EVIDENCE BASED INTERVENTIONAL NURSING (EBiN)

EVIDENCE BASED INTERVENTIONAL NURSING (EBiN)

Assignment Case Study / Example

This example provides additional guidance and resources that will complement the taught component of the module. Please utilise study skills support in relation to assignment writing, referencing, e-submission, IT skills and referencing via the Study Skills webpageThis example is brief and not exhaustive or complete. When writing your assignment greater breadth, depth, references and accuracy are required. Please note this example also cannot be copied in your assignment please ensure you review the Good academic practice section on Skills for Learning. You must refer to the assessment brief and annotated bibliography guide (see Key Assessment Information folder on Bb) for an outline of the structure of your assignment together with specific requirements.

Part 1 Identify a Nursing Intervention

Medication administration is a key nursing intervention and a standard proficiency for all registered nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Council [NMC], 2018). However, it remains one of the most common causes of harm to patients in hospital ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Roughead</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>1608</RecNum><DisplayText>(Roughead et al., 2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1608</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1608</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roughead, L.</author><author>Semple, S.</author><author>Rosenfeld, E</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Literature review: medication safety in Australia</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Case Study</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><pub-location>New South Wales</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Roughead et al., 2013). This paper will be reviewing the best available evidence on this topic to learn more about this clinical issue and draw conclusions about how medicine administration errors can be avoided in practice. The following question was formulated based on this:

What factors affect medicine administration errors in an acute ward environment?

4592955289560Is there relevant theory / clinical guidelines related to your nursing intervention?

00Is there relevant theory / clinical guidelines related to your nursing intervention?

This nursing intervention will be reviewed in line with the Royal Society of Pharmacists and Royal College of Nursing (2019) Medications Administration Guidelines which state

39170711378243Give a rationale for your topic, why is it important? Why are you exploring the evidence base for this nursing intervention? Why is this important for nurses to know about?

00Give a rationale for your topic, why is it important? Why are you exploring the evidence base for this nursing intervention? Why is this important for nurses to know about?

The ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Nursing and Midwifery Council</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1607</RecNum><DisplayText>Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1607</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1607</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nursing and Midwifery Council,</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>NMC</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Standards for Medicines Management</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>NMC (2018) acknowledge the medication process is complex in nature, high risk and involves multiple interactions. Adhering to the 9 Rights during medicine administration requires high level cognitive skills and attention to detail ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Elliott</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1591</RecNum><DisplayText>(Elliott &amp; Lui, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1591</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1591</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Elliott, M</author><author>Lui, Y</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The nine rights of medication administration: an overview</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>300 - 305</pages><volume>19</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Medication administration, Patient safety, Quality of care</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Elliott & Lui, 2010) especially when multiple medications are being administered ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rohde</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1592</RecNum><DisplayText>(Rohde &amp; Domm, 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1592</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1592</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rohde, E.</author><author>Domm, E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nurses clinical reasoning practices that support safe medication administration: An integrative review of the literature</title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>e402 - e411</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3/4</number><keywords><keyword>Nursing Practice</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Rohde & Domm, 2018). The RSP/RCN (2019) guidelines recognise that for medications administrations to be safe, organisations must put strategies in place to reduce risks associated with administering medication.

38587001473835Consider what local/national guidelines there are for your topic? What are the current statistics? What do nursing journals say about the matter? Give context/background to the nursing intervention

00Consider what local/national guidelines there are for your topic? What are the current statistics? What do nursing journals say about the matter? Give context/background to the nursing intervention

