Final presentation Assignment 4
Final presentation Assignment 4
Topic: Healthcare and Medical Service Management in Australia
In week 12 students submit their findings and conclusions from the final report .A max of 6-8 ppts will be submitted for grading and these must start with the research design, not the lit rev. and focus on the final sections of the report.
Revise your written submission to respond to any feedback I provided. Use this as the basis for your ppt slides and your final report.
A VIDEO OR VOICE-OVER MUST BE PART OF THE PRESENTATION TO SIMULATE A PRESENTATION.
Weighting 15%.
Criteria- format/ style , creativity, logical development of ideas, recognition of sources and critical analysis (3 marks each)
Faculty of Higher Education
Individual Assignment Cover Sheet
This cover sheet must be submitted with your assignment
STUDENT NAME bimal adhikari
STUDENT NUMBER abn2239
UNIT CODE hc3131
UNIT NAME intergrated business management project
DUE DATE 15 apr 2022
Declaration
I certify that:
This assignment is my own work.
I have acknowledged and disclosed any assistance received in its preparation and cited all sources from which data, ideas, words (whether quoted directly or paraphrased) were taken.
This assignment was prepared specifically for this unit only.
The reference list is truthful and accurate and in Holmes approved referencing style.
STUDENT SIGNATURE / NAME
BIMAL ADHIKARI
Table of Contents
TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction: PAGEREF _Toc101087910 h 3Background: PAGEREF _Toc101087911 h 3Centralized PAGEREF _Toc101087912 h 4Decentralized PAGEREF _Toc101087913 h 4Combination PAGEREF _Toc101087914 h 5Research Question PAGEREF _Toc101087915 h 5Summary PAGEREF _Toc101087916 h 5
Research Proposal:
Healthcare and Medical Service Management in Australia
Introduction:Continuing professional development is required to assist medical professionals like doctors and nurses in providing safe patient care and to guarantee that they stay current with the continuously changing healthcare environment in which they operate. Employing healthcare organizations are responsible for ensuring that a variety of professional development activities are provided to employees so that they can participate in CPD and lifetime learning opportunities.
Nurse education services in hospitals promote nursing practice by providing high-quality education and training to nursing professionals on a continuous basis (Keane, 2016). They provide a variety of educational, clinical, and professional development services. Postgraduate specialist and continuing education courses programmes are common services provided by nurse education services in hospitals.
Background:Staff development refers to the methods, programmes, and activities used by businesses to develop, enhance, and improve their staff skills, competencies, and performance (Narayanasamy and Narayanasamy, 2007). However, in health care, the term staff development is frequently used to refer to a specialized nursing education department or education programme within the organization. The term used to designate nurse education services and employees in healthcare organizations can differ significantly between nations, states, and even employers (Beres, 2006).
The learning and organizational development unit, and staff development services are some of the terms used to refer nurse education departments within hospitals. Staff development educator, staff development nurse, program co-ordinator are examples of nurse educators that differ by organization. Aside from the title, the function, qualifications and scope of practise might be all quite different. Nurse educators frequently work in both academia and clinical settings as opposed to those Australian nurse educators who are wholly paid by hospitals and work predominantly in clinical practise settings.
Apprentice nurse educators may be required to participate in the hospital induction programme and manage area-specific orientations for new nursing staff in Australia to plan, implement, and evaluate education and training programmes to enable staff to achieve and maintain competency in clinical performance; and deliver area-specific and hospital mandatory qualifications (McDonnell et al., 2015).
Within hospitals, three alternative kinds of nurse education services were discovered. There are three types of models and these various models are briefly discussed below and when explaining the different service models, it is evident that each model supports particular pros and cons in how the service runs
CentralizedA centralized nurse education service model is one in which nurse training is approached from an organizational level, with a central authority or department in charge of satisfying nurses educational needs. In a centralized approach, all educational professionals, including those working in clinical areas, report to the education department and the education service coordinator (Wright and Mahar, 2013).
