Assessment Item 2: Written Assignment 1,500 words

Assessment Item 2: Written Assignment 1,500 words

Weighting: 40%

Due Date: Friday Week 7, 1700hrs

Aim:

The aim of this assignment is to apply the knowledge you have developed from material and learning outcomes covered in the first five weeks of 1808NRS. You will be provided with the opportunity to answer four questions, each containing multiple parts. These questions aim to assess your understanding of important concepts relating to the cardiovascular system and respiratory system.

This written assignment addresses the courses learning outcomes 1 and 2.

Instructions:

Below, there are 5 scenarios. Each scenario has a question related to the scenario.

Write an answer to each scenarios question, which may include (sub)parts.

Other elements:

Please adhere to the 1,500-word limit for the assignment. The marker will stop reading at 1500 words.

You may use Anatomy and Physiology textbooks and relevant journal articles/valid websites as references in your responses.

You should use the question numbers as your headings

Please DO NOT include the case scenarios in your written assignment, only the question number (if you include the question, it will count toward your word count)

In-text references are also included in the word limit (1,000 words), however, the word limit does not include the reference list

Reference list should start on a new page

There should be no quotations in this written assignment

Images are not required

Use third person and academic language in your written assignment

Please review the Marking Criteria prior to submitting your written assignment

Submit your written assignment via Turnitin as per the instructions on the 1808NRS Moodle course site under Evidence of Learning.

Scenario 1

Brock was recently rushed to the Robina Emergency Department following a myocardial infarction (heart attack). Following a series of tests, it was determined that his heart attack resulted in severe damage to a papillary muscle in his left ventricle, causing the heart valves on this side of his heart to prolapse.

Question One: Explain what effect this cardiac event would have on the function of the left side of Brocks heart by answering the following questions.

1a) Describe the normal pathway of blood through the left side of the heart, beginning with the structures that deliver blood to that side of the heart, the characteristics of blood that enters the left side of the heart, the structures it moves through to leave the left side of the heart, and where it goes to (3.5 marks)

1b) Myocardial infarction (heart attack) usually occurs due to a blockage in the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle. List possible coronary arteries that may have been affected and define the structure of the heart they supply to. (3 marks).

1c) Stroke volume is directly influenced by the cardiac parameters known as preload and afterload. Define each of these factors and explain how they reduce stroke volume (4 marks).

1d) Referring to the equation for cardiac output, explain how cardiac output would be affected and why (2.5 marks)

(13 marks total)

Scenario 2

Before discharge from hospital, Brocks nurse discusses some of the risk factors for myocardial infarction. In Brocks case, this includes his hypertension. The nurse also discusses with Brock the medications that have been prescribed to treat his hypertension including:

Diuretic

Beta-blocker

Question Two: Explain How does each drug work to lower blood pressure?

2a) Explain how the medication works (i.e., its mechanism of action) to lower blood pressure. Refer to the blood pressure equation (BP = CO x SVR) to assist with your explanation. (3 marks)

2b) Explain how beta-blockers work (i.e., its mechanism of action) to lower blood pressure. Using the blood pressure equation (BP = CO x SVR) to assist with your explanation. (3 marks)

(6 marks total)

Question Three: The electrical signals sent through Brocks cardiac conduction system appear to be blocked. With this knowledge, answer the following questions.

3a) In the ECG trace below, circle where the abnormality occurs and label the effected wave/component (0.5 marks each; 1 mark total).

3b) Where in Brocks cardiac conduction system is the blockage likely to be? (1 mark)

3c) Referring to the cardiac cycle, what mechanical event is likely to be adversely affected due to this conduction issue? (1 mark)

(3 marks total)

Scenario 3

Jos has been diagnosed with emphysema (an obstructive disease of the airways). Jos finds it relatively easy to breathe in, but when breathing out his airways close and it is difficult to forcefully exhale the air in his lungs. In addition, emphysema leads to the destruction of alveoli walls therefore leading to larger but few air sacs (alveoli).

Question Four: Answer the following questions regarding how emphysema affect the normal function of Joss respiratory system?