In reviews by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Brady</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1602</RecNum><DisplayText>Brady et al. (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1602</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1602</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brady, A-M.</author><author>Malone, A-M.</author><author>Fleming, S</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A literature review of the individual and systems factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nursing Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nursing Management</full-title></periodical><pages>679 - 697</pages><volume>17</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Case Study</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Brady et al. (2009) and ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Parry</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1596</RecNum><DisplayText>Parry et al. (2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1596</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1596</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parry, A. M.</author><author>Barriball, K. L.</author><author>While, A. E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Factors contributing to Registered Nurse medication administration error: A narrative review</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Nursing Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Nursing Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>403 - 420</pages><volume>52</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Medication Errors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Parry et al. (2015) it is stated medication errors are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. It is imperative to reduce medication errors in order to deliver safe and ethical nursing care. Most medication administrators are nurses and therefore when errors occur, nurses are frequently identified as being accountable (Royal Pharmaceutical Society, 2019; Royal College of Nursing, 2020). 36% of staff surveyed by the RCN (2017) identified missed or delayed medication doses

104531801760What are the gaps in current knowledge? Explain why your question will help fill this gap

00What are the gaps in current knowledge? Explain why your question will help fill this gap

ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Hayes</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1574</RecNum><DisplayText>Hayes et al. (2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1574</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rrtsvdte0w5f2ceeteoxde2l9fdrev9dawfv">1574</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hayes, C.</author><author>Jackson, D.</author><author>Davidson, P. M.</author><author>Power, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Medication errors in hospitals: A literature review of disruptions to nursing practice during medication administration</title><secondary-title>Journal of Clinical Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Clinical Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>3063 - 3076</pages><volume>24</volume><number>21-22</number><keywords><keyword>Medication errors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Hayes et al. (2015) recommend further exploration into factors affecting medication administration as they are a serious threat to patient safety.

This annotated bibliography will therefore examine 3 high quality primary research papers that explore the factors affecting medicine administration errors in an acute ward environments to learn more about how medicine administration errors can be prevented.

Part 2 - Conduct a Database Search

TIP - Have you completed the library activities in week 4 (library search) and 8 (database searching)? The library activities will help you to narrow down your topic area and find 3 appropriate primary research papers.

Searching for evidence should be comprehensive and methodical to ensure all relevant research studies are identified. Following a clear process for searching the topic area means that the search strategy can be replicated again if needed (Cleary et al, 2009).

The steps used to complete the literature search were as follows;

Research studies were identified by searching two health databases MEDLINE and CINAHL because .

The Trust intranet and Library Search were accessed to identify local policies and guidelines in relation to medicine administration and error reporting. This helped to gather background information on the topic area ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wright</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>220</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wright, 2010; Wright &amp; Ferns, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>220</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tr59fpfrowe59he0aafpeeewx0detpvs95w5">220</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wright, K.</author><author>Ferns, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Simple writing skills for students, part two: Researching your subject</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>1118 - 1120</pages><volume>19</volume><number>17</number><keywords><keyword>Getting published</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Wright</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>225</RecNum><record><rec-number>225</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tr59fpfrowe59he0aafpeeewx0detpvs95w5">225</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wright, K</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Simple writing skills for students, part one: Structure and clarity</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>709 - 711</pages><volume>19</volume><number>11</number><keywords><keyword>Getting published</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Wright, 2010; Wright & Ferns, 2010). To undertake the database search the topic was broken down into keywords that were linked together ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Davis</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>136</RecNum><DisplayText>(Davis, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>136</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">136</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davis, D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A practical overview of how to conduct: A systematic review</title><secondary-title>Nursing Standard</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nursing Standard</full-title></periodical><pages>60 - 71</pages><volume>31</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>PRISMA, CONSORT, systematic review</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Davis, 2016). There is an example in the appendix of the keywords used and how the search terms were linked using Boolean operators. Synonyms were also found through screening the research articles for their key words.

