A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BATTERY SWAPPING AND TRADITIONAL ELECTRIC CHARGING STATION

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BATTERY SWAPPING AND TRADITIONAL ELECTRIC CHARGING STATION

END SEM DISSERTATION REVIEW REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of

Master of Technology in Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering)

By

PRINCE THAKOR 21MCT012

Under the guidance of

2994660315595Mr. Manivel M

School of Technology

Pandit Deendayal Energy University

Gandhinagar-382426, Gujarat-India,

March-2023

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the seminar report entitled A Comparative Analysis Of Battery Swapping And Traditional Electric Charging Station has been carried out successfully by Prince Thakor under my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of M.Tech in Transportation Engineering of Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar during the academic year 2022-2023.

Guide

Mr. Manivel M Assistant Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, School of Technology,

Pandit Deendayal Energy University

________________________________

STUDENT DECLARATIONI PRINCE THAKOR hereby declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others idea or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honestly and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause in disciplinary action by the PANDIT DEENDAYAL ENERGY UNIVERSITY and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whim proper permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TOC o "1-3" h z u CERTIFICATE PAGEREF _Toc131690100 h iiSTUDENT DECLARATION PAGEREF _Toc131690101 h iiiList of Figure PAGEREF _Toc131690102 h viABSTRACT PAGEREF _Toc131690103 h viiCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc131690104 h 11.1 Current EV Charging Infrastructure of India PAGEREF _Toc131690105 h 21.2 Future of EV charging Infrastructure PAGEREF _Toc131690106 h 21.3 Battery Swapping PAGEREF _Toc131690107 h 31.4 Fixed Charging PAGEREF _Toc131690108 h 41.5 Challenges Faced in Fixed Charging Station PAGEREF _Toc131690109 h 41.6 Portable Charging Stations: PAGEREF _Toc131690110 h 51.7 On-Demand Charging Service using Portable Charging Solutions: PAGEREF _Toc131690111 h 61.7 Challenges Faced by EV Users PAGEREF _Toc131690112 h 71.8 Need of Study PAGEREF _Toc131690113 h 91.9 Objective of Study PAGEREF _Toc131690114 h 91.10 Scope of the Study PAGEREF _Toc131690115 h 9CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc131690116 h 11CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc131690117 h 173.1 Data Collection PAGEREF _Toc131690118 h 173.2 Research Design PAGEREF _Toc131690119 h 173.3 Sampling Design PAGEREF _Toc131690120 h 173.4 Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc131690121 h 18CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION PAGEREF _Toc131690122 h 194.1 Types of Charging Stations PAGEREF _Toc131690123 h 19References PAGEREF _Toc131690124 h 21

List of Figure TOC h z c "Figure" Figure 1: Visual Image of EV Charging Station PAGEREF _Toc131685996 h 1Figure 2 methodology of study PAGEREF _Toc131685997 h 17

ABSTRACTThis research paper presents a comparative analysis of battery swapping and traditional electric vehicle (EV) charging models. Battery swapping is a process in which a spent battery is exchanged for a fully charged one, while traditional EV charging requires a vehicle to be connected to an external power source for recharging purposes. The paper first discusses the benefits and challenges of each model, with a focus on cost, convenience, and safety. Data from various sources, such as manufacturers and state energy agencies, are used to compare the two models. It then considers the market potential of each model, focusing on the technology and infrastructure needed for implementation, as well as customer acceptance. The paper then assesses the economic implications of each model, considering the cost of implementation and maintenance, as well as the potential for savings. Finally, the paper considers the environmental impacts of each model, discussing the potential for emissions reduction and the impact on air quality. The findings suggest that both battery swapping and traditional EV charging models offer potential benefits. Battery swapping has the potential to reduce charging times significantly, as well as to reduce costs for customers. However, it requires substantial investment in infrastructure and has yet to demonstrate widespread customer acceptance. Traditional EV charging, on the other hand, is more widely accepted and does not require significant infrastructure investment. However, it takes significantly longer for a vehicle to charge and is less cost-effective for customers. Overall, this research paper concludes that both battery swapping and traditional EV charging models have potential benefits and drawbacks. Ultimately, the decision on which model to use should be based on factors such as cost, convenience, safety, and customer acceptance. Further research is needed to assess the economic and environmental impacts of each model and to identify the most effective implementation strategies.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONElectric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles due to their lower emissions and cost-effectiveness. The transition to electric vehicles, however, presents new challenges as well as opportunities. One of the major challenges is the current charging infrastructure, which is not yet well-developed and is not optimal for EV owners. In order to facilitate the transition to EVs, alternative EV charging models must be explored.

