Started on Sunday, 14 January 2024, 11:18 PM

Quiz 2

Started on Sunday, 14 January 2024, 11:18 PM

State Finished

Completed on Sunday, 14 January 2024, 11:25 PM

Time taken 6 mins 42 secs

Marks 10.00/10.00

Grade 100.00out of 100.00

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Question1

Question text

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are hydrophobic amines. Therefore, thyroid hormones:

a. Elicit second messenger cascades in target cellsb. Travel in the bloodstream bound to thyroid binding globulin or albuminCorrect. Hydrophobic hormones usually travel in the bloodstream bound to a protein. This increases their half life relative to unbound hormones.

c. Are stored inside follicular cellsd. Bind to plasma membrane-bound receptors in the thyroid gland

e. Bind to plasma membrane-bound receptors in the anterior pituitary gland

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.1.2. Compare and contrast how hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic hormones are stored/ secreted, travel, and interact with target cellsTLO2.1.3. Demonstrate an understanding of how hydrophobic hormones work with cytosolic/nuclear receptors in a target cellReview these terms:

hydrophobic hormones

Hydrophilic hormones

Cytosolic/ nuclear receptor

Plasma membrane receptor

Second messenger cascades

The correct answer is: Travel in the bloodstream bound to thyroid binding globulin or albumin

Question2

Question text

A 45-year-old woman presents to her family doctor with complaints of a deepening voice, excessive sweating, and headaches. She has had no changes to her menstrual cycle, medications, or activity level. She notes that all of her shoes feel extremely tight.On examination, she has elevated blood pressure and her hands appear both swollen and enlarged. The family doctor refers the patient to endocrinology and neurosurgery. If the patient's symptoms are due to a pituitary adenoma, which of the following hormone-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

a. Lactotropesb. Thyrotropes

c. Gonadotropesd. Corticotropes

e. SomatotropesCorrect. This patients signs and symptoms are suggestive of acromegaly, which can be caused by a somatotrope adenoma secreting growth hormone in excess.

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.5.3. Discuss the clinical manifestations, complications, and general management of:

Corticotroph adenomas

Lactotroph adenomas

Somatotroph adenomas

Gonadotroph adenomas

Thyrotroph adenomas

Review these terms:

anterior pituitary gland

adenoma

Corticotroph

Lactotroph

Somatotroph

Gonadotroph

Thyrotroph

The correct answer is: SomatotropesQuestion3

Question text

A patient presents with milky nipple discharge. The patient has no change to her menstrual cycle. A pituitary adenoma has been ruled out using MRI. If the patient has a hypothalamic insufficiency, which of the following hypothalamic cells is the most likely site of dysfunction?

a.

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neuronsb.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronsc.

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin) neuronsd.

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine) neuronsCorrect. Prolactin stimulates milky nipple discharge. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine) neurons inhibit prolactin synthesis and secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Hypothalamic insufficiency of GnRH neurons would cause excess prolactin and milky nipple discharge.

e.

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuronsFeedback

Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.2.4. Explain the function(s) of the following neurosecretory neurons:

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Oxytocin (OXY)

Antidiuretic hormone/ Arginine vasopressin (ADH/AVP)

Review these terms:

Galactorrhea

Dopamine neurons

Prolactin

Hypothalamic insufficiency

The correct answer is: Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine) neurons

Question4

Question text

A neuroscientist is studying communication between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland in a rat model. In her test animals, she stops blood flow through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system at the level of the median eminence. In her control animals, she performs a sham operation. Then, she measures circulating levels of pituitary hormones following appropriate physiologic stimulation. Secretion of which of the following hormones will be unaffected by the experimental manipulation?

a.

Vasopressin

Correct. Vasopressin is secreted from the axon termini in the posterior pituitary gland. Experimental manipulation of the HHPS affects the anterior pituitary gland, but not the posterior pituitary gland.

b. Prolactin

c. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

d. Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)

e. Growth hormone

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.3.4. Describe how the following hormones are synthesized in and secreted from anterior pituitary gland cells (listed in TLO3).

Growth hormone (GH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

TLO2.3.5. Describe how anterior pituitary gland hormone synthesis and secretion can be stimulated or inhibitedTLO2.7.2. Describe how Antidiuretic hormone/ Arginine vasopressin (ADH/AVP) and Oxytocin (OXY) are stored in and released from the neurohypophysisReview these terms:

Median eminence

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

The correct answer is: VasopressinQuestion5

Question text

Your adult patient presents as they have noticed their skin is getting cut and bruised very easily. They have also noticed weight gain and the appearance of new purple striae on their stomach and thighs. There is no recent history of surgery and the patient does not report any changes to their levels of stress. If the patient has a pituitary adenoma leading to Cushings disease/ ATCH-dependent Cushings syndrome, which of the following adenohypophyseal cells is the most likely site of dysfunction?

a. Lactotrophs

b. Gonadotrophs (folliculotrophs and luteotrophs)

c. Somatotrophs

d. Thyrotrophse. CorticotrophsCorrect. Corticotrophs are part of the stress axis and secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Pituitary excess of ACTH causes weight gain, poor healing, poor collagen production.

