Please respond to all four questions of this individual assignment. Some questions have multiple parts. You do not need to include the questions in

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Please respond to all four questions of this individual assignment. Some questions have multiple parts. You do not need to include the questions in your responses. However, it should be clear which question you are responding to.

You are required to use knowledge from Topics 1 to 5 (microeconomics). Please use graphs to answer the question when you see [graph]. You can still use graphs for questions that do not have [graph], but you do not lose marks for not using them in those questions. Please neatly draw graphs on a sheet of paper and take a picture of it (or scan it) and digitally insert it into your answer document at the relevant position. As this is what you will be required to do for the exam, it is good practice to do it now when you are not labouring under the time constraints of the exam.

You only need to provide references if you cite materials from outside the unit. You do not need to consult external sources to complete this assignment, though they may help, particularly for the questions that do not mention [graph]. You are not required to refer to data or findings from research studies to answer the questions in this assignment. Emphasis is placed on conceptual and analytical understanding and application. Hence, be precise and concise in your answers.

Australias new treasurer Jim Chalmers says his biggest priorities include boosting productivity and business investment.

If so, he would be wise not to follow in the footsteps of his predecessor Josh Frydenberg, who tried for more than a year to introduce Australias first so-called Patent Box before the legislation lapsed ahead of the election without a vote.

First introduced in Ireland in the early 1970s, and adopted later in countries such as France, Spain, China and the United Kingdom, patent boxes are said to get their name from a box on the tax form that companies tick if they have income deriving from intellectual property, which is taxed at a discounted rate.

The theory is that if such income is taxed less, international corporations will do more of their research and development in Australia.

When announced in the 2021 budget, the discount was to be limited to income from patents on medical and biological technologies, although (also before the bill became law) the 2022 budget announced plans to extend it to agricultural and low emission technologies.

Income derived directly from patents in these fields was to be taxed at just 17%, instead of the prevailing company tax rate of 30%.

Doubts ahead of time

Doubts were expressed ahead of time. In 2015 the industry departments office of the chief economist said while a patent box tax break would certainly increase the number of patent applications filed, most of the extra ones were likely to be opportunistic (filed on inventions that would have taken place without patents).

Any extra patent fees collected were unlikely to offset the tax lost.

And the advice had a broader point. Rewarding investors well after risky research had been undertaken was unlikely to do much to encourage such research.

Research and development tax credits, on the other hand, provide tax breaks at time the research is being funded, according to one Australian study, creating A$1.90 of research for each dollar of tax lost.

Supporters of the concept point to the Australian biotech company CSL Limited, which set up a new plant in Switzerland rather than Australia in 2014 in part because Switzerland had a patent box and Australia did not.

Critics observe that income from patents is highly mobile, meaning it can be easily separated from real inventive activity moved across borders.

One study found 40% of multinational profits had been moved from one location to another on the basis of tax rather than where the profits were made.

Another study noted that businesses can get the tax breaks by acquiring patents eligible for patent box treatment without doing the patentable research.

A review of the UK scheme published in November 2021 identified abuse and boundary- pushing and made a number of recommendations designed to refocus it on activity actually taking place within the UK.

Tinkering, not transformation

The scheme Frydenberg put forward had safeguards.

It was to be limited to income derived from patents issued after budget night 2021, which meant (at least at first) it would be limited to income derived from new patents.

Licensees of patents would not be eligible, only firms that held the patent themselves.

And, where patents were filed overseas, they had to be owned in Australia, and the underlying research had to have occurred in Australia.

Labor has given no guarantee it will proceed with the scheme announced in the past two budgets and not yet legislated.

There are reasons why it should not. Australias really big productivity gains, in the 1990s and early 2000s, had more to do with reforming or replacing lacklustre industries than with patents.

Australia is on the cusp of yet another transformation, into a low-carbon energy producer and exporter. This is where our focus should be, rather than on tinkering with tax support for innovations that might take place regardless.

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1) Questions (1a) to (1d) relate to the following scenario: Imagine a good is currently taxed at a rate of 30% of its price. Assume there are no externalities for this good. The good is created from an intellectual property patent. To support producers of the good, the government is proposing to reduce the tax rate to 17%.

(1a) [graph] Show the effects (directions of change) that the proposed reduction in the tax has on price and quantity in a competitive market. Ensure you start your analysis from a situation where the larger (30%) tax is already in place. [5 marks]

(1b) [graph] Using a properly labelled version of the graph from question (1a) (or a new graph if that is easier) show the welfare effects of the proposed reduction in the tax. Ensure you consider the welfare changes of the individual parties involved, as well as society as a whole. Conclude by providing clear intuition (i.e., without referring to technical features from the graph) as to why this overall change in societys welfare occurs. [5 marks]

(1c) [graph] Consider instead a scenario where the good in question begins with no tax at all. The government wishes to support producers of the good and introduces a binding price floor. Show the effects of this price floor on a graph and compare it to the graph in part (1a). Are the effects (directions of change) of a price floor on price and quantity any different to the case of a reduction in tax? [5 marks]

(1d) Will the amount of tax revenue collected by the government increase or decrease because of the proposed tax reduction? Discuss in relation to the concept of elasticity.

[4 marks]

2) The article states that: the discount was to be limited to income from patents on medical and biological technologies, although (also before the bill became law) the 2022 budget announced plans to extend it to agricultural and low emission technologies.

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Why do you think the tax discount was initially limited to income from patents on medical and biological technologies over other patents? [2 marks]

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4) Questions (4a) to (4b) relate to the following scenario: Imagine a monopoly firm is supplying a good.

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(4a) What are reasons a monopoly firm may be more likely to invest in research and development relative to a competitive firm? Relate to concepts learnt in the unit. [2 marks]

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(4b) [graph] Assume initially that there is no positive externality associated with the good supplied by the monopoly firm. Depict on a graph the deadweight loss arising from such a monopoly. Now imagine instead that consumption of the good benefits even those who do not consume the good that is, consumption of the good leads to a positive externality. Show whether the presence of this positive externality leads to a change in the initial deadweight loss. Conclude by providing clear intuition (i.e., without referring to technical features from the graph) as to why this difference arises. [5 marks]