Pathophysiological Links Between Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, and Hyperglycemia in Clinical Context NUR4025

Signs and symptoms of hypertension

Considering the health conditions of Sadik in the case study, it has been found that his medical history contains high cholesterol and type 2 diabetes. Both of these factors contribute to hypertension. The cholesterol plague along with the calcium makes the arteries narrow and hard. Hence, the heart needs to strain harder in order to pump blood through the arteries. As an outcome, the blood pressure becomes too high. This ultimately causes hypertension. Type 2 diabetes causes damage generally by scarring the kidneys which consequently results in water and salt retention (Cleveland Clinic, 2016). This retention increases the blood pressure. It has been also identified that diabetes damages small blood vessels which causes the one of blood vessels to function improperly and get stiffened. This change generally results in high blood pressure. The case scenario indicates that Sadik has severe chest pain and this is also considered as a contributor of hypertension. The nervous system generally reacts to the pain by releasing some chemicals which constrict blood vessels and this might cause the heart to beat rapidly. Along with this, his family history includes that his father died of myocardial infarction and his mother suffers from type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Hence, it can be said that he develops hypertension because of genetics. The social history of the client here shows that he smokes 10 cigarettes a day and drinks nearly 5 bottles of beer. The impact of cigarette smoking on blood pressure is complicated with various evidences found that smoking increases blood pressure in an acute manner (Bloodpressureuk, 2021). Smoking generally damages the world of blood vessels which leads to atherosclerosis where the fat is being laid down in the wall of arteries, making the arteries much narrower. It also makes the blood clot more likely and forces the heart to provide more strain. The signs and symptoms in the case scenario include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitation.

Long-term complications of hypertension

High blood pressure also known as hypertension can damage the body of an individual for years quietly before the appearance of symptoms. Without treatment, high blood pressure can also result in disability, poor life quality, and deadly stroke or heart attack. Lifestyle changes and treatment can help to control high blood pressure in order to lower the risk of health conditions that are life-threatening. With regards to the case scenario, high blood pressure or hypertension can also damage cells of the inner lining of the arteries (Diabetes UK, 2019). When fats from the food enter the bloodstream, they have the ability to collect in damaged arteries. The walls of the artery become less elastic. This generally limits the flow of blood throughout the body. High blood pressure can also cause blood vessels in the kidney to become weak or narrow. This can result in damage to the kidney. Increased blood pressure can also cause torn, thickened, or narrow blood vessels. This generally leads to loss of vision. Metabolic syndrome is referred to as a group of disorders of the metabolism of a body. It engages in an irregular sugar breakdown. Hence, high blood pressure is also likely to develop diabetes mellitus. Hypertension can eventually disrupt the manner the kidney filters blood, resulting in a backup of toxins with would leave the body normally via urine (Barhum & Sissons , 2022). Untreated and undiagnosed hypertension might lead to the build-up of cholesterol in the arteries. This increases the risk of developing peripheral artery disease. This is referred to as a serious condition that impacts the arteries in the lower extremities. Hypertension causes peripheral artery disease along with other risk factors like diabetes and smoking.

Causes of type-2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is referred to as a condition that happens due to issues in the manner the body regulates and utilizes sugar as fuel. This long-term condition generally leads to too much sugar circulating in the blood. Type to diabetes is generally the result of two male issues. The cells, in fact, the liver and muscle become resistant to the insulin. As an outcome, the sales do not take in enough sugar. The pancreas cannot make liquid insulin in order to keep the level of blood sugar in a healthy range. With regard to the case study, it has been found that Sadik is suffering from hypertension (Healthinfonet, 2023). People with high blood pressure generally have resistance to insulin and have a maximized risk of establishing diabetes as compared to those who have typical blood pressure. This might be due to the bodily procedure that relates both conditions like oxidative stress, inflammation, thickening of blood vessels, and many more. Diabetes may not cause diabetes directly; however, it might increase the risk of developing diabetes when someone has high blood pressure (NYP, 2024). Considering the health consequences of Sadik in this case scenario, it has been identified that modifiable factors that increased the risks of establishing diabetes, specifically type 2 diabetes in Sadik include high blood pressure, smoking, and high blood cholesterol. The risk of type-2 diabetes generally increases with age. This is because of age-related factors. People can gain weight as they age is related to a decline in muscle mass and it can increase fat (Diabetes UK, 2019). Complying with this case scenario, family history is another non-modifiable risk factor for type-2 diabetes. In the case scenario, it has been found that his mother has type-2 diabetes. It must be noted that an important proportion of heritability reflects the heritability of diabetes and it is considered a prime driver of the type of diabetes in each and every population.

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia affects people who have been suffering from diabetes. In type 2 diabetes the body produces enough insulin, however, the cells do not respond to the insulin in a proper manner. This is known as insulin resistance. For people with type-2 diabetes, hyperglycemia can be driven by not taking insulin medication adequately (Yale Medicine, 2024). In the case scenario, the nurse who was on duty observed that Sadik had been complaining of increased hunger, dry mouth, increased thrust, increased blood vision, and frequent urination. Other symptoms include blurred vision, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, and headache (Nazarko, 2023). In addition to this, it has been found on the diagnosis that the BGL was 15 mmol per liter on assessment. This indicates that the blood or urine should be checked for ketones. When any ketones are present, it tends that an individual does not have adequate insulin in their body. This implies that they might be required to increase the dosage of medicine. The urine test that was done revealed positive results for glycosuria. This implies that there is more than 0.25 mg/ml in urine. This can be caused by two high levels of blood glucose and there can be issues with the kidney filters. This is also considered a sign of type-2 diabetes in Sadik (Mayoclinic, 2024). The case scenario also shows that Sadik is 98 kg. Various observations show that obesity is referred to as a prime cause of this type of diabetes which is evidenced clinically as hyperglycemia stuff the altered glucose homeostasis is generally caused by the faulty signal transaction via insulin signal in protein that consequently results in declined glucose uptake by muscles, increased output of glucose and altered lipogenesis by the liver.

Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus

High levels of blood sugar can damage the parts of the body seriously including the eyes. These are known as complications of diabetes. Chronic complications are referred to as long-term issues that can gradually develop and can result in serious damage when they go untreated or unchecked. Some individuals with diabetes mellitus develop an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy that might impact their eyesight (Healthinfonet, 2023). With regards to the case scenario of Sadik, it can be said that Sadik might develop eye disease as he is suffering from blurred vision. There are also risks of stroke and heart attack as when an individual is suffering from diabetes high level of blood sugar for a long period of time might damage the blood vessels which consequently leads to strokes and heart attack. Diabetes can also damage the kidneys over a long time period making it harder to clear the waste and extra fluid from the body this is generally caused by high blood pressure and high blood sugar. It is known as kidney disease or diabetic nephropathy. Along with this, there are also some acute complications that are related to the case scenario of Sadik (Martyn et al., 2014). Diabetic ketoacidosis is a health condition that is related to the health issues of Sadik. It is referred to as a life-threatening emergency where high blood sugar and lack of adequate insulin results in the building up of ketones. HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State) is another health issue that Sadik might develop. This is referred to as a life straightening emergency which only happens in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It is caused by severe dehydration and high levels of blood sugar.

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