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.3.3 Explain the function(s) of the following anterior pituitary gland cells:

Somatotrophs

Thyrotrophs Gonadotrophs (folliculotrophs and luteotrophs)

Corticotrophs Lactotrophs

Review these terms:

Stress axis

Cushings disease

ACTH

Corticotropes

Adenohypophysis

The correct answer is: CorticotrophsQuestion6

Question text

Patients with severe hyponatremia may receive hypertonic saline infusion. Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a complication of correction of severe hyponatremia with an overly rapid hypertonic saline infusion. ODS is thus a risk when treating patients for:

a. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

b. Pituitary macroadenoma

c. Hypertension

d. Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Correct. Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is caused by excess antidiuretic hormone secretion. The first line treatment for syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is slow hypertonic saline infusion.

e. Central diabetes insipidus

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.2.4. Explain the function(s) of the following neurosecretory neurons:

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Oxytocin (OXY)

Antidiuretic hormone/ Arginine vasopressin (ADH/AVP)

TLO2.7.5. Describe the function of ADH/AVP at the level of the (1) vascular smooth muscle and (2) kidneyTLO2.8.1. SIADH

TLO2.8.2. Diabetes Insipidus

Review these terms:

Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Central diabetes insipidus

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Macroadenoma

Hyponatremia

Hypertonic saline

The correct answer is: Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Question7

Question text

Pleasurable somatosensory stimulation results in stimulation of oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus. Which of the following is true related to the release of oxytocin by the neurohypophysis?

a. Smooth muscle contraction in the prostate gland exerts negative feedbackb. Vasocongestion in the glans penis exerts negative feedbackc. Oxytocin stimulates the release of testosterone from the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus musclesd. Oxytocin enters the circulation via the superior hypophyseal arterye. Smooth muscle contraction in the vas deferens exerts positive feedbackCorrect. Oxytocin release operates on the principle of positive feedback. Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contractions, which in turn stimulate further release of oxytocin. The result is peaking smooth muscle contractions as seen in sexual orgasm, ejaculation, dilation and effacement of the cervix during labor and delivery, milk ejection reflex.

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.2.4. Explain the function(s) of the following neurosecretory neurons:

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Oxytocin (OXY)

Antidiuretic hormone/ Arginine vasopressin (ADH/AVP)

Review these terms:

Oxytocin

Paraventricular nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

Neurohypophysis

Positive feedback

Negative feedback

The correct answer is: Smooth muscle contraction in the vas deferens exerts positive feedbackQuestion8

Question text

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid steroid produced by the adrenal cortex. Which of the following is a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway to produce aldosterone?

a. Tryptophan amino acid

b. Arachidonic acid

c. Natriuretic peptide

d. Testosterone steroid

e. Cholesterol

Correct. Cholesterol is the precursor for in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones.

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.1.1. Compare and contrast the synthesis of the following hormone classes:

steroids

protein/ peptide

amine

eicosanoid

Review these terms:

Aldosterone

Steroid

Steroid biosynthesis

Cholesterol

Hormone classes

precursor

The correct answer is: CholesterolQuestion9

Question text

A 7-year-old boy is evaluated for short stature. His average circulating growth hormone (GH) level is within the normal range for his age, but levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are reduced. His short stature is most likely due to a defect in:

a. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) neuronsb. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neuronsc. Somatotropesd. Pancreatic islets

e. Hepatocytes

Correct. In the presence of normal circulating growth hormone (GH), a defect in hepatocytes, likely an insensitivity to growth hormone (GH), causes a reduction in circulating IGF-1. The low IGF-1 is the underlying cause of his short stature.

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.4.3. Describe the hormones, tissues, stimulation/ inhibition/ feedback, and function of the growth axisReview these terms:

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) neuronsGrowth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) neuronsSomatotropesHepatocytes

Growth hormone

insulin-like growth factor 1

The correct answer is: HepatocytesQuestion10

Question text

Light is the main inhibitor of the retinohypothalamic-pineal pathway. What specific wavelength of light provides the greatest inhibition on the secretion of melatonin?

a. 625 750 nm (red light)

b. 380 450 nm (violet light)

c. 565 590 nm (yellow light)

d. 460 - 490 nm (blue light)

Correct. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and tablets. Although the light emitted by most LEDs appears white, LEDs have peak emission in the blue light range. The accumulating experimental evidence has indicated that exposure to blue light can affect many physiologic functions including circadian and sleep dysfunctions.

e. 500 550 nm (green light)

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Review these Med Sci Endocrine Week 2 Topics:

TLO2.9.1. Describe the hormones, tissues, stimulation/ inhibition/ feedback, and function of the RHP pathwayTLO2.9.5. Discuss the etiology of advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndromeReview these terms:

Melatonin

Pineal gland

Retina

epithalamus

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and tablets. Although the light emitted by most LEDs appears white, LEDs have peak emission in the blue light range. The accumulating experimental evidence has indicated that exposure to blue light can affect many physiologic functions including circadian and sleep dysfunctions.