In a centralized approach, there is a service coordinator who oversees and affects all of the training that takes place across the site. Junior nurse educators in this approach may work in clinical areas but report to senior nurse educators in the central education department, which is located outside the clinical area. The coordinator of the nurse education service oversees senior nurse educators as well as any other personnel involved in the delivery of education, such as administration. All educators have a reporting line to the education service, and they are also costed to this service in a centralized approach.
DecentralizedUnder contrast to the centralized model, there is no central training department in a decentralized nurse education service model, as educators in local clinical areas are responsible for addressing the training needs of personnel in their regions and report directly to nurse unit managers. Nurse unit managers supervise nurse educators and are in charge of education (Durham and Kenyon, 2019). Junior and senior nurse educators are assigned to individual clinical areas and report to the nurse unit manager of that area in a decentralized nurse education delivery model. There is no cross-organizational education and training service, and there are no official reporting lines or links between the educators in the various areas of biotechnology (Norbye and Skaalvik, 2013).
CombinationIn a combined nurse education service model, there is a centralized education department that delivers education and training across the organization, as well as clinically situated educators who are supervised by nursing unit managers and are not part of the education service. The education department and the nurse educators controlled by the nurse unit managers have no relationship or reporting lines. In a combined nurse education service model, there is a centralized education department that delivers education and training across the organization, as well as clinically situated educators who are supervised by nursing unit managers and are not part of the education service. The education department and the nurse educators controlled by the nurse unit managers have no relationship or reporting lines (Keane and Alliex, 2018).
Research QuestionNurse education is the focus of the research, with nurse education services in acute urban hospitals across Australia as the research issue. The studys goal is to look into nurse education service models in Australian acute care metropolitan hospitals and make recommendation for future service delivery.
The research questions are:
a. What are nurse educators thoughts on the various nurse education service models employed in Australias acute care metropolitan hospitals?
b. What are nurse educators thoughts on nursing education priorities and services in the future?
SummaryThe purpose of this thesis is to provide the findings of a research project that looked into nurse education service models across Australia. To this date, there has been little study done in this area, and it does not take into account the Australian context. There are 3 stages to this study effort where one concentrates one teaching hospital, stage 2 broadens the focus to include acute care metropolitan hospitals and stage 3 encompasses all acute are metropolitan hospitals in Australia.
All in all, we summarized the findings by discussing the methodology of the research and understanding of the research, its findings and conclusions.
References:
Beres, J., 2006, July. Staff development to university faculty: Reflections of a nurse educator. InNursing Forum(Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 141-145). Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
Durham, J. and Kenyon, A., 2019. Decentralized nurse stations: a methodology for using research to guide design decisions.HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal,12(4), pp.8-21.
Keane, C., 2016. An investigation of nurse education service models in acute care metropolitan hospitals across Australia.
Keane, C. and Alliex, S., 2018. An investigation of nurse education service models in acute care metropolitan hospitals across Australia.Nurse Education in Practice,28, pp.202-211.
McDonnell, A., Goodwin, E., Kennedy, F., Hawley, K., Gerrish, K. and Smith, C., 2015. An evaluation of the implementation of advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) roles in an acute hospital setting.Journal of advanced nursing,71(4), pp.789-799.
Narayanasamy, A. and Narayanasamy, M., 2007. Advancing staff development and progression in nursing.British journal of nursing,16(7), pp.384-388.
Norbye, B. and Skaalvik, M.W., 2013. Decentralized nursing education in Northern Norway: towards a sustainable recrWright, P.D. and Mahar, S., 2013. Centralized nurse scheduling to simultaneously improve schedule cost and nurse satisfaction.Omega,41(6), pp.1042-1052.
Faculty of Higher Education
Individual Assignment Cover Sheet
This cover sheet must be submitted with your assignment
STUDENT NAME bimal adhikari
STUDENT NUMBER abn2239
UNIT CODE hc3131
UNIT NAME integrated business mgt project
DUE DATE 27 May 2022
Declaration
I certify that:
This assignment is my work.
