required readings and may form part of your exam. All supplementary readings are available on Moodle arranged according to their respective week.
MODULE A (Monday, Jan 15)
Week 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to the US Health Care System
Supplementary readings a) Is the US healthcare system Broken? Shmerling b) Health Expenditure Comparison: OECD
c) National Health Expenditure 2022 (CMS)
** WA-1 Opens **
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignmentsEXAM A (MODULE A) Wednesday Saturday @ 6 pm Central
MODULE B - 1 (Monday, Jan 22)
Week 2
Chapter 2 The Settings for Health Care
Chapter 3 The People Who Provide Health Care
Supplementary readings a) Nursing Shortage: Haddad et al. 2023
b) Physician salaries, international comparison: Incidental Economist
** WA-1 All posts due by Saturday @ 6 pm Central **
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignments.
.
MODULE B - 2 (Monday, Jan 29)
Week 3
Chapter 4 Medicines, Devices and TechnologyChapter 5 Government and the Health Care System
Supplementary readings a) How to Reduce Prescription Drug Prices: Atlas
b) Medicare New Drug Price Negotiation Program: KFF
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignments
EXAM B (MODULES B-1 & B-2) Wednesday Saturday @ 6 pm Central
MODULE C - 1 (Monday, Feb 5)
Week 4
Chapter 6 Financing the Health Care System
Chapter 7 Health Care System Performance
** WA-2 Opens **
Supplementary readings Health Costs and Financing: Shrank et al.
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignmentsMODULE C - 2 (Monday, Feb 12)
Week 5
Chapter 8 Debates That Have Structured Health Care System Change
Supplementary readings a) Current Debates in Health Care Policy: Fiedler & Young
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignments
EXAM C (MODULES C-1 & C-2) Wednesday Saturday @ 6 pm Central
MODULE D - 1 (Monday, Feb 19)
Week 6
Chapter 9 History of Change 1900 - 2010: Incrementalism
Chapter 10 History of Change from 1900 2010: Comprehensive Reform
Supplementary readings a) An overview of Medicare: KFF
B) Health Insurance and the Promise of Incrementalism: Muthulingam
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignments** WA-2 All posts due by Saturday @ 6 pm Central **
MODULE D - 2 (Monday, Feb 26)
Week 7
Chapter 11 The Affordable Care Act
Chapter 12 Trends in the US Healthcare SystemSupplementary readings a) Transforming Healthcare with AI (Executive summary only)
B) US Health Care Reforms: Obama
Consult Moodles schedule for supplementary readings and related assignments
EXAM D (MODULES D-1 & 2) Wednesday Saturday at @ 6 pm Central
WEEK 8 (Monday, 4th only)
*** Mandatory Accreditation Day ***
All accelerated online programs in the College of Business at LSUS now include an 8th week
(1 day). This day is set aside specifically for assurance of learning, and no course-related activities are allowed to be performed after the closing time on Saturday, as set by your professor. This exercise will not influence your grade in the course and must be administered after the conclusion of the course content. Therefore, an online assessment will be available on the Monday of the 8th week. Your participation is necessary for us to maintain our top tier business accreditation. This does not affect the structure of your course, and your only action item is to login to Moodle on Monday of the 8th week and complete the 30-minute assurance of learning assessment.
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MHA 703
Healthcare Law and Ethics
MHA program
LSUS
Spring 2024 AP1
Syllabus
MHA 703 Healthcare Law & Ethics
COURSE DESCRIPTION
A seminar designed to explore a variety of the legal and ethical issues that arise in the provision of health care in the United States. Three hours of lecture. (Cross-listed with BLAW730) Prerequisite: Consent of the department.
Professor: Jim Gibbs
Office Hours: Via email for individual appointments
Email is the primary and preferred mode of communicating in this class. When communicating directly with me, please use email.
Email: James.Gibbs@lsus.edu
COURSE MATERIALS
INCLUDED IN MOODLE!
CLASS STRUCTURE
MHA 703 is a 100% online course delivered via Moodle. The Module Objectives & Weekly To-Do Items for each week describes required assignments and tasks (e.g., research, quizzes, homework, etc.) and designated due dates. Remember to check the MHA 703 Moodle course daily for updates. Online interactions in MHA 703 occur asynchronously. Each course module covers a specific time period, and assignments must be uploaded by the due date.
