The Commonwealth Invalid and Old-Age-Pensions Act was the first income support for people with a disability, making Australia among one of the first
History
The Commonwealth Invalid and Old-Age-Pensions Act was the first income support for people with a disability, making Australia among one of the first countries to introduce a nationwide social support policy PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mays 2015, p.254). Every Australian resident above the age of sixteen of good moral character (with exclusions including Indigenous Australians, Asians, and natives of other countries) who were permanently incapacitated for work as a result of an accident or disability qualified for the invalid pension ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>1908</Year><RecNum>510</RecNum><Pages>131</Pages><DisplayText>(Australian Government 1908, p.131)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>510</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649932432">510</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Federal Register of Legislation</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Invalid and Old-age Pensions Act 1908</title></titles><dates><year>1908</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1908A00017</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Government 1908, p.131). However, the payment was suspended for those people who were admitted to an asylum or institution, people with a criminal conviction, people convicted of disorderly conduct, alcoholism and those who had deserted their families as they were deemed to lack good moral character PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mays 2015, p.259).
The pension was funded from government revenue rather than employer or employee contributions and was means-tested, and the payable rate had no connections to the person's past earnings ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Herscovitch</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><Pages>53</Pages><DisplayText>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.53)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1588571062">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Herscovitch, Andrew</author><author>Stanton, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>History of Social Security in Australia</title><secondary-title>Family Matters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Family Matters</full-title></periodical><pages>51</pages><number>80</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.53). This flat rate, means-tested pension was an approach that was radically different to those of Europe and North American countries ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Podger</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>538</RecNum><Pages>231</Pages><DisplayText>(Podger, Stanton & Whiteford 2014, p.231)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>538</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651885105">538</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Podger, Andrew</author><author>Stanton, David</author><author>Whiteford, Peter</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Designing Of Social Security Systems: Learning From Australia and Other Countries</title><secondary-title>Public Administration and Development</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Public Administration and Development</full-title></periodical><pages>231-250</pages><volume>34</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0271-2075</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pad.1689</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1689</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Podger, Stanton & Whiteford 2014, p.231). Services provided for those with disabilities were largely ad hoc and were provided through large institutions often run by charities ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><Pages>184</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.184)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650170342">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Pini, Barbara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government</title><secondary-title>Social Policy and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Policy and Society</full-title></periodical><pages>183-196</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>2012/02/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability</keyword><keyword>Policy</keyword><keyword>Rudd Government</keyword><keyword>Australia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>1474-7464</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/continuity-or-change-disability-policy-and-the-rudd-government/7242F158C79B171533DE0CA8FCC5C491</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S1474746411000510</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.184).
The ineligibility of Indigenous Australians and other people of colour for the invalid pension was consistent with the White Australia Policy and white-settler colonialism ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Murphy</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>537</RecNum><Pages>207</Pages><DisplayText>(Murphy 2013, p.207)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>537</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651884441">537</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Murphy, John</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Conditional Inclusion: Aborigines and Welfare Rights in Australia, 190047</title><secondary-title>Australian Historical Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Australian Historical Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>206-226</pages><volume>44</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>2013/06/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1031-461X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461X.2013.791707</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/1031461X.2013.791707</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Murphy 2013, p.207). If they were not deemed ineligible altogether the process of claiming eligibility was bureaucratic and onerous and only through state and territory 'protection' legislation were some deemed eligible for any benefits PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5kZSBNYXJpYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5ODY8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Chesterman 2001, p.27; De Maria 1986, p.25). Extensive lobbying and pressure placed on the government changed policy to allow Indigenous Australians access to the pension in 1959 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>De Maria</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>543</RecNum><Pages>26</Pages><DisplayText>(De Maria 1986, p.26)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>543</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651888663">543</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>De Maria, William</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>White Welfare: Black Entitlement: The Social Security Access Controversy, 193959</title><secondary-title>Aboriginal history</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aboriginal history</full-title></periodical><pages>25-39</pages><volume>10</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Aboriginal Australians</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Civil rights</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Government policy</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Social conditions</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal history</keyword><keyword>Children</keyword><keyword>Civil rights</keyword><keyword>Endowments</keyword><keyword>Entitlement programs</keyword><keyword>Government</keyword><keyword>Government policy</keyword><keyword>Old age benefits</keyword><keyword>Pension plans</keyword><keyword>Public assistance programs</keyword><keyword>Racism</keyword><keyword>Social conditions</keyword><keyword>Social security</keyword><keyword>Social services</keyword><keyword>Social welfare policy</keyword><keyword>Treaty lands</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>Canberra: Aboriginal History Inc</publisher><isbn>0314-8769</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(De Maria 1986, p.26).
