Chronic Kidney Disease HLTH3201

Chronic Kidney Disease

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LO1 & LO2

Chronic kidney disease is most of recognized as the reduction of the blood flow towards the kidney. The reduction in the blood flow towards is also termed as the hall mark of the chronic kidney disease. The nitrogenous waste and other drug metabolites are removed in the form of urine in the kidney (van Gelder et al., 2022). Due to Chronic kidney disease a patient may suffer from excessive fluid retention in the body, Electrolyte imbalance and waste buildup. As far as the statistics are concerned about 11 percent of the people suffers from the chronic kidney disease world-wide (Khosravizad, 2020). Chronic kidney disease eventually leads to end-stage renal disease (ERSD) which accounts responsible for almost 2.4 million mortalities.

Chronic kidney disease may affect more Black and South Asian persons (Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2021), yet anyone can have it. Chronic renal disease rarely worsens until both kidneys stop working. CKD patients may endure psychological trauma that lowers their quality of life (Horvth et al., 2023). Depression affects 3040% of chronic renal disease and ERSD patients, according to study.

Blood and urine tests detect chronic kidney disease. which are discussed here. Chronic renal disease is indicated by elevated urine albumin and decreased GFR, hence albumin and GFR tests can be used to diagnose CKD (Han et al., 2020). Serum creatinine is another biomarker for CKD. CKD is usually diagnosed after three months of symptoms. CKD is defined as GFR <60> 30 mg/g (Pinto et al., 2022). CKD must be diagnosed before treatment. CKD has many causes.

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According to NIH there are several methods that are defined for the management of the CKD which will be discussed as follow. The management of the blood pressure is utmost the most necessary step in the management of the CKD it can be done by dietary, lifestyle changes or Medications if necessary (Cherfan et al., 2020). Higher Blood pressure can destroy your kidney thus, it is necessary to maintain a steady blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. It is also necessary to control glucose level of the patient if the patient is diabetic as diabetes can have adverse effect on the kidneys (Jiraporncharoen et al., 2020). The Glucose level can be tested by A1C which should be less than 7, Ideally. They Utmost two important biomarkers as discussed earlier are the GFR and the creatinine, ideally both of these components should fall under the range category. Usually, patients are advised changes in the diet and medication for keeping both of these component in control.

There are many stigmas and beliefs that plays a role in the prevalence of the CKD which eventually decrease the patients quality of life. Research was conducted by the Sahu et al. (2022) to assess the knowledge of the people about CKD by using quantitative methodology, according to the findings of the result it was shown that only 36.4% of the people who participated in the research had good knowledge about Chronic kidney disease. This research shows a significant lack of awareness among the people about CKD. However, in the same study it was also reveled that about 84.8% of the people were eager to learn about the CKD. One study also indicated that people who are illiterate or poor showed poor attitude regarding the wish to learn about CKD (Iroegbu et al., 2022).

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Nurses plays an important role in regards of supporting the patients suffering from the CKD,The role of the nurse can be divided as follows

Active site management

Nurses plays an important role in the supporting the patient receiving dialysis. The nurses are subjected to take care of the patients during the dialysis. It is duty of the nurses to setup dialysis machine, for the IV insertion and the with drawl of the blood for lab tests (Siregar et al., 2021). Furthermore, it is necessary for the nurses to make sure that patient is not carrying any heavy object. In addition to this its duty of nurses to ensure clean and tidy rooms where dialysis are taking place.

Patient Education

Another important role of the nurses is to educate the patient about their disease. Nurses should ensure that Patient are well aware of the disease they are suffering so better measure can be taken to increase the patient quality of life (Afzal et al., 2021). Nurses should also make the patients well aware about the any possible side effects that patient might face later during the course of treatment.

Moral Support

Nursing is regarded as one of the humblest profession so it is necessary for the nurses to keep in mind regarding the psychological conditions of the patients suffering from the CKD. Nurses should adopt the polite way to make the patient understand and console the patient during the course of treatment (Martnez-Majolero et al., 2022).

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Collaborative care for CKD improves patients' health and quality of life. In chronic illness management, integrated care emphasises communication, shared decision-making, and patient-centered care. Patients, healthcare professionals, and other stakeholders do this (Marques et al., 2021). Self-management and collaboration tools could assist patients, healthcare practitioners, and others interested in CKD. This reference may discuss CKD symptoms, causes, and treatment. Self-care for high blood pressure, diabetes, and dehydration may be included. This resource could emphasise the importance of patients and medical professionals communicating and making decisions jointly using the collaborative care paradigm. If they can discuss their concerns, weigh their treatment alternatives, and set their own health objectives (Donald et al., 2019), patients may become more involved in their care. This website can also help CKD patients identify community services and support groups. The resource may also help doctors, patients, and other CKD caretakers, including as family members, carers, and social workers, communicate and collaborate. Benefit: patient-centered care planning.