-25400027305Explain your process of searching and narrowing down the research to 3 high quality studies. Why were wild cards and truncation used to aid your search? Justify and explain your decision making and use nursing research to support your statements (see Reading List)

00Explain your process of searching and narrowing down the research to 3 high quality studies. Why were wild cards and truncation used to aid your search? Justify and explain your decision making and use nursing research to support your statements (see Reading List)

Various search strategies were used such as truncation .., wild cards.. and the use of Boolean operators (see table)..the rationale for this was .. This resulted in .. articles being identified.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria were then applied to narrow down the search to help identify research that answered the research question and those that did not were discarded (Aveyard & McGraw, 2017). This resulted in the search being narrowed down to .. articles (see screenshot of the search results in the appendix).

See table 2 in the appendix for an example of this Only primary research evidence was included because it has greater objectivity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Davis</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>136</RecNum><DisplayText>(Davis, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>136</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">136</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Davis, D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A practical overview of how to conduct: A systematic review</title><secondary-title>Nursing Standard</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nursing Standard</full-title></periodical><pages>60 - 71</pages><volume>31</volume><number>12</number><keywords><keyword>PRISMA, CONSORT, systematic review</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Davis, 2016). The rationale for choosing only research from 2010 onwards was because.

Part 3 - Critical AppraisalTIP See week 6 which has a template of Caldwells critical appraisal tool and an article explaining the tool and why it is useful. The seminar gives an example of how to use the Caldwell tool to appraise a research paper.

38598231916430Brief justification for critical appraisal tool. Why have you chosen this tool, what is its purpose?

00Brief justification for critical appraisal tool. Why have you chosen this tool, what is its purpose?

ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Sackett</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>120</RecNum><DisplayText>Sackett et al. (1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>120</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">120</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sackett, D. L.</author><author>Rosenberg, W. M. C.</author><author>Muir Gray, J. A.</author><author>Haynes, R. B.</author><author>Richardson, W. S</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn&apos;t</title><secondary-title>British Medical Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Medical Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>71 - 72</pages><volume>312</volume><number>7023</number><keywords><keyword>Hierarchy of Evidence</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Sackett et al. (1996) defined evidence-based practice as the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence to inform practice (p.2). This means .... To assist in the appraisal of research, many differing assessment tools are available ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawker</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>114</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hawker et al., 2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>114</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">114</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawker, S.</author><author>Payne, S.</author><author>Kerr, C.</author><author>Hardey, M.</author><author>Powel, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pearls, pith, and provocation. Appraising the evidence: Reviewing disparate data systematically</title><secondary-title>Qualitative Health Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Qualitative Health Research</full-title></periodical><pages>1284 - 1299</pages><volume>12</volume><number>9</number><keywords><keyword>Research, literature searching</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hawker et al., 2002; Buccheri & Sharifi, 2017) and are very useful to the novice appraiser and experienced appraiser. They act as a prompt consider and question research papers in a structured and consistent manner in order to make deductions on their quality and rigor ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aveyard</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><DisplayText>(Aveyard, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>86</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">86</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aveyard, A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>(3rd Ed) Doing a Literature Review in Health and Social Care: A Practical Guide</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>Maidenhead</pub-location><publisher>Open University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Aveyard, 2018). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Caldwell</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>167</RecNum><DisplayText>Caldwell et al. (2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>167</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">167</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Caldwell, K.</author><author>Henshaw, L.</author><author>Taylor, G</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Developing a framework for critiquing health research</title><secondary-title>Journal of Health, Social and Environmental Issues</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Health, Social and Environmental Issues</full-title></periodical><pages>45 - 54</pages><volume>6</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Research Critique</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Caldwell et al. (2005) developed an appraisal tool specifically aimed at the needs of undergraduate students which is why this critical appraisal tool is being used for this assignment.

Reference

Berdot, S., Sabatier, B., Gillaizeau, F., Caruba, T., P., P., & Durieux, P. (2012). Evaluation of drug administration errors in a teaching hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 12 (60)

Annotation

TIP - The key to this section is to critically appraise your papers. This means assessing the quality of the research rather than describing what happened in the study. Identify strengths/ weaknesses to demonstrate your ability to think critically and analytically.