Battery swapping and traditional charging are two of the most commonly discussed models for EV charging. Battery swapping involves the exchange of depleted EV batteries with fully charged ones, while traditional charging involves the use of an external power source to charge an EVs battery. Each of these models has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to analyze both options in order to determine which model is most suitable for EV owners.

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: Visual Image of EV Charging Station1.1 Current EV Charging Infrastructure of IndiaBy 2030, the Indian car sector, which now ranks fifth globally, is projected to overtake the United States as the largest. According to the India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA), the Indian EV market would grow at a CAGR of 36%. Because India imports about 80% of its crude oil needs, dependency on conventional energy sources is not a viable choice as population growth and vehicle demand increase. By 2030, NITI Aayog wants to see EV sales penetration for all commercial vehicles reach 70%, for private vehicles reach 30%, for buses reach 40%, and for two- and three-wheelers reach 80%. The objective of achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2070 is consistent with this. According to the Ministry of Heavy Industries, 0.52 million electric vehicles (EVs) were registered in India during the past three years. EV sales grew significantly in 2021, helped by the government's adoption of helpful laws and initiatives.

With 66,704 units sold across all categories in 2021, Uttar Pradesh led all Indian states in EV sales, followed by Karnataka with 33,302 units and Tamil Nadu with 30,036 units. While Karnataka and Maharashtra lead the two-wheeler and four-wheeler segments, respectively, Uttar Pradesh dominated the three-wheeler market.ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.ibef.org/blogs/electric-vehicles-market-in-india","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022","5","5"]]},"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"IBEF AUTOMOTIVE BLOG - ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN INDIA","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0417322c-4dfe-4a72-ae6e-a90dad83d509"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(<i>IBEF AUTOMOTIVE BLOG - ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN INDIA</i>, n.d.)","manualFormatting":"(IBEF AUTOMOTIVE BLOG - ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN INDIA)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(IBEF AUTOMOTIVE BLOG - ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN INDIA, n.d.)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(<i>IBEF AUTOMOTIVE BLOG - ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN INDIA</i>, n.d.)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(IBEF AUTOMOTIVE BLOG - ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN INDIA)

1.2 Future of EV charging InfrastructureThe Indian EV charger market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 46.5 percent between 2022 and 2030, according to the "2022 India Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure & Battery Swapping Market Overview Report." By 2030, it is anticipated that 0.9 million units will be sold annually, with almost 85 percent of those expected to be type-2 AC chargers. Public, captive, and private (e-4W) charge stations that have been installed nationwide are represented by the EV charger market. More than 17,000 EV chargers were distributed overall in 2021. This includes the purchase by PSU, commercial fleet operators, bus operators, and CPOs of chargers provided by Manufacturers to be marketed with e-4W.

1.3 Battery SwappingBattery swapping is a relatively new EV charging model that involves the exchange of depleted EV batteries with fully charged ones. This model has the potential to significantly reduce the time needed to charge an EV, as well as reduce costs associated with charging an EV.

Battery swapping stations are typically located in urban areas and are connected to the grid. EV owners can drive up to the station, exchange their depleted battery with a fully charged one, and be on their way. This process takes only a few minutes and allows EV owners to charge their vehicles much more quickly than with traditional charging methods.

In addition to the time savings, battery swapping also has the potential to reduce costs associated with charging an EV. Battery swapping stations typically charge a flat fee for the exchange of batteries, rather than charging for the amount of electricity used. This can be more cost-effective for EV owners, as they can save money on electricity costs.

1.4 Fixed ChargingTraditional EV charging involves the use of an external power source to charge an EVs battery. This power source can be either a wall-mounted charger or a public charging station. Wall-mounted chargers are typically slow, taking up to 8 hours to fully charge an EV battery. Public charging stations, on the other hand, are typically faster, taking around 4 hours to charge an EV battery.

Traditional charging has several advantages over battery swapping. First, traditional charging is more widely available than battery swapping, as there are more public charging stations than battery swapping stations. Additionally, traditional charging is more flexible, as EV owners can charge their vehicles wherever they have access to an external power source. Finally, traditional charging is often less expensive than battery swapping, as most public charging stations charge per kilowatt-hour of electricity used.

