So generally what we mean by data extraction is making sure that you take all of the findings from each of the journal articles that you have identi

So generally what we mean by data extraction is making sure that you take all of the findings from each of the journal articles that you have identified. So all eleven of those journal articles and you basically bring them together so that your.

Um that you're using them as though they were one big data set, and that's what you look at. So if we skip through all of this and go to, well, it's called data analysis. In this, in your first one.

So look. So yeah, the method participants procedure. So the data analysis is where the findings.

So what it says is things like 34 young people were looked at, so they've had 34 people to participate.

And it gives you the breakdown of.

You know that they're issues, which is fantastic and then here ohh, this is lovely that it gives you the themes straight away. So what I always suggest is that you look for the themes that each of them have used and then what you do is you create a table. So for example I would use a spreadsheet like this.

But it's not quite how we do data extraction and you wouldn't put this table into your work. This is for you to be able to understand what is happening, so your data extraction table doesn't actually come up anywhere you know you don't put it in anywhere, it's just for you. So for example, if I was gonna use this spreadsheet.

What I would do is I would have my authors so I would get rid of that one.

And then I would probably get rid of that one.

Keywords are always quite useful, but what I would do is put something like what is the first theme?

What is the second theme?

Then I would put other.

Points, so anything else of interest? So for example on the one that we've just looked at, the other interesting information is the demographics that they've got. So they've got all that information about all of their young people. So that's really interesting to note. So you just put a note in there about that and then any kind of comments that you have or any quotes that you think that you might use and this is really just so that you.

Can look at this table and say right, OK, these are the main themes that I need to be looking at. These are the papers that I've got that that back up what I'm saying about this theme. These are the quotes that I can use about it. These are the kind of comments that I've got. So for example.

If we're doing theme one.

So you'd put that into your theme one column. OK, your theme two. So the idea is that you don't spend an awful lot of time on this, but that it just means that you're not going backwards and forwards looking at all the papers every time, because you've got all the information that you need to be able to write your own findings.

So if I make these kind of smaller and these bigger.

Actually, that's hide to that one for now.

So theme 3.

So these are all about perception. So it could be.

That when you look through all of these other papers and you've got all of your themes written down that you might look at these and say actually this is all about perception. Maybe what I need to do is amalgamate that into one theme that is called perceptions or perception of something.

But that's, you know, when you've read through them all. That's a decision that you need to make so.

In my data extraction, what I would do is say other points. So good table of demographics.

And then comments and quotes. Obviously you'd read through it.

And you'd you'd think about the things that you think are a really good quote that you think is very important in showcasing what is important in your findings. OK, so maybe I'd say something like lack of approachability, you know, just for.

Um, as a quote that you could potentially use and you'd put page number or whatever.

Um says do that bit. Then you go page number. You might not be able to find the page number on them, but you could just put online just so that you remember.

Where it is so this is the kind of thing that you need to fill out for all of these. OK, so it doesn't take long, but it just gives you a very easy way at a quick glance to say, right, OK. These are the things that are coming out time and time again. So they're obviously very important. So then what you can do is you can.

Look and you can think right okay. Well, these themes are quite obvious. The like 3 main themes are really obvious. I will take those names or you can decide that you want to pull some together. So as you can see and this is a really nice example in this paper.

As you can see, they've actually put their themes and subthemes, so you might find that a lot of the papers you take their main themes as sub themes of a main theme. So you can kind of look at this and it's really sensible way of helping you to understand how to pull together all of those themes, how they might link together as like main themes and subthemes and so on and what kind of.

And information that you would find within that and from there what you can do as they have done in this paper is so you've got all this bit here, you've got your perceived approachability.

The sub themes within that, your main things that they're gonna talk about including the codes and when you go and have a look at their first theme and how they've written it, it will have all of those bits in within that. So it's very clear to the reader exactly what it is that they're gonna talk about and then they talk about it, yeah.

And that's how you need to structure your themes.

So this first paper is a really good way of showing you how to do that.

In the if you go back to the library this week.

But I really think that it's worthwhile just building up a a table.