4a) Explain what lung volumes and/or capacities may be affected by Joss obstructive respiratory condition (2 marks)

4b) Explain how gas exchange in the alveoli is affected and why (2 marks)

4c) Using the bicarbonate buffer system equation (CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3), explain what would happen with his blood carbon dioxide levels and blood pH in obstructive respiratory conditions (2 marks)

(6 marks total)

Scenario 4

Abby has previously been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways that results in thick viscous mucous obstructing multiple airways. Abbys recent visit to the hospital diagnosed her with right-side heart failure (an inability for the right-side of the heart to work as an efficient pump) due to her unmanaged pulmonary hypertension. A consequence of this is peripheral oedema (fluid shifting from the intravascular space to the interstitium).

Question Five: Answer the following questions regarding how chronic bronchitis and right-side heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

5a) Describe two protective mechanisms present in the respiratory tract to help prevent the passage of bacteria deep into the lungs (2 marks)

5b) Using your understanding of ventilation-perfusion coupling (V/Q), explain how the respiratory (ventilation) and cardiovascular (perfusion) systems would respond to the airway obstructions and how this may result in pulmonary hypertension (4 marks)

5c) Using your understanding of capillary exchange, explain how right-side heart failure can alter capillary exchange dynamics and cause peripheral oedema (2 marks)

(8 marks total)

CRITERIA POSSIBLE MARK

Question 1. What effect would the heart attack have on the function of the left side of Brocks heart?

Describe the normal pathway of blood through the left side of the heart, beginning with the structures that deliver blood to that side of the heart, the characteristics of blood that enters the left side of the heart, the structures it moves through to leave the left side of the heart, and where it goes to.

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) usually occurs due to a blockage in the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle. List possible coronary arteries that may have been affected and define the structure of the heart they supply to.

Stroke volume is directly influenced by the cardiac parameters known as preload and afterload. Define each of these factors and explain how they reduce stroke volume

Referring to the equation for cardiac output, explain how cardiac output would be affected and why

13

Question 2. How does each drug work to lower blood pressure?

Explain how the medication works (i.e., its mechanism of action) to lower blood pressure. Refer to the blood pressure equation (BP = CO x SVR) to assist with your explanation.

Explain how beta-blockers work (i.e., its mechanism of action) to lower blood pressure. Using the blood pressure equation (BP = CO x SVR) to assist with your explanation.

6

Question 3. How does Brocks cardiac conduction system appear to be blocked?

In the ECG trace, circle where the abnormality occurs and label the effected wave/component

Where in Brocks cardiac conduction system is the blockage likely to be?

Referring to the cardiac cycle, what mechanical event is likely to be adversely affected due to this conduction issue?

3

Question 4. How does emphysema affect the normal function of Joss respiratory system?

Explain what lung volumes and/or capacities may be affected by Joss obstructive respiratory condition

Explain how gas exchange in the alveoli is affected and why

Using the bicarbonate buffer system equation, explain what would happen with his blood carbon dioxide levels and blood pH in obstructive respiratory conditions

6

Question 5. How does chronic bronchitis and right-side heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Describe two protective mechanisms present in the respiratory tract to help prevent the passage of bacteria deep into the lungs

Using your understanding of ventilation-perfusion coupling (V/Q), explain how the respiratory (ventilation) and cardiovascular (perfusion) systems would respond to the airway obstructions and how this may result in pulmonary hypertension

Using your understanding of capillary exchange, explain how right-side heart failure can alter capillary exchange dynamics and cause peripheral oedema 8

All Parts - PRESENTATION and STRUCTURE

Conforms to the Griffith Health Writing and Referencing Guide (2 marks)

Writing is clear and concise and uses academic language (1 mark)

Answers are well presented, with correct spelling, grammar, and well-constructed sentences (1 mark) 2

All Parts - REFERENCING

Referencing (in-text citations and reference list entries) as per the Griffith Health Writing and Referencing Guide (1 mark)

All references strictly adhere to APA Style 7th Edition = 1 mark

Some referencing errors, mainly correct APA Style 7th Edition = 0.5 mark

References do not adhere to APA Style 7th Edition = 0 marks

Uses a minimum of 4 valid & reliable sources within the last 10 years, to support claims / statements (1 mark)

All claims are supported by references = 1 mark

Some claims are supported by references = 0.5 mark

No claims are supported by references = 0 marks 2

Total marks

[Weighting 40%] 40

Assessable Elements EXEMPLARY

Exceptionally high quality of performance or standard of learning achievement. ACCOMPLISHED

High quality performance or standard of learning achievement. DEVELOPING

Satisfactory quality of performance or standard of learning achievement. BEGINNING

Unsatisfactory quality of performance or standard of learning achievement. TOTAL MARK