Modules 1-6 begin on Monday at 1:00 a.m. CST and end on Sunday at 11:00 p.m. CST.
Module 7 begins on Monday at 1:00 a.m. CST.
All Module 7 work is due by Saturday at 11:00 p.m. CST.
Module 8 is due on Monday by 11:00 p.m. CST.
Due dates may not correspond with the end of each module. See the class schedule.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Description and Objectives: Explore a variety of legal and ethical issues arising in U.S. health care.
1. The basic terms, definitions, agencies, and administration procedures.
2. The major principles of health law and ethics for health administration.
3. The major legal areas impacting U.S. health administrators.
4. The best practices for critical areas prone to litigation.
MEANS OF ASSESSMENT
Module Quizzes: Timed module quizzes occur weekly. Module quizzes may contain multiple-choice and true/false questions; each quiz is worth 10 points. These quizzes assess student knowledge regarding module research. Quizzes are independent student assignments. Outside assistance of any kind and copying/sharing questions in any format are strictly prohibited and will be considered a violation of the LSUS Code of Student Conduct, Honor Code, and copyright law. ALL QUIZZES CLOSE ON SATURDAY MIDNIGHT (Eastern Time Zone). ALL QUIZZES USE PROCTORIO. See Class Schedule for quiz dates.
Assignments (RATS): Students are required to complete REVIEW QUESTIONS assignment for Modules 1-7 that focuses on module concepts. Each RAT is worth 10 points. Copying/sharing questions or answers in any format is strictly prohibited and will be considered a violation of the LSUS Code of Student Conduct, Honor Code, and copyright law.
PROJECTS: There are 6 modules with a Hands-on task to complete. A starter file, instructions and a video for each tutorial are provided in Moodle. Each PROJECT is worth 10 points.
Knowledge Assessment (FINAL EXAM): THERE IS NO FINAL!
GRADING FORMAT
47307540703400The course grading scale is: 180 to 200 points = A; 160 to 179.999 = B; 140 to 159.99 = C; 120 to 139.99 = D; below 120 = F. Grades are based on a total of 200 points from the following items:
Module Quizzes7 Module quizzes, 10 points each70 pts
RATS7 Weekly assignments, 10 points each70 pts
PROJECT6 Weekly projects, 10 points each60 ptsKnowledge AssessmentNO FINAL EXAM 0 pts
4730751841400Total 200 pts
TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENT
This course requires a personal computer, Microsoft EXCEL, Internet connectivity, knowledge of the internet, and knowledge of email. Additional information about the specific technical requirements necessary for online learning at LSUS will be available in the Getting Started section of Moodle. For non-PC users, it is your responsibility to ensure that all files submitted are PC compatible so that they can be accessed for grading. Computer, power, ISP, or related failures not directly caused by Moodle will not be accepted as excuses for missed quizzes, late assignments, or other neglected activities. Because technology failures are common, it is strongly recommended that you submit assignments well in advance of the deadline, allowing yourself time to correct technology and other failures without missing a deadline. Technical support issues with Moodle should be directed to Information Technology Services. ITS can be reached by phone at 318-797-5221 or by email at its@lsus.edu.
POLICY ON LATE ASSIGNMENTS AND MAKEUPS
Late submissions continue to be a serious problem with students. Not fully enforcing deadlines is unfair to those students who sacrifice to meet deadlines. Because unexpected personal emergencies arise, technology fails, and other delays occur, students should make every effort to submit their work well in advance of any deadline. You will earn ZERO points for late work. All assignment submissions must be submitted to the designated area. Computer problems, work issues, last minute illnesses, and other such reasons do not qualify as valid excuses.
MANDATORY ACCREDITATION DAY
All accelerated online programs in the College at LSUS now include an 8th module to collect required assurance of learning data. This module is set aside specifically for assurance of learning, and no course-related activities can be performed after closing time on Saturday, as set by your instructor. This day of data collection will not influence your grade in the course and must be administered after the conclusion of the course content. Therefore, an online assessment will be available on the Monday of the 8th week. Your participation is necessary for us to maintain our top tier business accreditation. This does not affect the structure of your course, and your only action item is to login to Moodle on Monday of the 8th week and complete the 30-minute assurance of learning assessment.
ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS
As this is an online course, submissions will be monitored closely by the instructor. Students are expected to complete their work each week. A student who does not complete requirements on time will find it difficult to fulfill his/her course obligations. Student online activity is monitored. Moodle automatically maintains a log of when students open documents and when they post to submissions.
STUDENT SUPPORT RESOURCES
LSUS provides many support resources that address not only students academic needs but also various aspects of students nonacademic needs. Information about and website links for such resources are available in the syllabus supplement posted in Moodle. Some resources such as the Student Success Center (tutoring and coaching) and IT support are also available from the Student, Technical, or Web Links drop-down menus available at the top of the Moodle screen.
ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other related laws protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in work, educational, and other settings. Students are responsible for making their needs known and must contact the LSUS Office of Disability Services for accommodation requests. For the request form, the Pilot Your Ability Student Manual, and more information, visit the LSUS Disability Services webpage.
TITLE IX PROTECTIONS
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a U.S. federal law that provides various sex-based discrimination protections under educational programs that receive federal-level financial assistance. Such protections include, but are not limited to, pregnancy/parenting and gender-based harassment. For LSUSs Title IX policy (PM-73) and informational brochure as well as contact information and forms for emergency and non-emergency incident reporting, visit the LSUS Title IX webpage.
SYLLABUS ADDENDUMS
Additional communications, if any, at the University or the College of Business levels are posted in the Getting Started section of Moodle.
DISABILITY SERVICES
LSUS is committed to making students with disabilities full participants in its programs, services, and activities. University policy calls for reasonable accommodations to be made for students with disabilities on an individual and flexible basis. However, it is the responsibility of the student to make their needs known. If you have a documented disability that impacts your academic work and for which you require accommodations, please contact the Coordinator of Services to Students with Disabilities (ADM 227, Phone 797-5365) so that such accommodations may be arranged.
STUDENT CONDUCT
LSUS has the responsibility to protect its educational purposes and the health and safety of the university community through the setting of standards of scholarship and conduct for its students. Students are responsible for knowing and complying with the provisions of the LSUS Code of Student Conduct, particularly those pertaining to plagiarism and academic dishonesty. (Refer to the LSUS Student Handbook.) All instances of academic misconduct (e.g., cheating, plagiarism) must be reported to the Office of Student Affairs. If a student is found guilty of academic misconduct, he or she could face loss of credit for the work and/or the course involved, probation, and/or separation from the university as determined by the Student Conduct Board. See the current Student Handbook for the complete LSUS Code of Student Conduct. All students at LSUS are required to have a copy of Understanding Plagiarism, the university guide to defining, understanding, and avoiding plagiarism. This booklet is available at the LSUS Bookstore.
IMPORTANT DATES AND INFORMATION Please be mindful not only of the important dates associated with this course, but also of the important dates associated with related academic matters, such as registration dates, drop dates, etc.
https://www.lsus.edu/academics/office-of-records-and-registrationSyllabus is Subject to Change:
Module Dates Topics Module Quizzes
RAT
Assignments Project
1 MON
1/15
SUN
1/21 THE LAW Quiz Module 1
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 1
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm Week 1
IRAC
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
2 MON
1/22
SUN
1/28 LAW of HEALTHCARE
Quiz Module 2
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 2
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm Week 2
Models
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
3 MON
1/29
SUN
2/4 PRIVACY
TORTS Quiz Module 3
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 3
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm Week 3
Law-Ethics-Morals
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
4 MON
2/5
SUN
2/11 Professional Responsibilities
Intro to ETHICS Quiz Module 4
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 4
(Due SUNDAY, 11 pm Week 4
Economics
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
5 MON
2/12
SUN
2/18 Ethical Decision Making
Beginning of Life
Quiz Module 5
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 5
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm Week 5
Infographics
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
6 MON
2/19
SUN
2/25 Death & Dying
Diversity Quiz Module 6
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 6
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
Week 6
Legal Documents
Due SUNDAY, 11 pm
7 MON
2/26
SAT
3/2 Bioethics
The Future Quiz Module 7
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone RAT 7
Due SATURDAY, MDINIGHT EASTERN time zone Week 7
NO PROJECT
8 MON
3/4
SEE Mandatory ACCREDITATION
DAY MUST BE DONE ON MONDAY Week 8
This syllabus is subject to change. Changes will be announced via email and/or Moodle. Each student should check his/her LSUS email/Moodle for updates, as he/she is held responsible for all changes.