Anything that you know you think is important, put it in that table. You don't have to follow the headings that I put there. You can put whatever headings you like, whatever you feel is important for you. But you know, obviously you still need the the paper so that you know which one it relates to. Because when you produce your findings, you will be citing all of those papers and you need to make sure that all 11 papers feature within your findings.

So yes, focus on that data extraction. It shouldn't take you long.

Right. So what you need to do is go back and do that data extraction like I've just told you to do, because this is a description of what the papers have said. But it's not a finding section.

So you just need to go back and do that. Some of this you'll be able to still use, but I want you to make sure that you have a a real understanding of the themes that have come out of each of them and structure it in those themes rather than this kind of descriptive. This is what happened in each one.

And you know, you could use something like the challenges and barriers to intervention implementation if that is a theme that comes up because that seems like it. It is something that would come up.

So you know that that looks like it could be a really good section.

But it needs to come up in more than one. It needs to come up. So if you've got 11 papers.

For your 3 themes, your first theme needs to come up in maybe. I don't know at least seven or eight of those 11 papers. Yeah. So you need to show that it's something that's really important. And then your second theme would be roughly the same. Maybe your third theme might be something that comes up in five or six papers, but you know, really you want something that that is showcasing.

Information that comes from the the majority of those papers.

And then we can go on to the discussion. So this data extraction table delete.

But what you need to put in what table you need to put in is what we had here originally. So what you sent to me?

Um, let me just get rid of these. So what you need is not the article title.

So you need the author.

You need the year of publication.

It might put in the keywords we'll see.

Um, but what you need is a country that the study was done in.

Something like a number of participants.

So as we can see in the in the example that I I looked at in this one, what was it about 34 participants? Something like that? Yeah, 34 participants. So, you know, you'd put that in.

Ohh gosh I'm not sharing with you anymore, am I? So I'm talking at you, but I'm not sharing it. Hang on. Let me just share what I've done with you.

So yeah, so you with your author, you got your publication, the country that it was written in so.

If it's not obvious, then you can kind of look at where the the author is from. This one says Melbourne, Australia. So we just put the country and we don't need to be specific. So Australia number of participants is 34 and potentially keeping your keywords because they're quite nice. But that's this then becomes the table that you want to use.

And your working, you know, cause you need to keep it brief cause this table also goes towards your word count so.

So yeah, it would look something like this, but obviously you'd make it a bit tidier.

So yeah, we'll leave titles and things would be a bit tidier, but yeah, you could you couldn't play about and do what you want with that. But yeah, so you just need to keep that really simple, OK.

So that gives you something to work on this week, doesn't it? So you need to work on your data extraction table.

You need to write up your findings and you need to put together your table of inclusion, which is what this is your table of your included studies.

Stuff like that actually know. You know, you've been to the pub anyway, haven't you? So that's what you need to do. Your data extraction table. Write up your findings and put together your table of inclusion.

No. Field Content Questions/ Comments

1 Review title Experiences of Young Adults (18-24) Receiving Treatment for Alcohol Misuse

2 Review question What are the experience of young adults (18-24) seeking treatment for alcohol misuse, and their impact on treatment experience? 3 Objective The objective of this review is to review the characteristics of interventions targeting the alcohol misuse in young adults (18-24). Such evidence is necessary as alcohol use is one of the biggest contributors of poor health among adults. The research hold significant importance to identify best practices in treatment based on experience of individuals. 4 Searches

The following databases will be searched:

PubMed

CINAHL

Searches will be restricted by:

[ No papers before 2013]

[English language]

[Study designs]:

[must be open access

[must have participated in a treatment programme for alcohol misuse]

[Young adults 18-25]

Due to time and word constraint, a very limited search strategy will be employed by targeting only two databases to search relevant academic papers. 5 Condition or domain being studied Alcoholic

Alcohol misuse

Substance abuse

Alcohol dependence

Alcoholism

Alcohol addiction

Drug abuse 6 Population Studies will be considered for review if they were conducted among young adults (18-24) 7 Intervention/ Exposure/ Test Treatment programme