Scenario One

Question 1. What effect would the heart attack have on the function of the left side of Brocks heart? Exceptionally high standard as evidenced by clear and succinct description of the function of the left side of the heart and valves, and comprehensive explanation of the effect on cardiac output High quality standard as evidenced by clear description of the function of the left side of the heart and valves, and thorough explanation of the effect on cardiac output Satisfactory standard as evidenced by an adequate description of the function of the left side of the heart and valves, and partial explanation of the effect on cardiac output Unsatisfactory standard as evidenced by limited description of the function of the left side of the heart and valves, and undeveloped explanation of the effect on cardiac output /13

Scenario Two

Question 2. How does each drug work to lower blood pressure?

Question 3. How does Brocks cardiac conduction system appear to be blocked? Exceptionally high standard as evidenced by clear and comprehensive explanation of the mode of action with accurate reference to the blood equation of the prescribed drugs.

Exceptionally high standard as evidenced by clear and comprehensive explanation of how the ECG trace is affected, where the conduction block may be, and what mechanical event is also likely affected High quality standard as evidenced by thorough explanation of the mode of action with accurate reference to the blood equation of the prescribed drugs.

High quality standard as evidenced by thorough explanation of how the ECG trace is affected, where the conduction block may be, and

what mechanical event is also likely affected Satisfactory standard as evidenced by an adequate explanation of the mode of action with limited reference to the blood equation of the prescribed drugs.

Satisfactory standard as evidenced by an adequate explanation of how the ECG trace is affected, where the conduction block may be, and what mechanical event is also likely affected Unsatisfactory standard as evidenced by undeveloped explanation of the mode of action with flawed reference to the blood equation of the prescribed drugs.

Unsatisfactory standard as evidenced by undeveloped explanation of how the ECG trace is affected, with limited understanding of where the conduction block may be, and what mechanical event is also likely affected /9

Scenario Three

Question 4. How does emphysema affect the normal function of Joss respiratory system? Exceptionally high standard as evidenced by clear and comprehensive explanation of how emphysema affects the normal function of the respiratory system High quality standard as evidenced by thorough explanation of how emphysema affects the normal function of the respiratory system Satisfactory standard as evidenced by adequate explanation of how emphysema affects the normal function of the respiratory system Unsatisfactory standard as evidenced by undeveloped explanation of how emphysema affects the normal function of the respiratory system /6

Assessable Elements EXEMPLARY

Exceptionally high quality of performance or standard of learning achievement. ACCOMPLISHED

High quality performance or standard of learning achievement. DEVELOPING

Satisfactory quality of performance or standard of learning achievement. BEGINNING

Unsatisfactory quality of performance or standard of learning achievement. TOTAL MARK

Scenario Four

Question 5. How does chronic bronchitis and right-side heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Exceptionally high standard as evidenced by clear and comprehensive explanation of how chronic bronchitis and right- sided heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems High quality standard as evidenced by thorough explanation of how chronic bronchitis and right-sided heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems Satisfactory standard as evidenced by adequate explanation of how chronic bronchitis and right-sided heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems Unsatisfactory standard as evidenced by undeveloped explanation of how chronic bronchitis and right-sided heart failure affect the normal function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems /8

Criterion Five

Presentation, grammar and academic writing Exemplary demonstration of academic writing standards;

Exemplary sentence and paragraph structure, with few, if any errors, exemplary and overall logical flow,

that indicates a sophisticated ability to communicate ideas effectively High quality demonstration of academic writing standards;

Appropriate sentence and paragraph structure, with some error and overall logical flow, that indicates an effective ability to communicate ideas effectively Sufficient demonstration of academic writing standards;

Developing sentence and paragraph structure, and/or there are some errors that disrupt the logical flow or communication of ideas Does not comply with academic writing standards;

Poor sentence and paragraph structure, and poor logical flow demonstrates an inability to communicate ideas effectively. /2

Criterion Six

Referencing Exceptionally high standard as evidenced by exemplary use of APA 7 format in-text and reference list with 3 or more references with no errors. High quality standard as evidenced by the consistent use of APA 7 format in-text and reference list with a minimum of 3 references

with minimal errors. Satisfactory standard as evidenced by the developing use of APA 7 format in-text and reference list, but with several errors. Unsatisfactory standard as evidenced by the beginning or absent use of APA 7 format in- text and reference list with many errors. /2

TOTAL /40