There was growing pressure for the change within the social security system during the 1970s and 1980s ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Herscovitch</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><Pages>55</Pages><DisplayText>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.55)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1588571062">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Herscovitch, Andrew</author><author>Stanton, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>History of Social Security in Australia</title><secondary-title>Family Matters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Family Matters</full-title></periodical><pages>51</pages><number>80</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.55) This shift in policy during Malcolm Fraser's leadership was a result of economic and political instability and the high costs associated with the invalid pension saw an increase in the targeting of income support PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mays 2015, p.262). Key issues for increased pressure were whether social security adequately dealt with poverty, the effects welfare had on incentives to work and save, and whether it left some groups at risk of hardship ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Herscovitch</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><Pages>56</Pages><DisplayText>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.56)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1588571062">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Herscovitch, Andrew</author><author>Stanton, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>History of Social Security in Australia</title><secondary-title>Family Matters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Family Matters</full-title></periodical><pages>51</pages><number>80</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.56). The notion that those with a disability were expected to actively participate in society was strengthened and there was a shift in policy for minimum government intervention with a tightening of welfare expenditure PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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Only minor changes occurred with the invalid pension until 1991 when Keatings Labor government replaced the Invalid Pension with the Disability Support Pension (DSP) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mays 2015, p.266). There was an argument that those with a disability had the right to decent employment and wages ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carson</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>276</RecNum><Pages>300</Pages><DisplayText>(Carson & Kerr 2017, p.300)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>276</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1552910107">276</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carson, E</author><author>Kerr, L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Australian Social Policy and the Human Services 2nd ed</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Port Melbourne</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Carson & Kerr 2017, p.300). This, combined with the perception that the Invalid Pension was a disincentive to work shifted policy towards regulatory control to prevent welfare dependency and a move away from sheltered workshops PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZXJzY292aXRjaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1ll
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mays 2015, p.265). The emphasis was on the importance of work, which affected the eligibility of the DSP. An active approach was introduced to assess work readiness while finding work opportunities and employers were given a financial incentive to hire people with disabilities ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Herscovitch</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><Pages>57</Pages><DisplayText>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.57)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1588571062">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Herscovitch, Andrew</author><author>Stanton, David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>History of Social Security in Australia</title><secondary-title>Family Matters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Family Matters</full-title></periodical><pages>51</pages><number>80</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Herscovitch & Stanton 2008, p.57). Wage subsidies were offered to employers during a persons first few months of employment to assist with covering the cost of paying wages, provided that suitable and ongoing work was offered once subsidies ended ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>546</RecNum><DisplayText>(Australian Government 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>546</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652343377">546</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Job Access</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Subsidised Wages for People With Disability</title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.jobaccess.gov.au/service-providers/subsidised-wages-people-with-disability</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Government 2018). The Employment Assistance Fund was provided for work-related modifications and services for those about to start employment or who were currently employed ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Disability Employment Australia</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>547</RecNum><DisplayText>(Disability Employment Australia 2022)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652344162">547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Disability Employment Australia,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Disability Employment Australia: Employer Incentives and Financial Assistance</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>12th May 2022</number><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher>Disability Employment Australia</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://guide.disabilityemployment.org.au/resources/employer_incentives_and_financial_assistance</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>12th May 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Disability Employment Australia 2022).
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.133; Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.188). Some of these changes included adjustments used to assess job capacity, the introduction of private assessors, and changes in the impairment table. This made it more difficult for people with certain conditions to gain eligibility ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collie</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>505</RecNum><Pages>133</Pages><DisplayText>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.133)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>505</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649910282">505</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collie, Alex</author><author>Sheehan, Luke R.</author><author>Lane, Tyler J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Changes in Access to Australian Disability Support Benefits During a Period of Social Welfare Reform</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>132-154</pages><volume>51</volume><number>1</number><edition>2021/02/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability support pension</keyword><keyword>Social policy</keyword><keyword>Unemployment benefits</keyword><keyword>Work disability</keyword><keyword>Mental health conditions</keyword><keyword>Musculoskeletal conditions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0047-2794</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/changes-in-access-to-australian-disability-support-benefits-during-a-period-of-social-welfare-reform/23028F447E9D2E4DF87CBBDB367F860D</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S0047279420000732</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.133). Many were shifted to Newstart Allowance which is lower in value and to receive the benefits the recipient had to undertake mutual obligation activities PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYXlzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Mays 2015, p.271).