Intervention

CBT

Alcohol withdrawal

Evidence-based psychosocial interventions

Rehabilitation

Marital and Family Counselling

Group support

8 Types of study to be included Qualitative studies to explore the experience of young adults who seek help against alcohol misuse. 9 Other exclusion criteria Studies published earlier than the past 10 years and those published in other languages other than English will be excluded from the review. 10 Quality Assessment . N/A 11 Data extraction (selection and coding) All references identified by the searches and from other sources will be uploaded into Endnote. 20% of the abstracts will be reviewed by two reviewers, with any disagreements resolved by discussion or, The full text of potentially eligible studies will be retrieved and will be assessed in line with the criteria outlined above. 12 Strategy for data synthesis Qualitative data:

Braun and Clarkes method of thematic analysis will be used to analyse the qualitative data. It involves searching around data to identify, analyse, coding, and report the repeated patterns. It entails describing data as well as interpreting the processes of selecting codes and constructing themes. It is a flexible data analysis method that can be used in a variety of theoretical and epistemological frameworks. The technique is applicable to a variety of study designs, questions, and study samples. These features make it an ideal data analysis method for the qualitative data extracted from the studies meeting the inclusion criteria.

.

13 Dissemination The Journal of Substance abuse is considered for the presentation of the outcome of the present study. It is a peer-reviewed journal that focus on publishing research articles and review papers related to substance abuse. The proposed study is a potential candidate for publication in the journal as it is a scholarly review on particular subject. I like this one: https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/ijsu20Have a look at some of the articles and see if yours would fit. Think about the layout of their articles.

No. Field Content Questions

1 Review title [Give the working title of the review, this can be the review question. Ideally the title should state succinctly the interventions or exposures being reviewed and the associated health or social problems. Where appropriate, the title should use the PI(E)COS structure to contain information on the Participants, Intervention (or Exposure) and Comparison groups, the Outcomes to be measured and Study designs to be included.] 2 Review question [State the question(s) to be addressed by the review, clearly and precisely.] 3 Objective [What is the objective of the review? Is any rationale/ detail of what is known necessary?] 4 Searches [Give details of the sources to be searched, search dates (from and to), and any restrictions (e.g. language or publication period). The full search strategy is not required, but may be supplied as a link or attachment. Sources include (but are not limited to) bibliographic databases, reference lists of eligible studies and review articles, key journals, trials registers, conference proceedings, Internet resources and contact with experts and manufacturers.]

The following databases will be searched: [Amend as appropriate]

Embase

MEDLINE

[Add in additional sources]

Searches will be restricted by:

[Date limitations]

[English language]

[Human studies]

[Any other filters]

Other searches:

[Reference searching]

[Citation searching]

[Inclusion lists of systematic reviews]

[Websites]

[Modify text if required] 5 Condition or domain being studied [Give a short description of the disease, condition or healthcare domain being studied e.g. Type 2 diabetes. Physical activity in children.] 6 Population Inclusion: [Give summary criteria for the participants or populations being studied by the review. For example children and or adults, line of treatment, previous treatment, severity of condition. The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.] Exclusion: [Give summary criteria for the participants or populations being studied by the review. For example children and or adults, line of treatment, previous treatment, severity of condition. The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria.] 7 Intervention/ Exposure/ Test [Give full and clear descriptions or definitions of the nature of the interventions or the exposures to be reviewed. This is particularly important for reviews of complex interventions (interventions involving the interaction of several elements). If appropriate, an operational definition describing the content and delivery of the intervention should be given.] 8 Types of study to be included [Give details of the types of study (study designs) eligible for inclusion in the review. If there are no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion, or certain study types are excluded, this should be stated. The preferred format includes details of both inclusion and exclusion criteria. If different study designs are needed for different parts of the review, this should be made clear. Where qualitative evidence will be incorporated in or alongside a review of quantitative data, this should be stated.] 9 Other exclusion criteria [Add details of any other inclusion/exclusion criteria, with justification. Examples might include language of publication and publication status.] 10 Quality Assessment Risk of bias will be assessed using the appropriate checklist [CASP / Cochrane Risk of Bias/ MMAT/ Other] 11 Data extraction (selection and coding) [Modify text if required] All references identified by the searches and from other sources will be uploaded into EPPI reviewer/ Zotero/ Mendeley and de-duplicated. 20% of the abstracts will be reviewed by two reviewers, with any disagreements resolved by discussion or, if necessary, a third independent reviewer. [Add how disagreements will be resolved].

