Primary health care:

There has been strain on the primary and community health care sector. The population of New Zealand is aging and expanding, and peoples health requirements are getting more complicated. There is a labor shortage in primary and community health care as well, which is especially severe in rural and provincial areas.

Part 1

a)Socio-political determinant of health

Income: New Zealand has a significant degree of income disparity, which is a major socio political element affecting the nation health. Salary disparities have an effect on ones overall well- being as well as other facts of life like housing, health care, and education. Long term illnesses, mental illnesses, and shorter life span are more common among lower paid workers, their families, and whanau. Due to gaps in the necessary services caused by inequality, ill health results from a lack of access to inexpensive and high quality health care. Furthermore, as a result, financial uncertainty has an effect of New Zealand families and individuals well- being.

b) Cultural identity:

Cultural identity is viewed as a factor of health that stems from culture. Maori welfare and resilience require a return to indigenous practices, languages, and traditions. In New Zealand, ethnicity has a wide ranging impact on health. Maori cultural activities, including languages and heritage, are linked to improved mental and emotional. Culturally responsive and relevant health care that incorporates Maori cultures is crucial for nullifying and consequences of colonization and racism, promoting community well-being, and improving health status.

C) Socio economic status determinant impact on three ethnic group:

Socio economic status is one health determinant that has a major influence on the health of various cultural or ethnic group in New Zealand. The impact on three different groups is as follows:

Maori : In New Zealand, Maori population health outcomes are significantly influenced by their social economic condition. Due to their historical. Socio economic disadvantage, Maori people have greater rates of unemployment, poverty, and lower education attainment. Compare to non Maori communities, these characteristics are linked to increased occurrences of chronic diseases among Maori population, including diabetes and cardiovascular disorder.

Communities of Pacific Islanders: Like the Maori people, Pacific Islanders in New Zealand are heavily dependent on their socio economic level when it comes to their health. Poorer health outcomes are frequently the result of higher rates of poverty, and lower levels of educational attainment in these communities. These inequities are made worse while limites access to reasonably priced health care services and cultural influences on health seeking behaviors.

Asian communities: Socio economic issues have an impact on health outcomes within Asian communities in New Zealand. Due to cultural norms including nutrition and lifestyle, Asian culture are frequently characterized as having better health results; yet, socio economic inequities can still have an impact on their health. Access to health care services, nutrition, and the incidence of elements including mental health disorder and cardiovascular diseases are all impacted problems by an individuals economic level to summaries, socio economic status is a crucial element that determines health outcomes for maori, Asians, and Pacific Islanders communities in New Zealand. It affects these groups through a variety of channels, including as health care accessibility, lifestyle choices and the incidence of chronic illnesses. Reducing socio economic gaps is crucial to enhancing health equality among these many ethnic and cultural group.

d) Education effect on health outcome

Population that is more productive and healthy: Education increases health literacy while empowering individuals to take charge of their health, live better life styles, and effectively manage their ailments. People with post secondary education, For instance, are more likely to practice health preventive habits, which can enhance peoples general well- being. Higher education, according to data from the New Zealand ministry of health, encourages people to participate in physical activity by 25% more often.

Reducing health disparities: In New Zealand, education also contributes to the reduction of current health inequities. There are disparities between various socio economic and racial grouping. People from the Pacific and Maori regions, who have lower rates of schooling, had verse health outcomes. Getting a higher degree can help you access better health care services and better work possibilities. According to research from 2018, over 23% of people without any education experience unemployment.

Reduced burden of acute and chronic disease: Improving quality of life and public health require lowering the burden of both acute and chronic illnesses. This entails prophylactic actions including immunizations, encouragement of a healthy life style, early identification and efficient disease management. We can lessen the effect of these illnesses on people and communities by addressing risk factors and offering prompt interventions.

Improving Maori health: Addressing the different socio economic factors and health care inequities that are unique to the Maori communities in New Zealand is necessary to improve Maori health. The implementation of key measures involves improving Maori leadership in healthcare governance, addressing inequalities in social factors like housing and education, and cultivating connections between Maori communities and healthcare providers. Along with making sure healthcare services are sensitive to Maori cultural values and customs, it also entails actively including Maori in the decision-making processes concerning health policies and initiatives.