Issues Analysis
Neoliberal Ideologies
The original emphasis of social policy within Australia was on the protection of male breadwinners and their families. Prioritised were acceptable work conditions to ensure male workers were paid a fair and reasonable wage which would provide a living wage that would meet the needs of an average family and this was extended to welfare payments. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Deeming</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>548</RecNum><Pages>578</Pages><DisplayText>(Deeming 2014, p.578)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652489190">548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Deeming, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social Democracy and Social Policy in Neoliberal Times</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>577-600</pages><volume>50</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>class,labour,political sociology,social welfare,sociology,welfare state</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><accession-num>25473376</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1440783313492240</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1440783313492240</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Deeming 2014, p.578). During the 1940s-1970s, a Keynesian approach to maintaining the economics was adopted where investment was moderated by the government through extensive government investment in capital infrastructure, utilities and state enterprises ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Deeming</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>548</RecNum><Pages>580</Pages><DisplayText>(Deeming 2014, p.580)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652489190">548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Deeming, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social Democracy and Social Policy in Neoliberal Times</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>577-600</pages><volume>50</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>class,labour,political sociology,social welfare,sociology,welfare state</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><accession-num>25473376</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1440783313492240</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1440783313492240</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Deeming 2014, p.580). Economic reform began when the Labor government won office in the 1983 election and a Neoliberal approach took hold ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Humphrys</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>549</RecNum><Pages>674</Pages><DisplayText>(Humphrys & Cahill 2017, p.674)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>549</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652491385">549</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Humphrys, Elizabeth</author><author>Cahill, Damien</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>How Labour Made Neoliberalism</title><secondary-title>Critical Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>669-684</pages><volume>43</volume><number>4-5</number><keywords><keyword>Australia,labour,neoliberalism,New Right,United Kingdom,United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0896920516655859</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0896920516655859</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Humphrys & Cahill 2017, p.674).
The global financial crises and social conflict during the 1970s affected the global capitalist system, showing intrinsic faults in the post-war era of capitalism ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collins J</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>374</RecNum><Pages>27</Pages><DisplayText>(Collins J & Cottle D 2010, p.27)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>374</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1585723595">374</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collins J,</author><author>Cottle D,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Labor Neoliberals or Pragmatic Neo-Laborists? The Hawke and Keating Labor Governments in Office, 1983-96</title><secondary-title>Labour History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Labour history</full-title></periodical><pages>25-37</pages><number>98</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Inc.</publisher><isbn>00236942</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>www.jstor.org/stable/10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.25</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>Full publication date: May 2010</custom1><electronic-resource-num>10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.25</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>JSTOR</remote-database-name></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collins J & Cottle D 2010, p.27). This turbulent time saw excessive productivity capacity combined with a decline in profits. Generated from this were widespread unemployment, fluctuating currency prices, a decline in the values of agricultural commodities, inflation, and general economic stagnation PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db2xsaW5zIEo8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Collins J & Cottle D 2010, p.27; Humphrys 2018, p.671; Humphrys & Cahill 2017). This was evidenced by deregulation of government financial control through actions such as the floating of the Australian dollar, cuts to company taxes and tariffs, industrial relation reforms and deregulation of the labour market ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collins J</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>374</RecNum><Pages>26</Pages><DisplayText>(Collins J & Cottle D 2010, p.26)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>374</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1585723595">374</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collins J,</author><author>Cottle D,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Labor Neoliberals or Pragmatic Neo-Laborists? The Hawke and Keating Labor Governments in Office, 1983-96</title><secondary-title>Labour History</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Labour history</full-title></periodical><pages>25-37</pages><number>98</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Inc.</publisher><isbn>00236942</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>www.jstor.org/stable/10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.25</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>Full publication date: May 2010</custom1><electronic-resource-num>10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.25</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>JSTOR</remote-database-name></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collins J & Cottle D 2010, p.26). This crisis directly influenced government policy and Australia, like most other developed countries adopted a Neoliberal structure for its economy ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Deeming</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>548</RecNum><Pages>580</Pages><DisplayText>(Deeming 2014, p.580)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652489190">548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Deeming, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social Democracy and Social Policy in Neoliberal Times</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>577-600</pages><volume>50</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>class,labour,political sociology,social welfare,sociology,welfare state</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><accession-num>25473376</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1440783313492240</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1440783313492240</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Deeming 2014, p.580).