The full text of potentially eligible studies will be retrieved and will be assessed in line with the criteria outlined above. (see the section on summarising evidence in the chapter of the manual on reviewing research evidence).

12 Strategy for data synthesis [Describe below the approach that will be taken for data synthesis]

Qualitative data:

Content analysis

Thematic analysis

Narrative analysis

Discourse analysis

Quantitative data

Descriptive

Correlational

Causal

Comparative

Meta-analysis 13 Dissemination [Identified journal for potential submission]

Experience of Young Adults (18-24) Receiving Treatment for Alcohol Misuse

Alcohol misuse is a critical healthcare concern inthe United Kingdom, with an approximate 22% prevalence of consumption of harmful levels of alcohol among adults (Adesanya et al., 2022). This prevalence translates to increased national spending on alcohol misuse treatment. The National Health Service (NHS) is estimated to spend 3.5 billion yearly on treating alcohol-related harm (NHS, 2019a). Activities that every young adult (18 24 years) engages in must be of great concern to society. Young adults are vulnerable because, during that stage, there is an increased likelihood of risk-taking behaviour and related poor health outcomes, of which alcohol misuse cannot be left out (Higley, 2019). Early treatments offered to individuals who have fallen victim to excessive alcohol misuse have proven to be highly cost-effective (Brannigan et al., 2004), as not attending to them may be of dire consequences for the nation. A survey conducted by Lunzer (2022) shows that 71.2% of UK adults drink alcohol at least once a week, and this situation does not look good.

The National Statistics on Adult substance misuse treatment report (2020-2021) shows an increase in young adults receiving treatment for alcohol misuse. The American Psychiatric Association (2013) estimates the prevalence of alcohol misuse to be highest among 18- to 29-year-olds (16.2%) than any other age cohort. The resulting harm concerning productivity, education pursuance, deviant behaviour, and crime in this age cohort warrants further analysis. Also, young adults (18 to 24) are less likely to seek treatment for alcohol misuse. According to a report on adult substance misuse treatment by the Office for Health Improvement (2021), 56% of adults seeking alcohol misuse treatment are above 40, while that of young adults below 30 years is less than 10%. This problem is arising, causing us both social and economic damage. Alcohol misuse in young people is usually associated with productivity loss and costs us a lot, from car accidents to healthcare and social services. Alcohol misuse is a broad category having different definitions. It is the drinking pattern of alcohol that creates disturbances in one's life and affects interpersonal relationships. In other words, it can be regarded as alcohol consumption that puts one's life at increased risk of health and social impacts. One of the most straightforward definitions of alcohol misuse is excessive alcohol use, abuse, and alcohol addiction (Tan, 2018). The problem of alcohol misuse is increasing day by day in young adults. Alcohol misuse sets up drinking patterns that lead to alcohol abuse or addiction. A study conducted on teenage boys over seven years revealed that 90% of participants consumed alcohol by age 20.

Alcohol misuse is also among the leading factors of death in young adults. The misuse of younger people matters a lot because they are future handlers of the country. In other ways, alcohol misuse also costs a lot in terms of human lives, money and the disturbed social structure of society. Alcohol use disorder costs countries economically as well. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a standard system in which different mental disorders are classified for reimbursement, policy-making, and clinical research in the United States and elsewhere (Hasin, 2013). It was updated for the fifth time in 2013 and has been used since 2013. An alcohol use disorder identification test is conducted for alcohol abuse and misuse. It was revealed in a study that DSM 5 has good criteria for alcohol use disorder tests (Kallmen, 2019). DSM has its definition and criteria for finding alcohol misuse. Alcohol misuse is referred to as alcohol use disorder in DSM 5. It is defined as continued exposure to alcohol despite the negative psychological, behavioural, social, and biological impacts (Carvalho, 2019). DSM 5 also comes up with another definition of AUD, which is a disturbed pattern of alcohol use which leads to clinically significant distress or problems. DSM 5 follows the criteria to study whether a patient has AUD. It involves different conditions, which include continued exposure, persistent desire, craving, recurrence of alcohol use, reduced tolerance, and withdrawal. DSM 5 defines Alcohol misuse or Alcohol use disorder as a disturbed pattern of Alcohol excessive use resulting in a problem linked with two or more of 11 clinically significant symptoms of Alcohol use disorder (Alcohol use disorders are usually characterized by excessive exposure to alcohol to such an extent as loss of control over alcohol consumption, a downgraded emotional and mental condition when not using, and using it again and again (Carvalho, 2019).