Increased safeguards for the public health: Measures or actions performed to protect and enhance public health are generally referred to as increased protections for public health. This can involve a number of projects, including to mitigate health hazards, regulatory measures pertaining to food safety, environmental standard, or occupational health should we strengthened. Health promotion initiatives are started to informed the public about illness prevention, immunizations programmers, and healthy lifestyle.

Part 2

Principles of Primary Health Care

Accessibility: Ensuring that primary health care services are accessible to all people, irrespective of their geography, socioeconomic status, or cultural background, is known as accessibility.

An instance from New Zealand: Primary Health Organizations (PHOs), a network of community health facilities, are supported by the New Zealand government. These PHOs are dispersed throughout the nation, in both urban and rural regions, to guarantee that individuals may get necessary medical care in their local communities. For example, there may be a local PHO clinic in a rural community that provides a range of services from managing chronic diseases to general check-ups.

Community Participation: Promoting relationships between health practitioners and community members, community participation entails involving local communities in choices about their health needs and priorities.

An illustration from New Zealand is the "Whanau Ora" method, which places a strong emphasis on family-centered healthcare and includes the entire family in planning and decision-making processes related to health. By enabling families to take charge of their health outcomes through cooperative goal-setting and support networks, Whanau Ora promotes community involvement.

Wholesome Approach: Taking into account the wider factors that influence health, a holistic approach to primary healthcare addresses the mental, emotional, social, physical, and cultural facets of well-being.

An illustration from New Zealand is the integration of traditional cultural practices by numerous Maori health professionals into their healthcare offerings. To promote holistic health and well-being for Maori patients, for example, services may combine traditional ceremonies or healing practices with medical care.

Equity: in primary health care refers to minimizing health disparities across various demographic groups and guaranteeing equitable access to medical services.

An illustration from New Zealand can be found in the New Zealand Health Strategy, which aims to lower health disparities by providing resources and services to groups like Maori and Pacific Island communities that have greater health needs. Initiatives could, for example, focus on socioeconomic determinants of health including housing and education and outreach programs to increase these.

Intersectoral collaboration: To address more extensive social determinants of health, intersectoral collaboration entails partnerships between the health sector and other sectors (such housing, education, and social services).

An illustration from New Zealand is the Healthy Housing Initiative, which works with health organizations and housing authorities to enhance the living circumstances of disadvantaged groups. The effort aims to enhance overall health outcomes in affected regions and lessen respiratory infections by addressing bad housing conditions including mold and moisture.

Part 3

A. Health Promotion Project

Vision: By encouraging a healthy diet, raising physical activity levels, and developing supportive environments for kids and their families, we hope to lower the prevalence of childhood obesity in New Zealand.

Background: With one in three children between the ages of two and fourteen being overweight or obese, childhood obesity is a serious public health concern in New Zealand. Long-term health effects of this trend include an elevated risk of chronic conditions including diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Childhood obesity is caused by a number of variables, such as poor diets, sedentary lifestyles, socioeconomic disparities, and environmental influences (Chiavaroli et al., 2019).

Socioeconomic Inequalities: Children from poorer socioeconomic homes frequently don't have as much access to leisure opportunities and wholesome eating options (Hart, 2018).

Cultural and Dietary Preferences: The diverse population of New Zealand necessitates the use of approaches that are sensitive to cultural norms and dietary preferences.

Environmental Factors: Lack of safe playgrounds and walk able neighborhoods are two examples of how built environments in metropolitan areas may inhibit physical exercise (Separa, 2024).

Future Objectives:

Policy Promotion:

Speak up in favor of laws that encourage healthy eating in classrooms, such as those that impose limits on the marketing of harmful foods and set nutrition requirements for school meals.
Advocate for laws governing urban development that give priority to areas that are accessible and safe for physical exercise, such as bike lanes, parks, and pedestrian-friendly communities (Salet & De Vries, 2018). By carrying out this health promotion initiative, we hope to lower the rate of childhood obesity, improve long-term health outcomes for future generations in New Zealand, and foster a healthier environment where kids may grow and thrive.

b) Action point: Ottawa Charter

The World Health Organization (WHO) established the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in 1986, which lists five areas of activity for health promotion (The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986). Let's examine the implementation of two Ottawa Charter action points in the framework of a health promotion initiative:

1.Building Healthy Public Policy Action Point: Encouraging policies that promote health and fostering supportive settings are two aspects of building healthy public policy.
Context: Let's say the goal of the health promotion initiative is to lower kid obesity in a particular neighborhood (Dooris, 2023).