6921525400Include a discussion about the research aims, study design, ethical issues, sample, data collection, data analysis and key findings. What were the strengths and weaknesses and why?

00Include a discussion about the research aims, study design, ethical issues, sample, data collection, data analysis and key findings. What were the strengths and weaknesses and why?

In this French study a pharmacist accompanied nurses to witness the preparation and administration of medicines to patients during three drug rounds for six days on a total of four wards. Overall n=28 nurses caring for n=108 patients were observed and any errors documented.

4818917503507Consider the pros and cons of the methodology used

00Consider the pros and cons of the methodology used

It is a prospective, cohort study, which is classified as a non-experimental quantitative approach. This means that observations were carried out in real time to observe the effects of this intervention (Parahoo, 2014). This is a useful methodology for gathering information about administration errors (Aveyard & McGraw, 2017) and reduces recall bias as it is in real time. Unlike experimental studies, prospective studies cannot confirm causality as there may be other variables that affect the results that havent been accounted for, also known as confounding variables. However, prospective studies can identify associations such as between risk factors and the occurrence of medicine errors. As it is not experimental, there is no control group and participants were not randomly assigned so there is more risk of selection bias and for other variables to affect the results (Aveyard & McGraw, 2017).

45114313129280Back up your argument with nursing research textbooks (see Reading List)

00Back up your argument with nursing research textbooks (see Reading List)

The study did not gain ethical approval as it was considered to be an audit. However, nurses involved in the observations were requested to sign a consent form, even though consent forms are not normally used when completing audits. This demonstrates that the researchers were acknowledging ethical considerations for their participants ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Twycross</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>130</RecNum><DisplayText>(Grant et al., 2013; Twycross &amp; Shorten, 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>130</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">130</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Twycross, A.</author><author>Shorten, A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Service evaluation, audit and research: What is the difference?</title><secondary-title>Evidence Based Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Evidence Based Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>65 - 66</pages><volume>17</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Audit</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Grant</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>159</RecNum><record><rec-number>159</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">159</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grant, M. J.</author><author>Sen, B.</author><author>Spring, H</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>(Eds.) Research, evaluation and audit: Key steps in demonstrating your value</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Research and audit</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Facet Publishing</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Grant et al., 2013; Twycross & Shorten, 2014). The observation of the nurses was disguised. Payne & Payne (2004) state that people have a tendency to change their behaviour when being watched, known as the Hawthorne effect, so disguising the observation helped to prevent any altered behaviour by the nurses which could have distorted the research findings. Another positive aspect to the study was that only one observer was used (clinical pharmacist) who received 1 months training from a senior pharmacist before the start of the study and a standardised form was used to record potential errors. Using just one observer increases the reliability of the results as it avoids the issue of multiple observers possibly recording scores differently, also known as inter-rater reliability ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parahoo</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>121</RecNum><DisplayText>(Parahoo, 2014; Salmon, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parahoo, K</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issues (3rd Ed)</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>Hampshire</pub-location><publisher>Palgrave Macmillan</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Salmon</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><record><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Salmon, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Using observational methods in nursing research</title><secondary-title>Nursing Standard</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nursing Standard</full-title></periodical><pages>36 - 41</pages><volume>29</volume><number>45</number><keywords><keyword>Observational Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Parahoo, 2014; Salmon, 2015). A standardised form to record errors allowed for quick, simple and standardised categorisation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Upton</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><DisplayText>(Timmins, 2015b; Upton &amp; Upton, 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>85</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">85</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Upton, D.</author><author>Upton, P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Development of an evidence-based practice questionnaire for nurses</title><secondary-title>Journal of Advanced Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Advanced Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>454 - 458</pages><volume>53</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Questionnaire, attitudes</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Timmins</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Timmins, F</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Surveys and questionnaires in nursing research</title><secondary-title>Nursing Standard</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nursing Standard</full-title></periodical><pages>42 - 50</pages><volume>29</volume><number>42</number><keywords><keyword>Questionnaires</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Timmins, 2015b; Upton & Upton, 2006)..