The available treatment options for alcohol misuse rely on a response to a standardized diagnostic algorithm. The extent of the disorder during diagnosis determines the applicability of the treatment plan. NHS treatment plans include detoxification, guided abstinence, medication, and cognitive and behavioural therapies. Detoxification programs involve a guided reduction of blood alcohol content levels through abstinence or medication. Guided abstinence often includes alcohol diaries where the patient's alcohol intake is monitored against a specific target reduction. The medication approach involves prescribing drugs thatalter the body's response to alcohol consumption. Cognitive, behavioural, and family therapies involve guided instruction, often evidence-based, towards target clinical and behavioural manifestations. Alcohol misuse treatments are a range of treatment options aimed at helping people with alcohol-related problems. Several treatment options exist, including behavioural, psychological and medication treatments for alcohol users, especially young ones, to eliminate this activity. A brief intervention is a time-limited, structured conversation to help individuals reduce their alcohol consumption. This refers to a discussion between alcohol users and clinical professionals to discuss drinking patterns, timings, and other problems and also includes advice from healthcare professionals. A study on adolescent alcohol users revealed that brief intervention helps reduce aggression and alcohol-related consequences (Walton, 2010). Residential rehabilitation is also one of the methods, including individuals staying at specific sites where they are going through a structured detoxification program and guidance program. Medical-assisted treatments are also essential treatments where medications and counselling are given side by side. Mutual support groups are also good options for young people, where people support them in getting rid of alcohol through various helping methods. Outpatient programs are also treatment options for alcohol use disorder in which therapy, medications and counselling are offered to patients on an outpatient basis, allowing them to stay at home while receiving the treatment. They are usually less severe and can vary in intensity. A study showed that outpatient treatment programs in the form of three good things proved very beneficial in reducing the overall adverse effects of alcohol misuse (Krentzman, 2015).

Methodology

In the United Kingdom, the young population is increasingly engaged in alcohol misuse. Youth aged 18 to 24 are vulnerable to risk-taking behaviours (Carvalho et al., 2019). The treatment required to be given to the young victims of Alcohol abuse is highly cost-efficient (Kllmn et al., 2019). The adult substance misuse treatment report states that only 10% of young adults seek treatment for alcohol misuse (Tan et al., 2018). The focus of the present study was on examining the experience of the young population of age 18 to 24 in seeking alcohol misuse treatment and exploring its impact on the treatment process. We used Rapid Evidence Assessment to research for this study to review the characteristics of interventions that target alcohol misuse in young adults. The reason for choosing Rapid Evidence Assessment was that it is an ideal method for gathering the necessary evidence that alcohol abuse dramatically contributes to poor health in youth. In addition, secondary research carries major significance in recognising the best treatment practices based on the experience of individuals (Peloquin et al., 2020). Rapid Evidence Assessment refers to using combinations of essential targeted literature (Sugarman et al., 2021). Rapid Evidence Assessment is swifter than a full systematic review. However, this process is less rigorous than a systematic review. This indicates that a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) would be the second most appropriate choice for this study. SLR is especially suited to fully synthesise a large body of existing literature (van Dinter, Tekinerdogan, and Catal, 2021). Considering the vast amount of research on alcohol misuse treatment and the experiences of young adults, SLR allows for a rigorous and systematic approach to selecting, identifying, and analysing the studies (Ebrahimi et al., 2021). If the present research had chosen an alternative approach, such as a narrative review or scoping review, the research would not have been as credible as it is now. A narrative review lacks the swiftness of a Rapid Evidence Assessment, causing bias in the selection and presentation of the literature (Thom et al., 2016). On the other hand, a scoping review does not provide the critical analysis that a Rapid Evidence Assessment offers. It only gives a broader overview of the literature and fails to systematically assess the quality of the included studies, thereby weakening the studys findings and conclusions (Munn et al., 2018).