Implementation:

Advocacy for Policies: The project team may push for local government regulations that encourage a healthy diet and exercise in public areas and schools. This could entail enacting zoning laws that promote biking and walking, improving access to recreational facilities, and advocating for better standards for school meals (Chhetri & Zacarias, 2021).

Supportive Environments: The project could push for improvements to the built environment, like safe walking routes, community gardens, and easier access to fresh produce through local markets or urban agriculture projects, by collaborating with legislators and community stakeholders (Mouratidis, 2021).

Impact: The initiative can bring about long-lasting changes that encourage healthy behaviors and lower childhood obesity rates by influencing public policy and developing supportive surroundings.

2. Strengthening Community Action Point: Increasing community empowerment to take charge of their own health and organize resources for health promotion is part of strengthening community action (Clark et al., 2024).

Context: Using the decrease in childhood obesity as an example, the project seeks to involve local groups, schools, and parents in the promotion of healthy lifestyles

Community Involvement: To increase awareness of the value of a balanced diet and regular exercise, the project may host seminars, conferences, and other events. Involving neighborhood youth groups, parent-teacher associations, and schools would promote community ownership and involvement in health promotion initiatives (Gualdi-Russo & Zaccagni, 2021).

Building Capacity: Community capacity to maintain health-promoting initiatives after project completion can be increased by offering training sessions on nutrition education, physical activity promotion, and efficient health communication techniques to leaders, educators, and healthcare professionals (Birgel et al., 2023).

Impact: The project promotes a sense of collective responsibility for health promotion by enhancing community action. This gives people and organizations the tools they need to work together productively, pool resources, and make long-lasting adjustments that promote healthy habits and reduce childhood obesity.

(c) Underpinned theory

The Social Ecological Model (SEM) is one guiding theory that can be used with the established health promotion project addressing childhood obesity in New Zealand.

Overview of the Social Ecological Model (SEM) Theory:

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Social Ecological Model, there are several levels of influence that affect health behaviors and results, including individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels. It highlights the interplay between people and their surroundings and the need for multifaceted changes in order to advance health and avert illness (Tudge et al., 2022).

Submission to the Project on Health Promotion:
Personal Level:

Behavior Modification: The SEM indicates that treatments should concentrate on modifying dietary and physical activity-related behaviors at the individual level. This entails encouraging children and their families to engage in regular physical activity, decreasing sedentary behaviors, and supporting healthy eating choices (Baumann & Kaiser, 2018).
Education: Giving people information about healthy eating, cooking techniques, and the advantages of physical activity enables them to make well-informed decisions about their health.

Social Level:

Influence from Family and Peers: The SEM recognizes the role that interpersonal interactions have in influencing health-related behaviors. In the initiative, engaging peers and family in health-promoting activities can serve as a social support system and reinforce beneficial behavior (Little, 2020).

Support Systems: Involving parents and other caregivers in seminars and neighborhood gatherings motivates them to set an example of healthy conduct and foster a nurturing atmosphere for their kids at home.

Level of Organization

Schools and Communities: As places where kids spend a lot of time, schools are important components of the SEM. The SEM's focus on organizational settings is aligned with working with schools to develop nutrition education programs, encourage healthy school lunches, and incorporate physical exercise into everyday activities (Milofsky, 2018).

Local Level:

Community Involvement: The SEM emphasizes how crucial community involvement is for promoting health. Community engagement tactics, such planning neighborhood gatherings, starting community gardens, and promoting safe outdoor areas, provide communities the power to take charge of health programs and bring about long-lasting improvements (Schiavo, 2021).

Level of Policy:

Advocacy: The SEM is in favor of policies that address the social determinants of health and promote health, such as laws governing the marketing of food to minors, urban design that encourages physical activity, and food accessibility. These improvements in legislation foster circumstances that encourage healthy choices and lower the population's rates of childhood obesity (Chelak & Chakole, 2023).

Analysis: The Social Ecological Model offers a thorough framework for comprehending the intricate relationships that shape health behaviors between people and their environments. We make sure that interventions are complex and address influences at numerous levelsfrom individual behaviors to community surroundings and policy environmentsby applying SEM to the health promotion initiative on childhood obesity in New Zealand (Kilanowski, 2017). This all-encompassing strategy fosters supportive environments that support children's and families' health and well-being throughout New Zealand and raises the possibility of long-lasting behavior change.

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