Methodology Report Writing
Methodology Report Writing
Table of Contents
TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc115362835 h 2Research question PAGEREF _Toc115362836 h 2Methodology used PAGEREF _Toc115362837 h 2Description for analysis PAGEREF _Toc115362838 h 2Evaluation of the method PAGEREF _Toc115362839 h 3Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc115362840 h 3References PAGEREF _Toc115362841 h 4
Introduction
The methodology of a research is considered as an integral part of the research process. The biochemical reaction of hydro citric acid on lipogenesis has been studied and the methodology that has been used is the extensive collection of data from the internet resources as well as from books. In this methodology report the research question has been provided. Based on the research question the methodology has been identified. The description that has been used for the analysis of the method has been given. The evaluation of the method has also been provided. Lastly, a conclusion has been given to sum up all the important points.
Research question
The research question deals with the appropriate biochemical reaction of hydrocitric acid on lipogenesis. The question is does suppression in fat accumulation occurs in animals and humans with the help of Hydroxycitric acid. The research was done based on the premises of the affects that was seen in the removal of the accumulation of fat in the animals as well as humans with the help of the acid (Batchuluun, Pinkosky and Steinberg, 2022). The natural sources of acid were also taken up in the research and its affects were implied. It can be seen that from the research conducted the acid has a significant amount of changes within the fat accumulation in both the mammals. The reduction of the acetyl-CoA supply has resulted in the removal of fat from the body of the animal and the humans. The metabolism rates in chicken hepatocytes can be seen as well.
Methodology used
The methodology that will be used to gather information for the research is quantitative methods. The method is chosen because it will provide emphasized measurement objectives and helps in the collection of the data based on the mathematical and statistical analysis of the data found. The survey method will be used in the collection of the data as well as the experimental research design (Borgstede and Scholz, 2021). With the help of the experimental method the investigation and the interaction of the acid with the fat that is accumulated in the bodies of the humans and the animals can be gathered. This method can be helpful in the determination of the relationship between the two as well as the cause and effect of the acid on the fat. As this method is generally well suited for scientific research the adoption of this method has helped in the collection of the data from the research. By the use of this method the higher level of control will be in the hands of the researchers which will help in the correct evaluation of the data. The utilization of different variables can be done with the help of the methodology. The receiving of excellent and accurate results can be done with the help of the experimental research as well as survey.
Description for analysisThe experimental research is a type of research that has its adherence strictly to the design of research. The inclusion of hypothesis within the design of methodology can be seen which gives the researchers a good base for drawing conclusions. The experimental research is based on the approach that uses two variables. With the help of variables that come in two sets the evaluation of the data can be done. The first set can be used as the constant that helps in the measurement of the results that are found in the research. With the help of the second set of constants the differences in the measurements can be gained. Quantitative research is experimental in sense (Han, Li, Wang and Ma, 2016). The calculation, measurement and the comparison can be done with the help of the quantitative research method. The conduction of the research within a controlled environment can lead to the correct analysis and derivation of the results that will help the researchers to get good results. The inclusion of the hypothesis helps in the correct evaluation of the data that has been collected from the research. The experimental research is used in this case because the time priority is a must in the identification of the effects of hydrocitric acid on fats within humans as well as animals (Noyes et al., 2019). The correlation in the magnitude can be achieved. The consistency in the results that is found with the help of this method can be seen.
Justification of the methodThe quantitative method helps in the use of numbers and comparison that helps in the correct analysis of the identification of the result. The randomization helps in the outcome of the experiment that is based on the impact of hydrocitric acid in fat removal in humans. The outcome will be supported with the help of the numbers that can help in the comparison and the performance of the research can be estimated. This helps in the definition of analysis of the results (Li et al., 2017). The progression of the experiment and the rate of conversion have enabled the evaluation of the data. The evaluation required the correct numbers from the randomized trials of impact on the acid on the chicken lipocytes. The generalization of the data has aided in the analysis of the data. Thus it can be seen that the data collected from the method is valid. The consistency and the precision that is derived from the research shows the evaluation of the method. As the evaluation of the method is oriented with outcome, it will help in the collection as well as interpretation of the data (Varbanova and Beutels, 2020). The collection of both primary as well as secondary data can be done through this method which increases the validity of the research method.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the quantitative method has been used in the conduction of the research which has enabled the understanding of the hydrocitric acid on fat lipogenesis. The experimental research that has been taken up is useful in the identification of the factors that are based on the randomized trials. The collection of the primary as well as secondary data will help in the correct analysis of the data. Thus the process of this research method is valid.