The delivery of human services across Australia was impacted by the emergence of this Neoliberalism ideology and underpinned changes made to social policy from the 1980s onwards ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Carson</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>276</RecNum><Pages>85</Pages><DisplayText>(Carson & Kerr 2017, p.85)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>276</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1552910107">276</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carson, E</author><author>Kerr, L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Australian Social Policy and the Human Services 2nd ed</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Port Melbourne</pub-location><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Carson & Kerr 2017, p.85). The ideal was reflected in the notion that those with disabilities not only had rights but also duties. The previous policies directed at non-means-tested income support with minimal obligations were abolished ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lantz</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>520</RecNum><Pages>855</Pages><DisplayText>(Lantz & Marston 2012, p.855)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650090288">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lantz, Sarah</author><author>Marston, Greg</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Policy, Citizenship and Governance: The Case of Disability and Employment Policy in Australia</title><secondary-title>Disability & Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Disability & Society</full-title></periodical><pages>853-867</pages><volume>27</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>2012/10/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0968-7599</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.686881</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09687599.2012.686881</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lantz & Marston 2012, p.855). Replacing this was policy were tools to form self-discipline and personal responsibility via assessment tools, mutual obligation, means-testing and motivational strategies ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lantz</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>520</RecNum><Pages>853</Pages><DisplayText>(Lantz & Marston 2012, p.853)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650090288">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lantz, Sarah</author><author>Marston, Greg</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Policy, Citizenship and Governance: The Case of Disability and Employment Policy in Australia</title><secondary-title>Disability & Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Disability & Society</full-title></periodical><pages>853-867</pages><volume>27</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>2012/10/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0968-7599</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.686881</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09687599.2012.686881</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lantz & Marston 2012, p.853). Recipients were obliged to meet these conditions to maintain access to their pensions and this resulted in a shift in mindset from people with a disability being deserving of government support to those who were undeserving based on their worth in the labour market ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lantz</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>520</RecNum><Pages>854</Pages><DisplayText>(Lantz & Marston 2012, p.854)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>520</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650090288">520</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lantz, Sarah</author><author>Marston, Greg</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Policy, Citizenship and Governance: The Case of Disability and Employment Policy in Australia</title><secondary-title>Disability & Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Disability & Society</full-title></periodical><pages>853-867</pages><volume>27</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>2012/10/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0968-7599</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.686881</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09687599.2012.686881</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Lantz & Marston 2012, p.854).
The Howard Government implemented a review of the National Disability Advocacy Program which reflected the ideology of individualism while demonstrating the belief that family should be the primary source of social support with a decrease in the involvement of disabled people within the policy process ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><Pages>187</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.187)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650170342">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Pini, Barbara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government</title><secondary-title>Social Policy and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Policy and Society</full-title></periodical><pages>183-196</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>2012/02/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability</keyword><keyword>Policy</keyword><keyword>Rudd Government</keyword><keyword>Australia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>1474-7464</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/continuity-or-change-disability-policy-and-the-rudd-government/7242F158C79B171533DE0CA8FCC5C491</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S1474746411000510</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.187). As a consequence, there were numerous reconstituted, disbanded or newly formed disability support providers which were subject to yearly competitive tendering in a fully open market ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><Pages>187</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.187)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650170342">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Pini, Barbara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government</title><secondary-title>Social Policy and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Policy and Society</full-title></periodical><pages>183-196</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>2012/02/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability</keyword><keyword>Policy</keyword><keyword>Rudd Government</keyword><keyword>Australia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>1474-7464</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/continuity-or-change-disability-policy-and-the-rudd-government/7242F158C79B171533DE0CA8FCC5C491</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S1474746411000510</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.187).