I have acknowledged and disclosed any assistance received in its preparation and cited all sources from which data, ideas, and words (whether quoted directly or paraphrased) were taken.
This assignment was prepared specifically for this unit only.
The reference list is truthful and accurate and in Holmes approved referencing style.
STUDENT SIGNATURE / NAME
BIMAL ADHIKARI
DRAFT RESEARCH DESIGN
Table of Contents
TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction: PAGEREF _Toc104574112 h 3Research Problem and Question: PAGEREF _Toc104574113 h 3Technology costs PAGEREF _Toc104574114 h 4Quality and safety PAGEREF _Toc104574115 h 4Public and private mixed funding of health care PAGEREF _Toc104574116 h 5A health workforce for the 21st century PAGEREF _Toc104574117 h 5Health issues associated with rapid urbanization PAGEREF _Toc104574118 h 5Health inequity and equity challenges: PAGEREF _Toc104574119 h 5Issues in the field of medical research PAGEREF _Toc104574120 h 6Research Process: PAGEREF _Toc104574121 h 6References: PAGEREF _Toc104574122 h 9
Introduction:The objective of this discussion section is to explain any new understanding or insights that occurred as a result of our research and to interpret and characterize the importance of our results in connections to what was already known about the research problem Issues in Australian Healthcare System and changing healthcare dynamics that is being studied. This discussion will try to link the introduction through the research question or hypotheses we posed and the literature that we reviewed earlier; however, we will not try to repeat or rearrange the previous sections of our literature. Here, we will explain how our study progressed the readers insights of the research issues from where we left them at the end of our analysis of prior research.
Research Problem and Question:The progression of medical education and its dynamics is of utmost importance to fully ensure that all of the related professionals in this area are updated with the various facets of healthcare requirements in which they work to adjust to the ever-changing medical environment. In addition to this, utilizing health-related firms are essential for securing that the staffs have access to a wide range of development tools and programmes to increase their awareness and participation in learning activities. In this draft research, we are going to focus on some of the areas and dynamics of the healthcare system particularly related to Australia which needs research to improve the existing condition of the healthcare industry for the betterment of society and the nation as a whole. Hence, a primary emphasis of this draft research is the creation of an advanced nurse education services model as well as cost-effective medical care.
Australia has a well-established publicly funded health system, Medicare, that is based on the premise of universal access. This enables Australians cost-effective treatment from health professionals such as Doctors, Nurses and other medical experts in the field as well as free treatment in publicly funded hospitals. Surprisingly, Australians have the option of purchasing private health cover insurance which covers private hospitals, clinics, dental, and other specialists such as General practitioners (GP) but the expense is borne primarily by the insured, who pay a few private health providers. Our health system is being pushed by an ageing population, the rising burden of chronic illness, and the increasingly antiquated organization of our health services, putting these advancements at risk. Health disparities between our most and least advantaged individuals endure, serving as sentinels to remind us that there is no tolerance for complacency or inaction when it comes to improving our healthcare system (Healy, 2006). We have a slew of urgent concerns that will necessitate national leadership. The health care system here in Australia is a bit complicated, with financing and duties maintained by the federal, state and territory governments. Co-ordination of patient care has been problematic due to the fragmented funding model and informational asymmetry between patients and healthcare providers. The publicly funded Medicare system in Australia is regarded as one of the best in the world with low infant mortality rates, high life expectancy and so on. However, Australia will have enormous concerns and difficulties in maintaining and, more crucially, enhancing patient health care during the coming decade (Feldstein, 1971). The following are the primary healthcare challenges that Australia will face:
Technology costsIn the 21ST century, technology and technical discoveries have enhanced the lives of patients in terms of diagnoses and disease management; however, the rising expense of technology and its widespread adoption will place severe fiscal limits on maintaining and enhancing health care. It is significant to observe that while technology in non-health industries has decreased over time, health care technology has increased the load on government resources. The challenge will be to develop technologies that boost individuals health and well-being while still being cost-effective (Philip, 2015).