ReferencesBatchuluun, B., Pinkosky, S. and Steinberg, G., 2022. Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 21(4), pp.283-305.Borgstede, M. and Scholz, M., 2021. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Generalization and ReplicationA Representationalist View.Frontiers in Psychology, 12(2), pp.112-115.Han, J., Li, L., Wang, D. and Ma, H., 2016. ()-Hydroxycitric acid reduced fat deposition via regulating lipid metabolism-related gene expression in broiler chickens.Lipids in Health and Disease, 15(1), pp.112-114.Li, L., Peng, M., Ge, C., Yu, L. and Ma, H., 2017. (-)-Hydroxycitric Acid Reduced Lipid Droplets Accumulation Via Decreasing Acetyl-Coa Supply and Accelerating Energy Metabolism in Cultured Primary Chicken Hepatocytes.Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 43(2), pp.812-831.Noyes, J., Booth, A., Moore, G., Flemming, K., Tunalp, . and Shakibazadeh, E., 2019. Synthesising quantitative and qualitative evidence to inform guidelines on complex interventions: clarifying the purposes, designs and outlining some methods.BMJ Global Health, 4(Suppl 1), p.e000893.Varbanova, V. and Beutels, P., 2020. Recent quantitative research on determinants of health in high income countries: A scoping review.PLOS ONE, 15(9), p.e0239031.
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Abstract
The survival of the fatty acid, which is dependent upon the bioenergetic substrate as well as used for signalling and maintenance of the components of the structure can be seen. In this literature review, the role played by HCA in clinical trials, for certain diseases, in vitro and prima facie evidence has been taken up. The process of de novo lipogenesis has been taken up for the study. The article review talks about the challenges and opportunities that have been seen with the use of lipogenesis inhibitors have been taken up. The synthesis of DNL inhibitors has resulted in the development at the clinical stage and can help in the foundation of the therapeutics. The increase in the mitochondrial citrate, when the DNL is initiated, has been understood.
Table of Contents
TOC o "1-3" h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc112840263 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc112840264 h 4Dietary source of (-) - hydroxycitic acid (HCA) PAGEREF _Toc112840265 h 4Biochemistry of HCA PAGEREF _Toc112840266 h 4The role of HCA on fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis PAGEREF _Toc112840267 h 5Prima facie evidence PAGEREF _Toc112840268 h 5In vitro experimental evidence PAGEREF _Toc112840269 h 6Clinical trial findings PAGEREF _Toc112840270 h 7Discussion and future research PAGEREF _Toc112840271 h 8References PAGEREF _Toc112840272 h 9
Introduction
Cell survival is dependent upon the presence of fatty acids. As a result, hydroxycitric acid has been consumed by people as a supplement that can help in losing of weight. The acid helps in the increase in lipogenesis as well as reduces the intake of the food by the people. In this assignment, the biochemical action that is present in the hydroxycitric acid that can lay impact on lipogenesis has been taken up (Batchuluun, Pinkosky & Steinberg, 2022). The dietary source of the acid and the biochemistry has been taken up as well. Lastly, the critical literature review has been concluded on the part of discussion and further research.
Dietary source of (-) - hydroxycitic acid (HCA)
The dietary source of HCA can be found in the rinds of the fruits like Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia atroviridis and Garcenia indica. As the acid is, the derivative that is found from the citric acid it is found in these fruits often (Han et al. 2016). Apart from that, the hydroxycitric acid is also found in the some parts of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Hibiscus subdariffa. The acid is found in the Malabar tamarind, which is a yellow-coloured fruit. It helps in the inhibition of the Adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase, which is effectively used in treating obesity. The Garcinia Cambogia consists of 30% of hydroxycitric acid.
Biochemistry of HCAAccording to some studies it can be seen that the (-) HCA has been considered the potent element that increases the release of the ATP citrate lyase. This helps in the catalysis of citrate in the form of Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the use of the extramitochondrial cleavage (Hida, Yamada & Yamada, 2005). The release of the acetyl-CoA unitshelps in the synthesis of the fatty acid as well as lipogenesis when the person is on the lipogenic diet. The breakdown of the chemicals can be as citrate + ATP + CoA acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi+ oxaloacetate. An experiment that was done on obese people showed that the consumption of HCA by the dietary sources resulted in the low fat accumulation in the subjects.
The Acid helps in the suppression of the synthesis of the fatty acid that is de novo. It also helps in the increase on synthesis of hepatic glycogen, thereby reducing fat. The citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC) helps in the representation of the strategy that is therapeutic along with ACC and FAS. The DNL or the de novo lipogenesis is increased when the mitochondrial citrate changes into cytosol with the help of CIC (Jena et al. 2002). The CIC is then changed in the form of fatty acid, which is initiated, with the help of reactions, which are biosynthetic, that helps in the catalysis by acetyl-CoA carboxylase as well as ATP citrate lyase.