1.5 Challenges Faced in Fixed Charging StationSub-optimal Utilization Rates: - In comparison to the significant capital that has been spent in, the 10-15% at public charging stations do not compare given that a fast-charging station charges a car in under 1.5 hours and that no more than 2-3 automobiles arrive at any given time. In the current scenario, where 6 guns must be built, the CAPEX per station, ignoring land cost or rent, works out to be $12 million, taking into account the average cost of Rs. 2 million each charging gun. When the returns are not significant because of the low utilisation rates, the high expenses of

the equipment and its installation pose the biggest problem. Because to the dismal EV numbers on the road, the usage rate is also poor. Given the present trajectory, which includes the FAME II plan and its advantages, it is not anticipated that there will be enough EVs on the roads until, say, 2024, to consider running charging infrastructure as a stand-alone business.

Land Banks: - One of the obstacles that the government has yet to solve is land banks, which include parking spots at right-hand corners of cities. Even though they receive the property for free under government mandate, state enterprises have experienced problems with land acquisition. Also, there hasn't been a fixing of fees, which results in expensive rent. For instance, in some circumstances, it is claimed that the cost of the land leasing alone makes up more than 40% of the cost to operate a charging station.

FAME II calls for at least two chargers of about 100kW each to be installed on each PCS, which is fine in a state like Delhi that classifies this amount of electricity as low tension (LT) power. Nevertheless, the concerned CPO would have to go for a high tension (HT) connection and, in the process, install cables, transformers, etc. in a state like Gujarat or Uttar Pradesh where the limit of an LT connection is considered to be 50kW. The latter is 2-3 times more expensive than the subsidies it receives. As a result, the entire endeavour is useless.

1.6 Portable Charging Stations:A device that can use an external power source to recharge the battery of an electric car is known as a portable charging station for EVs. These gadgets are frequently more portable and compact than conventional charging stations, making them perfect for usage in places without a set infrastructure for charging or in emergency situations.

There are several types of portable charging stations for EVs available on the market, including:

Portable chargers: These are small and compact devices that can be carried in the trunk of a car and used to charge an EV's battery using a standard 120-volt wall outlet.

Mobile charging stations: These are larger and more powerful devices that can be transported on a trailer or a truck and used to charge multiple EVs at once. They typically require a higher voltage power source, such as a 240-volt outlet.

Battery packs: When there is no power supply accessible, these gadgets can be used to recharge an electric vehicle's battery. In emergency scenarios, such as when an EV runs out of battery power in a remote area, they are very helpful.

The flexibility and convenience that portable charging stations for EVs provide to EV owners, the ability to charge EVs in locations without established charging infrastructure, and the potential to lessen range anxiety for EV drivers are just a few advantages. They do have certain restrictions, though, including slower charging rates compared to permanent charging stations and a range that is constrained by the battery capacity of the portable charging station.

1.7 On-Demand Charging Service using Portable Charging Solutions:

By enabling EV owners to swiftly and conveniently charge their vehicles without having to look for available charging stations or wait in line for a charging place, on-demand charging services offer convenience to EV customers.

With on-demand charging services, EV owners can request a charging service using a mobile app, and a technician will be sent to their location to complete the request. A portable charging station will be brought by the technician and plugged into the car to start charging it. Because of this, EV owners are no longer required to make advance plans, look for charging stations, or worry about running out of battery power while on the road.

On-demand charging providers furthermore sometimes include flexible pricing methods, such as pay-per-use or subscription-based programs, which can be more affordable for infrequent or sporadic EV users. While the car is charging, these providers could also provide other conveniences like cleaning or maintenance services.

Businesses including hotels, restaurants, and parking garages may gain from on-demand charging services by attracting and keeping EV clients. Businesses may set themselves apart from rivals and provide their consumers with more convenience and value by offering on-demand charging options.

In general, on-demand charging services provide EV consumers with a practical and adaptable charging option, making it simpler for them to embrace and utilize electric vehicles as their primary method of transportation.

1.7 Challenges Faced by EV UsersHere are the various challenges that can be faced by EV users in the coming future cited in various research, papers news articles, and blogs.

Queuing at charging station: - Due to India's low density of EVs on the road at this early stage, there are no noticeable lines at charging stations, while developed countries like Norway, which has a 75% share of EVs on the road, are experiencing the problem. We may infer from this that the situation we are currently experiencing with petrol stations and CNG stations will likely continue in the future.