The table below shows how this framework was used for the needs of this literature review.

(P)opulation Young adult who are receiving treatment for alcohol misuse

(I)interventions Impact of seeking treatment for alcohol misuse

(C)omparison Different type of treatment options and interventions and their impact on patients experience

(O)utcome Improvement of alcohol misuse treatment program

Searches:

In our research on "Experiences of Young Adults (18-24) Receiving Treatment for Alcohol Misuse," we utilised two databases, PubMed and CINAHL, to conduct our literature search. The reason for selecting these databases is that they are reputable sources of scholarly literature in the field of health and medicine, and they contain a substantial number of relevant studies related to alcohol misuse treatment (Kruse et al., 2017). To ensure a focused and relevant search, we applied specific search restrictions. We excluded papers published before 2013 to concentrate on more recent research, likely to reflect current practices and advancements in alcohol misuse treatment. Additionally, we restricted our search to studies published in the English language to ensure the accessibility and comprehensibility of the findings.

Regarding study designs, we focused on open-access papers, ensuring that our research was accessible to a broader audience and promoting transparency in our methodology and findings. Furthermore, we exclusively considered studies that involved young adults (18-25) who participated in a treatment program for alcohol misuse, ensuring that the included research directly pertains to our target population and the specific context of interest. Due to time and word constraints, we employed a limited search strategy targeting only two databases. While this approach allows us to manage the search process efficiently, it potentially omits relevant studies that could be present in other databases. However, the selected databases are well-established and widely recognised, strengthening our research's credibility

.

The Domain of the Study and Population:

The condition or domain being studied encompassed various terms, including "Alcoholic," "Substance abuse," "Alcohol misuse," "Alcoholism," "Alcohol dependence," "Alcohol addiction," and "Drug abuse". We used these terms as they encompass a broad range of alcohol misuse-related concepts, ensuring we capture a comprehensive set of relevant studies. Regarding the population, we limited our review to studies conducted among young adults (18-24). This choice is informed by recognising that this age group represents a critical transitional period, where individuals are more susceptible to alcohol misuse and its associated consequences (Degenhardt et al., 2016).

Intervention/exposure/test:

In our systematic review, we focused on a variety of treatment approaches, including "Intervention," "Alcohol withdrawal, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)," "Treatment programs," " "Evidence-based psychosocial interventions Marital and Family Counselling," "Group support", and " "Rehabilitation." This diverse selection enabled us to explore the experiences of young adults receiving different forms of treatment for alcohol misuse.

In the data extraction process, all references identified through our searches and other sources were imported into Endnote, a widely used reference management software. To ensure consistency and rigour, 20% of the abstracts were reviewed by two reviewers, with any disagreements resolved through discussion or consensus. The full texts of potentially eligible studies were retrieved and assessed based on the earlier inclusion criteria.

Data synthesis:

The qualitative approach of the present study is characterised by focusing solely on qualitative studies to explore the experiences of young adults seeking help against alcohol misuse. This approach enables a more in-depth and nuanced understanding of their perspectives and challenges (Pham, 2018). However, excluding quantitative studies overlooks valuable statistical evidence and trends related to alcohol misuse treatment outcomes for young adults.

We employed Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method to synthesise qualitative data. This choice is grounded in its flexibility and adaptability to different theoretical and epistemological frameworks. The method involves searching around data to identify and analyse repeated patterns, coding the data, and constructing themes (Clarke, Braun, and Hayfield, 2015). Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis allowed us to comprehensively explore and interpret the experiences of young adults seeking help against alcohol misuse. In addition, it provided a rich and nuanced understanding of their perspectives.

Dissemination:

We have selected The Journal of Substance Abuse to disseminate our study's outcomes. This peer-reviewed journal is dedicated to publishing research articles and review papers related to substance abuse, making it an appropriate platform for presenting the findings of our scholarly review on this specific subject.