The role of HCA on fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesisPrima facie evidenceThe data from the study shows that the promotion of synthesis of protein is done with the help of HCA. This is done by the regulation of the metabolic directions that are presented in the amino acids. While similarly it can be seen that the synthesis of the fatty acids and the inhibitions by the promotion of the cycle of citric acid helps in the reduction of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in boiler chickens. The biosynthesis of the De novo fatty acid that happens in almost all the cells but the main concentration is in the liver and the adipose tissues. The flow of the carbon molecules to fatty acid from glucose is enhanced by the different reactions of the enzymes (Li et al. 2017).
The production of citrate with the help of tricarboxylic acid, which is then converted in the ATP citrate lyase into acetyl CoA, can be seen. This is again converted into malonyl-CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase. The existence of ACC in the form of ACC1 is important in the liver for the conduction of de novo lipogenesis. The existence of ACC2 helps in the formation of the isoform that is associated with mitochondria with an expression that is much higher. Even though DNL maintenance is important in the whole body as it helps in the homeostasis of the cells, the chronic elevations results from the association of other diseases like cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases.
In vitro experimental evidenceIn an in vitro experiment of the role of HCA in the synthesis of fatty acids, it can be seen that the HCA has helped in understanding the inhibition of the synthesis of fatty acid. This can be seen especially in the isolated hepatocytes, where the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis is done from glucose but the synthesis is not done from acetate. This results in an increase in the transportation of the lipids within the mitochondria (Li et al. 2017). The ketone formation that is forwarded by the oxidation, which is inefficient, is seen in this process. The passage of the molecules in the bloodstream helps them to reach the brain.
This is where the constitution of the energy reserve is done, which results the in the storage of energy when a person is fasting. The stabilisation of HCA, which was done with the help of excess calcium, which have resulted in the reduction of the solubility of the compound, that was bioactive, resulting in bioavailability. It can be seen in the study despite the evidence that is found in the in vitro experiment, the concepts regarding the pharmacological inhibition that can be seen in ACLY may prove to been effective in vivo. This was evidenced by antitumor effects that were shown by the earlier studies of HCA.
Clinical trial findingsIn case of obesity, it was seen from the clinical trials that the bempedoic acid helps in the loss of weight from the bodies of the human beings. This is because the BMS-303141 and the Bempedoic acid can be characterised as the ACLY inhibitors, which can help in the strengthening of the connection that is potential and helpful in connecting the dots between, ACLY and weight loss. This also includes the gain of the body weight as well as adiposity that occurs independently of the food intake changes that are taken in preclinical models. The clinical trials that are taken up in NAFLD- NASH have been promising by viewing the genetic inhibition of ACC in the steatosis of the liver (Tomar et al. 2019).
Despite that fact, some clinical trials were cancelled due to the reduction in platelet formation, which was caused due to extra activity in the liver. In the phase 1 of the clinical trial, it was seen that PF-05221304 led to the formation of DNL in liver that was dependent on the dosage but did not alter the count of platelet. While n the Phase 2 of the clinical trials the dosage of PF-05221304 helped in the reduction of the fat in the liver by 65% and even helped in lowering HbA1c. It was also seen that the reduction in hepatic steatosis was done by MK-4074.
Discussion and future researchMany challenges were taken up that helped in the introduction of DNL inhibitors, which had been introduced in the studying the symptoms in cancer in clinical trials as well as for NASH and CVD. This has resulted in the complete identification cell types that can lead to the DNL inhibitors that are cell specific. This can be applied for the development as well as for preventing certain diseases. This can be used as balancing the safety and the efficacy of the potency that may help in upregulation (Tomar et al. 2019).
This is evident from the ACC inhibitors, which are in close parallels that results in the increase of triglycerides and the platelets inhibitions. As the DNL is much higher after consumption of food, the reduction in the upregulation can be done with the help of short-lived inhibitors so that the maintenance of the DNL is at the base level. Depending upon the clinical results it will be determined that whether the use of DNL inhibitors are safe and will prove effective in the monotherapy or it can be used in combination with other therapies. The future research will be based on the understanding of the DNL inhibitors and their capacity to target organ and cell types and that can be taken up for the treatment of diseases that have indication apart from NASH and CVD.