Quality and safetyMedical errors cost Australia about $1 billion a year, potentially $2 billion. According to the Quality in Australian Health Care Study, roughly half of these errors could have been avoided. Australia has yet to come to terms with medical mistakes, neither tracking them nor implementing strategies to reduce them from other high-risk industries such as nuclear power and aviation. In professional hierarchies, rigid, blame-seeking cultures are tolerated, if not institutionalized. A new quality and safety agency has been established, based on the work of previous committees and councils, although its usefulness has yet to be shown (Scobie et al., 2006).
Public and private mixed funding of health careThere is a belief in Australia notably among Liberal governments that the health-care system would function more effectively if it were left to the market. Australia has a very unique blend of public and private spending, with the private sector accounting for roughly 30% of total spending. Increased technological costs, an ageing population, and disease management measures, among other factors, will drive the Australian government to explore market-based alternatives to meet the broader budgetary strains that previous administrations have faced, for instance, pricing to market of medical services such as GP surcharge, hospital GAP fees etc (Hall, 1999).
A health workforce for the 21st centuryAs the health workforce matures, the proportion of women in the workforce rises, and people strive to balance work and family life, doctors and other health professionals desire to work longer hours has dwindled. Health professionals and their families' work, social, and educational goals determine where they live and practise, and their criteria may be difficult to meet outside of major cities. These and other factors have contributed to shortages in the health workforces supply and distribution. General Practitioners, nurses, dentists, and several important allied health workers are in limited supply. Outer-metropolitan, rural and isolated locations, particularly in indigenous groups, and certain sectors of care, such as mental health, aged care, and disability care, have more severe shortages. Internationally trained doctors now account for 25% of the medical workforce, up from 19% a decade ago (Duckett, 2005).
Health issues associated with rapid urbanizationRising urbanization has posed several health difficulties for governments in the planning of healthier and more sustainable communities in many developed countries. Increased urbanization has brought considerable challenges in terms of access to fresh food, obesity, asthma, and mental health difficulties to name a few (Cuthill, 2010).
Health inequity and equity challenges:In Australia, there have been significant advances in health outcomes; however, this has not been distributed evenly across the various groupings. For instance, the indigenous populations life expectancy of about 70 years is much shorter than that of non-indigenous people. There is also a considerable variation in the healthcare treatment received by the wealthy vs the poor (Wilson et al., 2009).
Issues in the field of medical researchAustralia lacks the essential institutions and cross-stakeholder relationships needed to integrate national health and medical research plans and medical research that is aligned with national health concerns and also, strategic goals for allocating limited research money (World Health Organization, 2018).
Research Process:Relevant information and data were collected by searching relevant academic books, book chapters, reports, and peer-reviewed publications. First, a systematic search was carried out using electronic databases at Victoria Universitys Library in Melbourne, Australia. Australia and healthcare, Australian healthcare, hospital care, hospital funding and Australian healthcare system were among the keywords utilized in these searches. Second, the above terms were used in a broad Google search. Finally, to locate the statistics relating to Australia and other advanced health systems. If applicable to the study issue of this paper, literature published between 2003 and 2019 that provided data and/or information relating to Australian healthcare and other advanced health systems was chosen.
The most pressing difficulties and problems confronting Australias public hospitals are explored. Australia is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and it adheres to international quality and performance measurement standards.
Health care costs a lot of money in Australia via insurance premiums and direct payments. Each year, about 10% of Australias GDP which is about $147 billion in 2012-13 is spent on health care, with governments accounting for almost 2/3rd of this expenditure. Health-care spending has increased at a higher rate than the overall economy. In the ten years leading up to 2012-13, total health spending increased by an average of 4.7% each year in real terms. The rising burden of chronic disease, the ageing population, rising affluence and changing consumer expectations, as well as the consequences of new medical technologies, are all projected to fuel this trend (Callander and Lindsay, 2019).