Conclusion

CKD impairs the kidneys' blood-filtering ability. Liquid maintenance, electrolyte imbalance, and waste development can result. CKD can lead to fatal ESRD. Blood and urine tests reveal decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased urine albumin in CKD. Controlling GFR, creatinine, glucose, and circulatory strain is part of CKD management. Medical staff provide dynamic site executives, patient training, and spiritual support to manage CKD. CKD management improves with patient-provider cooperation. Nonetheless, CKD awareness is low, and more education is needed.

Figure 1 Resource Poster for CKD

References

Afzal, R., Hardy, S., Tukayo, I.J.H. and Sasmita, T.Y., 2021. Improving Public Awareness on Peritoneal Dialysis Through Public Health Nurses: a Document Review.J Mitra Kesehat,4, pp.25-32.

Cherfan, M., Valle, A., Kab, S., Salameh, P., Goldberg, M., Zins, M. and Blacher, J., 2020. Unhealthy behaviors and risk of uncontrolled hypertension among treated individuals-The CONSTANCES population-based study.Scientific Reports,10(1), p.1925.

Donald, M., Beanlands, H., Straus, S., Ronksley, P., Tam-Tham, H., Finlay, J., Smekal, M., Elliott, M.J., Farragher, J., Herrington, G. and Harwood, L., 2019. Preferences for a self-management e-health tool for patients with chronic kidney disease: results of a patient-oriented consensus workshop.Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal,7(4), pp.E713-E720.

Han, X., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Adhikari, B.K., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, J. and Wang, Y., 2020. Cardiac biomarkers of heart failure in chronic kidney disease.Clinica Chimica Acta,510, pp.298-310.

Horvth, L., Boncz, I., Kvs, Z., Fehr, G., Nmeth, N., Kajos, F.L., Bir, K., Fendrik, K., Koltai, K., Ksmrky, G. and Endrei, D., 2023. Disease-Specific Quality of Life among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease in Hungary.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,20(4), p.3558.

Iroegbu, C., Lewis, L. and Matura, L.A., 2022. An integrative review: Chronic kidney disease awareness and the social determinants of health inequities.Journal of Advanced Nursing,78(4), pp.918-928.

Jiraporncharoen, W., Pinyopornpanish, K., Junjom, K., Dejkriengkraikul, N., Wisetborisut, A., Papachristou, I., Hashmi, A. and Angkurawaranon, C., 2020. Exploring perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as they relate to medication adherence at an out-patient primary care clinic in Chiang Mai, Thailand.BMC family practice,21, pp.1-9.

Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Jafar, T.H., Nitsch, D., Neuen, B.L. and Perkovic, V., 2021. Chronic kidney disease.The lancet,398(10302), pp.786-802.

Khosravizad, M., 2020. Study the lifestyle of patients with chronic kidney failure.International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports,3(11), pp.802-802.

Marques, M.D.C., Pires, R., Perdigo, M., Sousa, L., Fonseca, C., Pinho, L.G. and Lopes, M., 2021. Patient-Centered Care for Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases: An Integrative Review.Journal of Personalized Medicine,11(12), p.1289.

Martnez-Majolero, V., Urosa, B. and Hernndez-Snchez, S., 2022. Physical exercise in people with chronic kidney diseasePractices and perception of the knowledge of health professionals and physical activity and sport science professionals about their prescription.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,19(2), p.656.

Pinto, S.W., do Nascimento Lima, H., de Abreu, T.T., Otoni, A., Nogueira, P.C.K. and Sesso, R., 2022. Twenty-year Follow-up of Patients With Epidemic Glomerulonephritis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus in Brazil.Kidney International Reports,7(9), pp.2029-2038.

Sahu, G., Kumar, S., Acharya, S., Talwar, D., Annadatha, A., Patel, M., Pawar, T., Shah, D., Phate, N. and Verma, P., 2022. The act of prevention: knowledge, attitudes, and perception among caretakers of kidney disease patients in rural Wardha District of Central India.Cureus,14(3).

Siregar, C.T., Nasution, S.Z., Ariga, R.A., Harahap, I.A., Tanjung, D., Rasmita, D. and Ariadni, D.K., 2021. Self-care of patients during hemodialysis: A qualitative study.Enfermera Clnica,31, pp.588-592.

van Gelder, M.K., Jong, J.A., Folkertsma, L., Guo, Y., Blchel, C., Verhaar, M.C., Odijk, M., Van Nostrum, C.F., Hennink, W.E. and Gerritsen, K.G., 2020. Urea removal strategies for dialysate regeneration in a wearable artificial kidney.Biomaterials,234, p.119735.