Lack of an adequate number of charging stations: - India had 5,254 public electric vehicle (EV) charging stations as of January 23, 2023, to support a total of 20,65,00 EVs. This is supported by the information provided by Minister RK Singh in the Lok Sabha as well as the Vahan dashboard. According to this, there is one public charging station for every 393 electric vehicles in the nation. A white paper from the international professional services company Alvarez and Marsal, published in July 2022, states that "the worldwide optimum EV/public chargers ratio is also at 6-20 EVs per public charger when it now stands at an estimated 135 in India."

Unmanned operations: - The turn-around time of that specific EV is increased because there isn't a specialized operator at the charging stations. Moreover, it poses a risk to business operations since unmanned EV charging stations may be more vulnerable to vandalism or negligence, which might result in equipment damage or sanitary problems.

Dead Miles: - The EV owner must drive their car an unnecessary distance to find the charger since there isn't enough charging infrastructure and it will take longer to reach the goal of having enough chargers for each EV. Because it increases the cost of operating the vehicle, this is sheer resource waste that has to be reduced.

Cooling time of charging stations: - Depending on the amount of power transmitted and the cooling technology employed, the cooling time for DC fast charging stations generally ranges from a few minutes to several hours. To prevent heat build-up and maintain a secure and effective charging procedure, certain fast charging stations may set speed limits, which may lengthen the total charging time. As a result of cooling time, it is also only accessible during specific hours of the day.

1.8 Need of Study

To check the feasibility of traditional charging and battery swapping

To check the environmental impact of both

1.9 Objective of Study

To determine if there is a need to have on-demand charging service which is to be serviced by mobile charging stations in the Indian market.

To determine the significant factors on which on-demand charging services are dependent.

To compare the cost-effectiveness of battery swapping and traditional electric vehicle charging models.

To analyze the availability and accessibility of battery swapping and traditional electric vehicle charging models.

1.10 Scope of the StudyThe scope of this research paper is to compare and contrast battery swapping and traditional electric vehicle charging models.

Specifically, this paper will analyze the cost benefits of both models, the convenience of each model, and the environmental impact of each model.

Additionally, this paper will look at the safety and reliability of battery swapping and traditional electric vehicle charging models.

Finally, the paper will look at the potential for battery swapping to be a viable alternative to traditional electric vehicle charging models for the future.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWAn examination of current scholarly literature on the EV industry in India and a global level was conducted. Reports and articles from the International Energy Agency, S&P Global, and other reliable sources were analyzed. The data showed that India has a great opportunity to increase its EV sector in the upcoming decade. It is predicted that India will experience a marked transformation in the EV segment.

EV Charging Station Integrated Microgrid.

Urbanization, industrialization, and the proliferation of on-road vehicles are leading to a rise in environmental pollution, creating an alarming situation in urban communities. To address the rising concern of energy consumption, the use of distributed generation and transportation systems that use alternative fuels should be implemented. This study proposes an optimal energy management system for public electric vehicle charging stations that are integrated with local microgrids. This framework utilizes a switching mechanism between different trading markets. The implementation of this framework involves formulating a mixed integer, non-linear problem (MINLP) with multiple trading locations. This study looks at the potential for maximizing the sale of surplus energy from a solar PV system and energy discharged by EVs in a 100-house community in India, where each home is equipped with an EV and a returning charging station. The aim is to identify methods to take advantage of the energy resources available in the community. CITATION Fur19 l 16393 (Ahmad, 2019)This paper explores the design of a grid-friendly ultrafast electric vehicle (EV) charging system, which requires over-dimensioning of the grid connection due to peaks caused by high charging power and short charging times. In order to address this matter, the implementation of energy storage components to partially separate the load from the grid is suggested. Furthermore, a calculation approach for energy storage components is laid out, along with an examination of their possible connections to a lightning-fast EV charging location. This paper also explores an inherent obstacle that has hindered a major breakthrough in the EV market - the limitation of autonomy and autonomy flowrate due to the onboard traction energy storage. CITATION HH12 l 16393 (Himoja, 2012)To roll out electric vehicles (EVs) successfully, an adequate charging infrastructure is essential. Battery swapping stations can provide a practical means of alleviating EV range and charging time anxieties. These facilities serve as a link between those relying on EVs and the power system, but require the implementation of a business and operational plan to guarantee efficiency and dependability in addition to profitability. This paper introduces an optimization framework for the operating model of battery swapping stations. The day-to-day scheduling process is taken into account, and inventories are used as an anchor for robust optimization when considering the uncertainty of battery demand and electricity pricing. Multi-band robust optimization is another technique applied in this context. The results suggest the viability of the proposed model as a business case and its effectiveness in providing the necessary services. CITATION Mus20 l 16393 (Sarker, 2020)Replacing Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) with Electric Vehicles (EV) is a great way to combat environmental crises. However, EVs are only part of the solution, as installing Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) is also necessary. The grid must be equipped to handle the influx of electricity needs, including having an accurate load forecast, staggered charging times, and solutions for traffic and crowd control at charging stations. These obstacles must be tackled to ensure a successful transition to electric transportation. This paper reviews the basics of charging stations, such as types and levels, as well as technologies and charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries. In India, the government is encouraging the use of EVs and the installation of EVCS with tax reductions and subsidies. This paper also looks at guidelines from the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of Housing (Government of India) to help individuals set up their own charging stations. CITATION Sur20 l 16393 (Pareek, 21-22, 2020)Electric Vehicle Battery Charging at a Battery Swapping Station