Aboriginal Inclusion
From 1908 until 1959 there were many attempts for the Federal Government to grant pension rights to Aboriginals but they were unsuccessful largely because of the entrenchment of racism within the Australian community ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>De Maria</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>543</RecNum><Pages>26</Pages><DisplayText>(De Maria 1986, p.26)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>543</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651888663">543</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>De Maria, William</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>White Welfare: Black Entitlement: The Social Security Access Controversy, 193959</title><secondary-title>Aboriginal history</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aboriginal history</full-title></periodical><pages>25-39</pages><volume>10</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Aboriginal Australians</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Civil rights</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Government policy</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Social conditions</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal history</keyword><keyword>Children</keyword><keyword>Civil rights</keyword><keyword>Endowments</keyword><keyword>Entitlement programs</keyword><keyword>Government</keyword><keyword>Government policy</keyword><keyword>Old age benefits</keyword><keyword>Pension plans</keyword><keyword>Public assistance programs</keyword><keyword>Racism</keyword><keyword>Social conditions</keyword><keyword>Social security</keyword><keyword>Social services</keyword><keyword>Social welfare policy</keyword><keyword>Treaty lands</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>Canberra: Aboriginal History Inc</publisher><isbn>0314-8769</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(De Maria 1986, p.26). For decades activist groups lobbied for a change to the social security legislation and this coupled with state and international pressure resulted in the Menzies government passing the Social Services Act 1959. This act removed restrictions on Aboriginals who were not 'nomadic or primitive' from receiving not just the old and invalid pension, but also other government pensions and benefits ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>De Maria</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>543</RecNum><Pages>26</Pages><DisplayText>(De Maria 1986, p.26)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>543</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651888663">543</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>De Maria, William</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>White Welfare: Black Entitlement: The Social Security Access Controversy, 193959</title><secondary-title>Aboriginal history</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aboriginal history</full-title></periodical><pages>25-39</pages><volume>10</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Aboriginal Australians</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Civil rights</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Government policy</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal Australians--Social conditions</keyword><keyword>Aboriginal history</keyword><keyword>Children</keyword><keyword>Civil rights</keyword><keyword>Endowments</keyword><keyword>Entitlement programs</keyword><keyword>Government</keyword><keyword>Government policy</keyword><keyword>Old age benefits</keyword><keyword>Pension plans</keyword><keyword>Public assistance programs</keyword><keyword>Racism</keyword><keyword>Social conditions</keyword><keyword>Social security</keyword><keyword>Social services</keyword><keyword>Social welfare policy</keyword><keyword>Treaty lands</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>Canberra: Aboriginal History Inc</publisher><isbn>0314-8769</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(De Maria 1986, p.26). As stated by the minister for social services Hugh Robertson,
Unless they are nomadic or primitive, aborigines will in future qualify for age, invalid and widows pensions and maternity allowances, on the same basis as other members of the community. The effect of the decision will be that about 4,000 aborigines, at present ineligible, will get age and invalid and widows pensions. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chesterman</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>544</RecNum><Pages>29</Pages><DisplayText>(Chesterman 2001, p.29)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>544</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651890687">544</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chesterman, John</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defending Australia's Reputation. How Indigenous Australians Won Civil Rights Part One</title><secondary-title>Australian Historical Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Australian Historical Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>20-39</pages><volume>32</volume><number>116</number><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>2001/04/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>1031-461X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/10314610108596145</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/10314610108596145</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Chesterman 2001, p.29).
