Psychometric Properties and Social Factors in a German Population-Based Study

Theory guiding the Assessment

LOT-R has been used in testing different dimensional structure temporal stability and ATM response theory. They scale has proved to be an important predictor when it comes to depression in the general population by especially in conservations. The main subscales of the tests were optimism and pessimism. The papas of The item response theory is to establish the individual's position within a continuum. Theory trace to explain the relationship between Latin streets that are observable attributes and their manifestation like what is being observed in terms of performance and responses. The theory also believes that participants responses are linked between the trait and the investigation and the items being investigated. The theory is assuming that the latent constructs together with the items that are being measured are arranged in an observable continuum. It is for this purpose that today theory is to explain the position of individuals within the continuum.

Methodology

Participants

This study was conducted in Leipzig Germany in a center for civilization disease. This was a population based study that represented a total population of 9711 participants aged between 18 years and 80 years. The target focus was between age group 40 to 80 years and 18 to 30 years. They assessment place delivery spoons in a set of assessment batteries that included collection of this issue demographic information the medical history lifestyle diseases and other medical examinations. The exclusion criteria was pregnancy and insufficient command of the German language. The participants were also rewarded with the 20 euros to cover their travel expenses. Consent was obtained from all the participants and ethics committee of the University of Leipzig approved the research.

The main instrument used in this research was there LOT-R tool which contains 10 items. Three of these items or assessing optimism while the other three assist pessimism. The last four items were just filler items in the tool. The respondents were asked to indicate the degree in which they felt the variables in a 5-point Likert Scale calculation of the subscills optimism and pessimism was done using summation resulting in a school range of 0 to 12. The total sum was calculated by adding optimism schools and the inverted pessimism scores. And the f*** does such as alcohol consumption frequency in the amount of alcohol it could be verages consumed within the last one year and tobacco use work also investigated.

The ANOVA analysis was used as statistical method that was analyzing day to subsequence data. Cronbach Alpha coefficient who is also applied to determine the internal consistency. Logistic regression analysis was also another statistical method that was applied to be able to quantify the effect of social economic statuses inform of alcohol consumption tobacco smoking obesity education status and other social economic factors. The calculation are done using the SPSS tool.

Factorial structure was also another statistical test that was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis. The models used calculated the covariance matrices and an estimation of the maximum likelihood method approach was also applicable. There was a comparison of all the models on the basis of the model feet indices that showed minimum discrepancy divided by its degree of freedom. There was also comparison of the normed fit index under the comparative feet index. Root mean square error over approximation was also conducted as well as standardized route mean square residual. All this tests were conducted using configurable model with standardized items loading constraint to be able to understand the item intercepts and their simultaneous constraints. Depending on the hierarchy there was an increasing restrictive model used to compare all the variables. In this case the values that was smaller than 0.01 indicated that there was invariance in the models. In order to scale the models invariance of latent to variable was fixed to 1.0 to avoid potential problems when it comes to selecting a marker  variable which may not be invariant.

Strengths

The major strengths of this study is that it enrolled a large number of participants therefore easy to provide numerous data that can be used in the assessment of optimism and pessimism in the society. The participants also included a wider age group of between 18-80 years making it possible for the researchers to be able to evaluate different psychological approaches at a different ages. The research who is also conducted within and enclosed region of about 550,000 population. This is one of the strengths of this research because the researchers were able to directly identify the factors affecting people within the population within lipstick Germany. It was also good because the research was done within lipstick center for civilization disease and it was a population based study.

The other advantage observed with either population based study is that it is allowing the researchers to be able to study the population changes and other exposure results with the time. It also allows the researchers to be able to examine prayer exposures and experiences that might have not been included as the purpose and objective of the research.

Weaknesses

Population based study have weaknesses we need to comes to risk off bias. Population based studies have risks of informational bias and recall bias. The other limitation what is that the study was only conducted in German and the German language was one of the exclusion criteria. This means that yesterday excluded most of Liberty sponsor are not speaking the German language. This also means that the study cannot be applied in a difference a country where they do not speak German hence they need to translate the tool and the test to German language. The other weakness observed in the study is that there was a composition of €20 which was meant to cover the travel expenses. This can be assumed or can be translated to soliciting the participants to participate in the study and hence this gun affect the validity and reliability of the research process. It can also be assumed that the researchers had declared interest because the publication was supported by the lip sync research center for civilization disease which is also funded by the European Union. There was only a 33% response rate which is considered low in the research since this Research was a community based research. This study was also not able to derive the casual relationships between autism and other associated factors because the study left the screpancies of the previous German samples. I This study also failed to consider that unemployed people made to be generally experiencing pessimism and this may affect their behavior which is leading to unemployment. Since the study constituted of a large sample it cannot contribute to questions of casualty due to example but it is useful when it comes to providing precise estimates of the strengths of the associations.

Recommendations

The research had limited representation but the mean score obtained from the research can be used as a reference when it comes to examination of. LOT-R research. It is there for recommended that the future research use smaller groups of normal subjects as controls.

It is also recommended that future research ensure or account for gender differences because it is affecting the relationships and comparisons between the several groups of patients.

There is need to continuously improve the LOT-R tool because it has been found to be a suitable instrument when it comes to assessment of habitual optimism and pessimism.

Application of the assessment on Malaysian context

In order to replicate this study to match the German context in Malaysia they'll be need to translate the research process into a language that is understood by the Malaysians. It will also be necessary to replicate the population based study technique in order to end up with variables and reliabilities that are providing the same results. The LOT-R truth will have to be translated into the Malaysian context. It will also be necessary to come up with a population based study in an enclosed area where this information can be extracted with time. It will also be necessary to conduct studies in smaller normative groups to be able to come up with variables that are reliable and can be applied in a general population context.

Conclusion

They purpose oh this is meant was to test day psychometric properties of the subscills of pessimism and optimism. The researchers have been successful in confirming that there is an association between optimism in relation to other social economic factors such as education employment rates and even the level of income. The researchers have been able to identify the decision between optimism and other variables such as alcohol intake and tobacco intake. In the research it was concluded that smokers was slightly less optimistic but more pessimistic than the non-smokers. The research also concluded that unemployment remains one of the strongly associated factor for pessimism within the population. Educational and professional situations were also concluded to be very strong predictors of optimism.

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