Reference

Fasolino, T., & Snyder, R. (2012). Linking Nurse Characteristics, Team Member Effectiveness, Practice Environment, and Medication Error Incidence. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 27(2) 9-16

Annotation

4456430974090Debating the data collection method and its pros/cons

00Debating the data collection method and its pros/cons

This study examined the possible link between the clinical environment and medication administration errors by recording nurse characteristics, practice environment and team member effectiveness versus medication errors. A non-validated questionnaire was distributed to n=248 Registered Nurses in one American hospital concerning team member effectiveness, nurses ability and unit type. As this questionnaire was not validated we cannot be assured that it effectively measures what it is meant to measure, in other words that it is valid and reliable, which is a weakness of the study (Parahoo, 2014). The questionnaire results were then compared to medication errors in the individual units when the questionnaires were completed. However, nurses perceptions of team member effectiveness was only very weakly positively related to medication errors. Very weak correlations can have little clinical impact ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Malone</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>156</RecNum><DisplayText>(Malone &amp; Coyne, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>156</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">156</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Malone, H. E.</author><author>Coyne, I</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A review of commonly applied statistics in JAN</title><secondary-title>Journal of Advanced Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Advanced Nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>1771 - 1773</pages><volume>73</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Statistics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Malone & Coyne, 2017). Moreover, although data identified the weaknesses in individual units, the hospital managers refused to release the information, as public sharing of care quality was regarded as too sensitive. Ultimately, the findings were not used in the clinical environment to improve medication error rates as the information could not be disseminated. When undertaking research in sensitive areas managers can sometimes refuse to allow the data to be distributed, used or published ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lee</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>168</RecNum><DisplayText>(Lee, 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>168</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">168</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lee, R</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Doing Research on Sensitive Topics</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Sage</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lee, 2009). The whole purpose of this study is therefore questionable..

TIP Draw conclusions from the strengths and weaknesses you have found in the research. Is further research needed/recommended on this topic? Make sure you apply your knowledge throughout, by providing a rationale and justification for decisions. You can use research textbooks to back up these statements (as indicated in the example above).

Part 4 - Summary of findings (themes)

TIP see week 9 for more information

From analysing these 3 studies in depth, the following key findings have been identified - staff ability, interruptions and staff shortages. These themes will be discussed below, including their supporting evidence.

1) Staff ability

Fasolina & Synder (2012) identified that there was a correlation between older and more experienced nurses & reduced levels of medication errors. This was only statistically significantly in relation to more experienced nurses. Increased age was also associated with slightly lower risk (p value= 0.069) of medication errors by injection in Berdot et als (2012) study as well, but again this was not statistically significant, so there is potential that these results only occurred by chance

2) Interruptions

..

3) Staff shortage

..

Part 5 - Implications for practice

These findings identify a number of areas where clinical practice can be improved in relation to this topic area.Effective dissemination is essential if information about healthcare developments and practice are to be adopted and this is a key element of evidence-based practice ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Timmins</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>162</RecNum><DisplayText>(Timmins, 2015a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>162</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">162</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Timmins, F</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Disseminating nursing research</title><secondary-title>Nursing Standard</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nursing Standard</full-title></periodical><pages>34 - 39</pages><volume>29</volume><number>48</number><keywords><keyword>Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Timmins, 2015a). There are a number of barriers to effective research dissemination within practice, including lack of time, expertise and / motivation, however, these challenges must be overcome to ensure practice is based on current and the best available evidence to improve patient outcomes (Dale et al, 2017).