Welfare To Work Reforms
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AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Australian Council of Social Services 2021, p.8; Redden 2019, p.720; Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.188). Studies have shown that increasing the generosity of benefits results in more people claiming them so recipients will often have little incentive to return to the workforce. There was a growing consensus that assigning DSP to people for life was damaging for both themselves and their community ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><Pages>6</Pages><DisplayText>(Brown 2010, p.6)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650087031">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessica Brown</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defeating Dependency: Moving Disability Support Pensioners Into Jobs</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>16th April 2022</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Issue Analysis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cis.org.au/publication/defeating-dependency-moving-disability-support-pensioners-into-jobs/v</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>16th April 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown 2010, p.6). To help combat this dependency Welfare to Work aimed to reduce those on DSP. Claimants who were deemed to be capable of working more than 15 hours per week were no longer eligible for the non-activity based DSP but instead placed on Newstart Allowance (name changed to JobSeeker Payment in 2020) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><Pages>7</Pages><DisplayText>(Brown 2010, p.7)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650087031">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessica Brown</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defeating Dependency: Moving Disability Support Pensioners Into Jobs</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>16th April 2022</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Issue Analysis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cis.org.au/publication/defeating-dependency-moving-disability-support-pensioners-into-jobs/v</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>16th April 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown 2010, p.7). DSP claimants were imposed with participation requirements, including work for the dole, work experience, education and training, job search, and connecting with disability employment services ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><Pages>11</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic et al. 2021, p.11)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650086007">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Bowman, Dina</author><author>Mupanemunda, Maria</author><author>McGee, Patrick</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dead Ends: How our Social Security System is Failing People With Partial Capacity to Work</title></titles><dates><year>2021</year></dates><pub-location>Fitzroy, Victoria</pub-location><publisher>Brotherhood of St. Laurence</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic et al. 2021, p.11). Investment in non-government specialist disability employment organisations to assist with job readiness were also included ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><Pages>185</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.185)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650170342">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Pini, Barbara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government</title><secondary-title>Social Policy and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Policy and Society</full-title></periodical><pages>183-196</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>2012/02/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability</keyword><keyword>Policy</keyword><keyword>Rudd Government</keyword><keyword>Australia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>1474-7464</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/continuity-or-change-disability-policy-and-the-rudd-government/7242F158C79B171533DE0CA8FCC5C491</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S1474746411000510</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.185). However, there was a refusal to implement findings from a review of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, which advocated for strengthening anti-discrimination measures in the area of employment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>523</RecNum><Pages>188</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.188)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650170342">523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Pini, Barbara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government</title><secondary-title>Social Policy and Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Policy and Society</full-title></periodical><pages>183-196</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>2012/02/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability</keyword><keyword>Policy</keyword><keyword>Rudd Government</keyword><keyword>Australia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>1474-7464</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/continuity-or-change-disability-policy-and-the-rudd-government/7242F158C79B171533DE0CA8FCC5C491</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S1474746411000510</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Pini 2012, p.188).
At this time Howard also changed the indexation formulas for most welfare payments. Previously all payments had been indexed to general inflation (Consumer Prices Index CPI)) but the new formula distinguished between the deserving and undeserving ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Redden</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>550</RecNum><Pages>721</Pages><DisplayText>(Redden 2019, p.721)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652492389">550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Redden, Guy</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>John Howards Investor State: Neoliberalism and the Rise of Inequality in Australia</title><secondary-title>Critical Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>713-728</pages><volume>45</volume><number>4-5</number><keywords><keyword>Australia,financialization,inequality,John Howard,neoliberalism,privatization,welfare</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0896920517745117</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0896920517745117</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Redden 2019, p.721). The only major payment that remained indexed to only CPI was Newstart while recipients of payments such as DSP and the aged pension started to receive payments that were indexed partially to CPI, and also the increases in average earnings. The result of this was that those who were moved from DSP to Newstart had fallen well behind average incomes, increasing the likelihood of poverty for this demographic ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Redden</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>550</RecNum><Pages>721</Pages><DisplayText>(Redden 2019, p.721)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652492389">550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Redden, Guy</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>John Howards Investor State: Neoliberalism and the Rise of Inequality in Australia</title><secondary-title>Critical Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>713-728</pages><volume>45</volume><number>4-5</number><keywords><keyword>Australia,financialization,inequality,John Howard,neoliberalism,privatization,welfare</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0896920517745117</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0896920517745117</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Redden 2019, p.721). These Neoliberal policies influenced trends toward greater inequality ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Redden</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>550</RecNum><Pages>721</Pages><DisplayText>(Redden 2019, p.721)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1652492389">550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Redden, Guy</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>John Howards Investor State: Neoliberalism and the Rise of Inequality in Australia</title><secondary-title>Critical Sociology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Critical Sociology</full-title></periodical><pages>713-728</pages><volume>45</volume><number>4-5</number><keywords><keyword>Australia,financialization,inequality,John Howard,neoliberalism,privatization,welfare</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0896920517745117</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0896920517745117</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Redden 2019, p.721).