This paper proposes a new model for battery swapping stations that seeks to reduce costs by optimizing the charging schedule for EV batteries. The objective function considers the number of batteries taken from stock to fulfil EV orders, the potential for charging damage with high-rate chargers, and electricity costs for various times of day. The use of electric vehicles (EVs) is becoming increasingly prominent due to their potential to reduce the utilization of fossil fuels and diminish greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, a mathematical model is developed to implement the constant-current/constant-current charging strategy, and a merge of genetic algorithms, differential evolution, and particle swarm optimization is proposed to make an integrated algorithm. Simulation studies are conducted to validate the proposed model and assess its performance relative to conventional evolutionary algorithms. Despite the abundance of electric vehicle (EV) advantages, many individuals are still favouring conventional automobiles due to the known setbacks of EVs, such as long charging periods, short battery life, short distance travelled per charge, and pricey batteries. Battery swapping stations (BSS) have the potential to reduce range anxiety and make freshly charged batteries more accessible to EV owners. CITATION Hao17 l 16393 (Wu, 2017)The advancement of electric vehicle (EV) adoption is largely contingent upon the progress of battery technology. Whilst still unable to match the convenience and cost of traditional combustion engines, this paper seeks to explore the use of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries to improve the performance of battery swapping stations (BSSs), an alternative to EV charging stations. An in-depth look at EV charging, the BSS concept, the terminology, technology and characteristics of rechargeable batteries, and the lithium-ion battery charging process (constant current-constant voltage) is provided. Furthermore, an advanced bidirectional AC-DC converter was developed and tested to examine the charging and discharging characteristics of various batteries. The paper outlines the diverse battery traits and examines how the results can be applied to BSSs. CITATION Ved18 l 16393 (Bobanac, 2018)The Battery Swapping Station (BSS) has been identified as a potentially viable option to quickly supply energy to Electric Vehicles (EVs), as well as to offer a range of benefits to the energy grid. This paper examines the development of a mathematical model to effectively manage the BSS, accounting for the random requests of charged batteries while simultaneously utilizing accessible batteries to decrease costs by shifting demand and reselling energy. Additionally, battery deterioration is taken into consideration to guarantee a viable solution. Through numerical simulations of a test BSS, the proposed model is proven successful in achieving predefined goals. However, the magnitude of EV market penetration is largely contingent upon the advances made in energy refill technology. Plugging an EV into an outlet at a home or a Battery Charging Station (BCS) is the most commonly employed method of battery charging, but it has a number of limitations which are obstructing EV adoption, such as high investment costs, slow charging times, and limited mobility range. CITATION Moh19 l 16393 (Mahoor, 2019)EV Infrastructure Opportunities and Challenges in India