Reviewing and analysing the evidence helps enable nurses to make decisions regarding care based on current information about medication errors. However, it is important to remember that evidence to support practice should be drawn from four areas - research, clinical experiences of health professionals, patients experiences and local information such as guidelines and policies ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aveyard</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>166</RecNum><DisplayText>(Aveyard &amp; Sharp, 2017; Rycroft-Malone, 2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>166</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">166</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aveyard, H.</author><author>Sharp, P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>(3rd Ed) A Beginner&apos;s Guide to Evidence-Based Practice in Health and Social Care</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Milton Keynes, United Kingdom</pub-location><publisher>Open University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Rycroft-Malone</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>119</RecNum><record><rec-number>119</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="twtwfddwpezs9qepx5fpf0zpz5x5wxf2z9er">119</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rycroft-Malone, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The PARIHS Framework: A framework for guiding the implementation of evidence-based practice</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nursing Care Quality</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nursing Care Quality</full-title></periodical><pages>297 - 304</pages><volume>19</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Evidence based practice</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Aveyard & Sharp, 2017; Rycroft-Malone, 2004). The delivery of effective evidence-based practice must be personalised to the patient needs and circumstances to ensure optimal clinical decision making and delivery of care (Raycroft-Malone, 2004; Spanakis et al, 2020).

ConclusionThis assignment has examined medication errors and

984250146685Succinctly reiterate main points from each section.

00Succinctly reiterate main points from each section.

References

(TIP - the subject and quality of an assignment can be quickly gained by a glance at the reference list - a markers first task. Ask someone to look at the reference list and if the topic is not immediately apparent and good quality NURSING journals/ research is in limited supply - reconsider)

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Table 1

Keywords

Hospital AND

Medication error AND

Nurs*

OR OR OR

Clinical area Drug error Health professional

OR OR OR

Ward Medic* error Healthcare professional

Table 2

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Inclusion Exclusion

Papers from >2010 Papers published <2010

Papers published in English Papers published in languages other than English

Papers looking at registered nursing administration of medication Papers looking at any other profession

Papers focussed on acute adult wards Papers focussed on any other clinical setting

Primary research papers Secondary research papers

Table 3

sample of caldwells tool

Caldwell Framework questions Evaluation of Berdot et al (2012)

(adapted from Bettany-Saltokov & McSherry, 2016)

Is the rationale for undertaking the research clearly outlined? Clear rationale within abstract and background information, identifying why this topic is important and how this study hopes to add to the evidence base.

Is the literature review comprehensive and up-to-date? The article was published in 2012 and the review of the literature varies between papers that are 10-20 years old. As Parahoo (2014) states, although the rationale is clear, it is not supported by a strong review of the current literature. The background information is limited and could have been identified in a more systematic way to show how this evidence was found and its relevancy to the topic. This is a weakness of the study

Which pathway should you follow based on your initial appraisal? Quantitative

Is the methodology identified and justified? A prospective study is appropriate to meet the aims of this research to identify associations between risk factors and medicine errors so it is justified. However, as this is not an experimental quantitative study there is a higher change of selection bias and potential for confounding variables to affect results (Aveyard & McGraw, 2017)

Is the sample adequately described and reflective of the population? There is a characteristics of the nurses table that outlines key information about the participants who were observed including gender, level of experience and age. There were 28 nurses observed and there is not enough demographic data on these participants to say they are reflective of the population.

Is the method of data collection valid and reliable? Yes, supporting evidence given for disguised observation. Single observer also justified

Are the results generalisable? As the sample observed is not necessarily reflective of the population and was quite small for a quantitative study, results cannot be generalisable. However, this study identifies important associations in relation to medicine errors that could inform future research.

Summarise your appraisal of this paper and what you believe are the key strengths and weaknesses which you would need to take into account?

Strengths include the use of one observer, increasing inter-rater reliability..reduced bias due to it happening in real timedisguised observation to reduce a Hawthorne effect

Weaknesses include a lack of current supporting evidence within the background information (review of literature) small, convenience sample which reduces generalisabilityand potential for confounding variables to affect the results as they werent controlled..