Growth in DSP Expenditure
Until recently, one of the fastest-growing programs for government spending was the DSP and its continual growth in expenditure was a major concern for policymakers. Between 2008/9 and 2011/12, there was a rapid growth in expenditure averaging 8.7 per cent annually driven largely by the increased number of new grants being approved ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parliamentary Budget Office</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>508</RecNum><Pages>6</Pages><DisplayText>(Parliamentary Budget Office 2018, p.6)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649911699">508</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parliamentary Budget Office,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Disability Support Pension: Historical and Projected Trends</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Social security, %K Welfare state, %K Welfare recipients, %K Disability, %K Pensions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>Parliamentary Budget Office</publisher><work-type>Report</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>https://apo.org.au/node/133606</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Parliamentary Budget Office 2018, p.6). Reforms since 2012 have increased in intensity in the hopes to restrict this expenditure growth. This has been implemented through a reduction in the number of new pensions being granted and a focus on helping those with a disability enter the workforce. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collie</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>505</RecNum><Pages>133</Pages><DisplayText>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.133)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>505</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649910282">505</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collie, Alex</author><author>Sheehan, Luke R.</author><author>Lane, Tyler J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Changes in Access to Australian Disability Support Benefits During a Period of Social Welfare Reform</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>132-154</pages><volume>51</volume><number>1</number><edition>2021/02/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability support pension</keyword><keyword>Social policy</keyword><keyword>Unemployment benefits</keyword><keyword>Work disability</keyword><keyword>Mental health conditions</keyword><keyword>Musculoskeletal conditions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0047-2794</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/changes-in-access-to-australian-disability-support-benefits-during-a-period-of-social-welfare-reform/23028F447E9D2E4DF87CBBDB367F860D</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S0047279420000732</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.133). As a result, there has been a significant reduction in DSP receipt and grant rates and, on the other hand, a significant rate of increase in those with a disability being on unemployment benefits ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collie</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>505</RecNum><Pages>132</Pages><DisplayText>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.132)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>505</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649910282">505</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collie, Alex</author><author>Sheehan, Luke R.</author><author>Lane, Tyler J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Changes in Access to Australian Disability Support Benefits During a Period of Social Welfare Reform</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>132-154</pages><volume>51</volume><number>1</number><edition>2021/02/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability support pension</keyword><keyword>Social policy</keyword><keyword>Unemployment benefits</keyword><keyword>Work disability</keyword><keyword>Mental health conditions</keyword><keyword>Musculoskeletal conditions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0047-2794</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/changes-in-access-to-australian-disability-support-benefits-during-a-period-of-social-welfare-reform/23028F447E9D2E4DF87CBBDB367F860D</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S0047279420000732</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.132).
Previously the medical diagnosis assessment was approached by determining how the disability impacted on body systems and this was modified with a focus on functional abilities required for work and training activities which removed some conditions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>499</RecNum><Pages>351</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Fitts 2020, p.351)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>499</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649815396">499</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Fitts, Michelle</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Sorting yourself out of the system: everyday processes of elusive social sorting in Australias disability social security regime for Indigenous Australians</title><secondary-title>Disability & Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Disability & Society</full-title></periodical><pages>347-365</pages><volume>35</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/03/15</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0968-7599</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1649128</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09687599.2019.1649128</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Fitts 2020, p.351). Those living with a number of conditions were no longer able to acquire points for each meaning that the impact of co-existing conditions could no longer be accounted for ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>499</RecNum><Pages>351</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Fitts 2020, p.351)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>499</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649815396">499</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Fitts, Michelle</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Sorting yourself out of the system: everyday processes of elusive social sorting in Australias disability social security regime for Indigenous Australians</title><secondary-title>Disability & Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Disability & Society</full-title></periodical><pages>347-365</pages><volume>35</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/03/15</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0968-7599</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1649128</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09687599.2019.1649128</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Fitts 2020, p.351). Additionally, as mental illness is often invisible lacking clear proof it is not easily recognisable. Because of this it is more difficult to demonstrate eligibility ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mcallister</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>553</RecNum><Pages>147</Pages><DisplayText>(Mcallister 2020, p.147)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>553</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1653112344">553</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mcallister, Ashley</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mental illnesses are not an ideal type of disability for disability income support: Perceptions of policymakers in Australia and Canada</title><secondary-title>Scandinavian Journal of Public Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Scandinavian Journal of Public Health</full-title></periodical><pages>452-459</pages><volume>48</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Comparative public policy,grounded theory,policy design,mental illness,social security</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><accession-num>30632917</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1403494818816903</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1403494818816903</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mcallister 