(Chen et al., 2009)
To narrow down on this approach, an incremental approach to reform is required, so that the numerous goals of private health insurance regulation are not jeopardized. Hence, regulations can be made to work better. Many components of the healthcare system are regulated by governments to safeguard patient safety and promote inexpensive and accessible health care. However, data suggests that certain rules are not reaching their goals as effectively as they could be. Health professionals scopes of practice restrictions might hinder the mobility with which health care services can adapt to patient requirements (Taylor et al., 2021). Other professionals could execute some activities just as securely and successfully, according to researchers. Role expansions like these could lead to greater patient coordination and increased job satisfaction for health professionals. State and territorial governments are best positioned to lead this effort, launching and assessing trials and using the findings to broaden the scope of practice for workers. Retail pharmacy location and ownership restrictions reduce competition, raise prices, and make it more difficult for some consumers to obtain pharmaceutical services. The removal of these standards and a more direct focus on safety and access objectives would have substantial potential benefits (Schwarz, 2006). There is data that the Australian government and its citizens pay significantly more for prescription drugs through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme than governments and citizens in other nations. Changes to the pricing arrangements for medications, as well as the development of an independent price-setting authority, could result in more competitive pharmaceutical prices. Regulations governing private health insurance may hinder insurers ability to produce new and creative products that will better satisfy the demands of their clients (Blanch and Haber, 2014). Modifying these limits to allow insurers to take a bigger role in assisting better healthcare and reducing health care costs could be beneficial. However, to avoid undermining the various purposes of private health insurance regulation, a cautious stepwise approach to reform is required.
References:Blanch, B., Pearson, S.A. and Haber, P.S., 2014. An overview of the patterns of prescription opioid use, costs and related harms in a ustraliAustraliash journal of clinical pharmacology,78(5), pp.1159-1166.
Callander, E.J., Fox, H. and Lindsay, D., 2019. Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in Australia: trends, inequalities and the impact on household living standards in a high-income country with a universal health care system.Health economics review,9(1), pp.1-8.
Chen, L., Tonkin, A.M., Moon, L., Mitchell, P., Dobson, A., Giles, G., Hobbs, M., Phillips, P.J., Shaw, J.E., Simmons, D. and Simons, L.A., 2009. Recalibration and validation of the SCORE risk chart in the Australian population: the AusSCORE chart.European Journal of Preventive Cardiology,16(5), pp.562-570.
Cuthill, M., 2010. Strengthening the social in sustainable development: Developing a conceptual framework for social sustainability in a rapid urban growth region in Australia.Sustainable development,18(6), pp.362-373.
Duckett, S.J., 2005. Health workforce design for the 21st century.Australian Health Review,29(2), pp.201-210.
Feldstein, M.S., 1971. An econometric model of the Medicare system.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,85(1), pp.1-20.
Hall, J., 1999. Incremental Change In the Australian Health Care System: Tensions exists in a system that features universal coverage and a strong private insurance tradition.Health Affairs,18(3), pp.95-110.
Healy, J., Sharman, E., Lokuge, B. and World Health Organization, 2006. Australia: Health system review.
Philip, K., 2015. Allied health: untapped potential in the Australian health system.Australian Health Review,39(3), pp.244-247.
Scobie, S., Thomson, R., McNeil, J.J. and Phillips, P.A., 2006. Measurement of the safety and quality of health care.Medical Journal of Australia,184(10), p.S51.
Schwarz, E., 2006. Access to oral health carean Australian perspective.Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology,34(3), pp.225-231.
Taylor, A., Caffery, L.J., Gesesew, H.A., King, A., Bassal, A.R., Ford, K., Kealey, J., Maeder, A., McGuirk, M., Parkes, D. and Ward, P.R., 2021. How Australian health care services adapted to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of telehealth professionals.Frontiers in public health, p.121.
Wilson, N.W., Couper, I.D., De Vries, E., Reid, S., Fish, T. and Marais, B.J., 2009. A critical review of interventions to redress the inequitable distribution of healthcare professionals to rural and remote areas.Rural and remote health,9(2), pp.1-21.
World Health Organization, 2018. Essential public health functions, health systems and health security: developing conceptual clarity and a WHO roadmap for action.