The correct answer is: 460 - 490 nm (blue light)

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WK1: Quiz 1

Started on Tuesday, 9 January 2024, 11:35 PM

State Finished

Completed on Tuesday, 9 January 2024, 11:37 PM

Time taken 1 min 39 secs

Marks 10.00/10.00

Grade 100.00out of 100.00

Top of Form

Question1

Question text

During the fifth week of embryonic development, the caudal end of the prosencephalon (forebrain) develops into the diencephalon, a cluster of gray matter with importance to the endocrine system. Which structures comprise the diencephalon in a developed human brain?

a. Thalamus, subthalamus, posterior commissure

b. Thalamus, subthalamus, habenular commissure

c. Habenular commissure,epithalamus, hypothalamus

d. Thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamusFeedback

The correct answer is:

Thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamusQuestion2

Question text

The pineal gland, posterior to the third ventricle, receives photoperiod information and the secretes melatonin in response to the dark phase of the photoperiod. What is the location of the pineal gland in relation to the corpus callosum (the white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres)?

a. Lateral

b. Medial

c. Inferior

d. Superior

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The correct answer is:

Inferior

Question3

Question text

The right adrenal gland sits just below the liver, posterior to the inferior vena cava, and anterior to the diaphragm. The left adrenal gland sits medially to the spleen, superior to the splenic artery and vein, lateral to the abdominal aorta, and anterior to the diaphragm. Which of the following correctly describes the differences between the size and shape of the right and left adrenal glands?

a. The left is larger and more triangularb. The right is larger and more triangularc. The right is larger and more semilunard. The left is larger and more semilunarFeedback

The correct answer is:

The left is larger and more semilunarQuestion4

Question text

An Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Surgeon is evaluating a patient for the upcoming thyroid surgery. The ENT is explaining the anatomy of the thyroid gland to the patient. She asks you, what is the location of the isthmus of the thyroid gland, relative to the tracheal cartilage?

a. Medial to the third and fourth tracheal cartilages

b. Lateral to the fifth and sixth tracheal cartilages

c. Medial to the fifth and sixth tracheal cartilages

d. Lateral to the third and fourth tracheal cartilages

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The correct answer is:

Medial to the third and fourth tracheal cartilages

Question5

Question text

An Otolaryngologist is exploring the parathyroid glands of a patient with a remarkable Sestamibi scan. What area will the Otolaryngologist explore to find the left superior parathyroid gland?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

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The correct answer is:

B

Question6

Question text

An Endocrinologist is speaking to a patient and calls the pancreas a 'heterocrine' organ. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the endocrine pancreas and the exocrine pancreas?

a.The exocrine pancreas is ductless and secretes digestive enzymes into the bloodstream and the endocrine pancreas is ductless and secretes hormones into the bloodstream

b. The exocrine pancreas uses ducts to excrete digestive enzymes and the endocrine pancreas uses ducts to excrete hormonesc. The exocrine pancreas uses ducts to excrete digestive enzymes, whereas the endocrine pancreas is ductless and secretes hormones into the bloodstreamd. The exocrine pancreas is ductless and secretes digestive enzymes into the bloodstream, whereas the endocrine pancreas uses ducts to excrete hormonesFeedback

The correct answer is:

The exocrine pancreas uses ducts to excrete digestive enzymes, whereas the endocrine pancreas is ductless and secretes hormones into the bloodstreamQuestion7

Question text

Where is the superior aspect of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system located?

a. Pars intermedia

b. Pars nervosa

c. Pars distalis

d. Infundibulum

e. Supraoptic nucleus

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The correct answer is:

Infundibulum

Question8

Question text

What is the pathway of blood flow through the anterior pituitary gland?

a. Superior hypophyseal artery Capillary plexus of the infundibulum Anterior hypophyseal vein

b. Superior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal primary plexus Hypophyseal portal vein Secondary capillary plexus Posterior hypophyseal vein

c. Inferior hypophyseal artery Capillary plexus of the infundibulum Posterior hypophyseal vein

d. Anterior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal primary plexus Hypophyseal portal vein Secondary capillary plexus Superior hypophyseal vein

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The correct answer is:

Superior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal primary plexus Hypophyseal portal vein Secondary capillary plexus Posterior hypophyseal vein

Question9

Question text

A patient is noted to have acute hydrocephalus with headaches, papilledema, nausea, vomiting, diplopia, and lethargy. Obstruction of theaqueduct of Sylvius, frequently due to a tumor in surrounding structure, is known to cause this patient presentation.Which of the following structures is adjacent to the aqueduct of Sylvius?

a. Thyroid gland

b. Pineal gland

c. Anterior Pituitary Gland

d. Posterior pituitary gland

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The correct answer is:

Pineal gland

Question10

Question text

Your 29 year old patient is noted on MRI to have a 11 mm diameter macroadenoma. In this patient, macroadenoma growth is restricted inferiorly by the presence of the sella turcica, a Turkish saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone. Which of the following glands is located in closest proximity to the sella turcica?

a. Adrenal cortex

b. Pineal gland

c. Adrenal medulla

d. Anterior pituitary gland

e. Parathyroid gland

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The correct answer is:

Anterior pituitary gland

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