ReferencesBatchuluun, B, Pinkosky, SL & Steinberg, GR 2022 Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,vol. 21, no. 4, pp.283-305 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00367-2
Han, J, Li, L, Wang, D & Ma, H 2016 ()-Hydroxycitric acid reduced fat deposition via regulating lipid metabolism-related gene expression in broiler chickensLipids in health and disease,vol. 15, no. 1, pp.1-13 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0208-5
Hida, H, Yamada, T & Yamada, Y 2005 Production of hydroxycitric acid by microorganismsBioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry,vol. 69, no. 8, pp.1555-1561 https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.1555
Jena, BS, Jayaprakasha, GK, Singh, RP & Sakariah, KK 2002 Chemistry and biochemistry of ()-hydroxycitric acid from GarciniaJournal of agricultural and food chemistry,vol. 50, no. 1, pp.10-22 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010753k
Li, L, Peng, M, Ge, C, Yu, L & Ma, H 2017 (-)-Hydroxycitric acid reduced lipid droplets accumulation via decreasing acetyl-coA supply and accelerating energy metabolism in cultured primary chicken hepatocytesCellular Physiology and Biochemistry,vol. 43, no. 2, pp.812-831 https://doi.org/10.1159/000481564
Tomar, M, Rao, RP, Dorairaj, P, Koshta, A, Suresh, S, Rafiq, M, Kumawat, R, Paramesh, R & Venkatesh, KV 2019 A clinical and computational study on anti-obesity effects of hydroxycitric acidRSC advances,vol. 9, no. 32, pp.18578-18588 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01345h
Case Study: Marking Criteria
Criteria High Distinction Distinction Credit Pass Unsatisfactory
Case Study: The general purpose of the case study is to describe the complex case in detail, identifying the key issues
of the case and analysing the case using relevant theoretical concepts discovered from the literature. Then proposing
relevant testing methods that would yield a solution to the problem, and suggest whether the solution would be met
or not from the process of investigation, noting the strengths and weakness of the design. To obtain a high distinction your report must: Clearly, and concisely identify key aspects of the problem with
reference to prior studies to support your understanding. The testing methods should be clearly noted with specific
benefits identified in the pursuit to understand the problem. Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis must be
discussed. The written report must have excellent English, grammar and spelling and handed in on time. To obtain a distinction your report must: Clearly, and concisely identify most of the key aspects of the problem
with reference to prior studies to support your understanding. The testing methods should be clearly noted with
specific benefits identified in the pursuit to understand the problem. Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis must
be discussed. The written report must have excellent English, grammar and spelling with minimal errors and handed
in on time. To obtain a credit your report must: Clearly, and concisely identify most aspects of the problem with reference
to prior studies supporting understanding. Key testing methods should be noted and benefits identified. Strengths
and weaknesses of the analysis should be discussed. The written report must have good English, grammar and
spelling with minimal errors and handed in on time. To obtain a pass your report must: Identify aspects of the problem with reference to prior studies supporting
understanding. Testing methods should be noted and benefits identified. Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis
should be discussed. The written report must have adequate English, in order for necessary communication of ideas
and be handed in on time. Unsatisfactory: Poor discussion of the problem with little identification of the key components relevant to the
topic. Few if any testing methods are introduced and the strengths and weakness are not discussed. The written
report will typically have poor English, with grammatical and spelling errors.
Writing your Case Study Report:
Your case study report follows from your literature review and your methodology report. Do not deviate from your initial scope of understanding in relation to your specific approach to the question/concept of your investigation. In that regards, your case study report should consist of the following aspects:
1. Introduction
In the introduction to your case study report identify the key problems and issues in the case study. This would have been covered in your review of literature so in essence you need to summarise the scope of the problem as identified in your literature review in a short introductory commentary.
2. Background
Expanding on the scope of your literature review, put forth the relevant background information, relevant facts and other related important issues. Here do not waste words on aspects that do not support the case study. You are setting the scene for an investigation into solving aspects of your particular problem.
3. Testing your Case
Summarise your approach for evaluating your problem in the case study. Who has an interest in solving the problem? Is it multidisciplinary, is it political if so, at what level, State, Federal or local council? Is there a social benefit to the community etc., or is it purely of scientific interest? In general, testing your case will be derived from your methodology. Briefly detail how you will test your case. Are there alternatives to your proposed pathway of investigation? If so, briefly explain them and discuss why they are not as appropriate to employ than your specific direction.
4. Proposed Solution
What might you find in your investigation? Essentially this identifies your capacity to meet the aims of the research. You should also discuss what might limit your success, i.e., plan for negative response, but suggest what might be employed to mitigate the risk of failure.
5. Form a Conclusion
Draw your conclusions from your anticipated process of investigation and analysis of your case study situation. Consider the desirable objectives.
Lastly: Remember the word limit. Given the scope of the report you will need to be very concise and precise in your language.