Nowadays, research and development companies have been striving to create an intelligently designed battery swap station (BSS) structure to offer a consistent platform for the successful implementation of a large-scale fleet of hybrid and electric vehicles (xEVs). The BSS works in a similar fashion to existing gasoline refuelling stations, wherein discharged batteries can be replaced or swapped with partially or fully charged ones in a few minutes. This system has been identified as a promising alternative to the traditional EV recharging station approach as it can open up new business opportunities to its stakeholders. This paper introduces the BSS, including its infrastructure, techniques, advantages over charging stations and associated challenges. Additionally, an S34X smart swapping station for xEVs is proposed and future research directions for the BSS are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review work on BSS. CITATION Moh20 l 16393 (Alam, 2020)Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been identified as a critical part of cutting down greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation industry. But, since the majority of EVs have a limited range of about 100 miles per charge, and require numerous hours for a full recharge, the industry has proposed a novel solution that involves the use of 'swapping stations' where spent batteries can be traded for freshly charged ones for longer trips. For this approach to be a success, it is essential for the charging service provider to construct a cost-effective infrastructure network, notwithstanding the limited knowledge about adoption rates. To this end, robust optimization models have been developed to assist in the planning process for battery-swapping infrastructure. Through these models, the potential impacts of standardization and technological advancements on optimal infrastructure deployment can be studied. CITATION HoY13 l 16393 (Mak, 2013)Transportation is one of the major contributors to carbon emissions and environmental pollution, and electric vehicles (EV) present a crucial alternative. This paper looks into the possibility of encouraging EV adoption by introducing automated battery swapping at battery sharing stations (BShS) as part of a battery sharing network (BShN). Existing battery swapping systems are evaluated, and a modern approach which accounts for both technical and socio-economic perspectives is introduced. The proposed BShS/BShN system offers solutions to the common hindrances to EV adoption, such as range anxiety, cost, and grid stability. This paper also evaluates the challenges and breakthroughs involved in implementing this idea. CITATION Fey19 l 16393 (*, 2019)

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY3.1 Data Collection

Primary data will be collected from questionnaires administered to electric vehicle owners and experts in the industry. Secondary data will be collected from various sources such as academic journals, industry reports, books, and online articles.

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2 methodology of the study3.2 Research DesignA comparative analysis of battery swapping and traditional electric vehicle charging models will be conducted.

3.3 Sampling DesignStratified random sampling will be used to select the sample size. The sample will include electric vehicle owners and experts in the industry.

3.4 Data AnalysisBoth qualitative and quantitative methods will be used. Qualitative methods including thematic analysis and content analysis will be used to analyze the primary data collected from questionnaires. Quantitative methods such as descriptive statistics and regression analysis will be used to analyze the secondary data.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONElectric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) provide a place to charge electric vehicles safely, with monitoring, conversion systems, and high voltage and current for rapid charging. Common terms associated with EVCS include:

4.1 Types of Charging StationsResidential Charging Station: Moving into the age of electric vehicle (EV) use in homes, residential charging stations are key to reducing the burden of the excess load on the electricity grid. Drawing less current from the grid when charging EVs at home is a great way to help the grid maintain its demand during peak hours. Charging EVs at night is the most effective way to do so, being cost-efficient and having minimal impact on the grid. During these off-peak hours, EVs can be fully charged in as little as 7 to 8 hours through Level 1 charging in residential charging stations.

Parking Charging Station: Charging an electric vehicle can be a slow process, but if people make use of the time they spend parking, the strain on public charging stations and the grid can be lessened. Data from the National Household Travel Survey shows that vehicles are typically parked for around five hours a day while in the workplace. This method of smart charging is already being used in areas such as restaurants, shopping malls, libraries, and other locations with appropriate charging infrastructure policies. Existing car parks are being converted into intelligent charging spots with internet connection for booking slots and getting traffic updates in the area. Generally, Level 2 charging supplies both single-phase and three-phase power.

Public charging stations: The use of public charging stations enables quick charging of vehicles as opposed to conventional charging, which takes a longer amount of time. A number of charging topologies and fast charger configurations are employed to make this possible. Generally speaking, a charger in a charging station consists of an AC-DC converter in the front end and a DC-DC converter in the back end, both of which are linked together via a DC link capacitor.

Battery Swapping: The deployment of a Battery Swapping Station (BSS) was proposed to solve the issue of having to wait for a long period of time for an electric vehicle to charge. This BSS allows for an empty battery to be replaced with a fully charged one in an instant. The service also ensures the monitoring of the battery's energy density and SOC level with a Battery Management System. Nevertheless, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed before BSS can be properly implemented, such as creating a battery pack design that can be easily taken out of the vehicle and re-installed. Furthermore, a common standard format should be used by manufacturers to make battery packs interchangeable between BSS and EVs. Finally, there are also battery degradation and ownership issues that need to be addressed in order to facilitate the adoption of the BSS technology.

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