2020, p.147). For the first time mandated participation requirements such as work for the dole were attached to DSP for those aged 35 years and under who were deemed capable of working at least 8 hours a week ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>499</RecNum><Pages>351</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic & Fitts 2020, p.351)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>499</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649815396">499</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Fitts, Michelle</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Sorting yourself out of the system: everyday processes of elusive social sorting in Australias disability social security regime for Indigenous Australians</title><secondary-title>Disability & Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Disability & Society</full-title></periodical><pages>347-365</pages><volume>35</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year><pub-dates><date>2020/03/15</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Routledge</publisher><isbn>0968-7599</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1649128</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/09687599.2019.1649128</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic & Fitts 2020, p.351). Other major reforms have included applicants being required to demonstrate that they have been actively participating in job seeking or training for 18 months before applying, a program of eligibility reviews, the introduction of new impairment tables for assessing work capacity and a new two-stage eligibility procedure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collie</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>505</RecNum><Pages>148</Pages><DisplayText>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.148)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>505</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649910282">505</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collie, Alex</author><author>Sheehan, Luke R.</author><author>Lane, Tyler J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Changes in Access to Australian Disability Support Benefits During a Period of Social Welfare Reform</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>132-154</pages><volume>51</volume><number>1</number><edition>2021/02/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability support pension</keyword><keyword>Social policy</keyword><keyword>Unemployment benefits</keyword><keyword>Work disability</keyword><keyword>Mental health conditions</keyword><keyword>Musculoskeletal conditions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0047-2794</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/changes-in-access-to-australian-disability-support-benefits-during-a-period-of-social-welfare-reform/23028F447E9D2E4DF87CBBDB367F860D</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S0047279420000732</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.148).
Evaluation and Review
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Brown 2010, p.13; Hemphill & Kulik 2016, p.537). Being deemed capable of work does not equate to suitable work being available ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>518</RecNum><Pages>6</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic et al. 2021, p.6)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650086007">518</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Bowman, Dina</author><author>Mupanemunda, Maria</author><author>McGee, Patrick</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dead Ends: How our Social Security System is Failing People With Partial Capacity to Work</title></titles><dates><year>2021</year></dates><pub-location>Fitzroy, Victoria</pub-location><publisher>Brotherhood of St. Laurence</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic et al. 2021, p.6). This results in low rates of employment and compared to their able-bodied counterparts where employment rates were 84.1% in 2018 only 53.4% of people with a disability were in the workforce ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Bureau of Statistics</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>527</RecNum><DisplayText>(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>527</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650176016">527</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Bureau of Statistics,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>ABS</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Disability and the labour force</title></titles><dates><year>2020</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020). Even though employers can access funds to subsidise wages and modify the workplace and people with disabilities are provided with help to find and prepare for work through Disability Employment Services, they still find it difficult to find work ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><Pages>14</Pages><DisplayText>(Brown 2010, p.14)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650087031">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessica Brown</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defeating Dependency: Moving Disability Support Pensioners Into Jobs</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>16th April 2022</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Issue Analysis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cis.org.au/publication/defeating-dependency-moving-disability-support-pensioners-into-jobs/v</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>16th April 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown 2010, p.14).
It is suggested that if additional pressure is applied to disability pensioners, then this same pressure needs to be applied to employers to hire them ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><Pages>14</Pages><DisplayText>(Brown 2010, p.14)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650087031">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessica Brown</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defeating Dependency: Moving Disability Support Pensioners Into Jobs</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>16th April 2022</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Issue Analysis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cis.org.au/publication/defeating-dependency-moving-disability-support-pensioners-into-jobs/v</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>16th April 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown 2010, p.14). Many structural barriers need to be addressed by the government if a meaningful transition into employment is the goal and those with chronic ill-health that prevents them from gaining and maintaining sufficient paid work should have access to DSP PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MYW50ejwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Australian Council of Social Services 2021, p.4; Lantz & Marston 2012, p.864). Also needed to be factored into the equation is that many of those with disabilities have lower levels of education and have been out of the workforce for extended periods ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><Pages>13</Pages><DisplayText>(Brown 2010, p.13)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650087031">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessica Brown</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defeating Dependency: Moving Disability Support Pensioners Into Jobs</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>16th April 2022</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Issue Analysis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cis.org.au/publication/defeating-dependency-moving-disability-support-pensioners-into-jobs/v</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>16th April 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown 2010, p.13). There has been a structural change in the labour force where many of the unskilled jobs most suitable for DSP recipients have been lost so any changes in policy that reduces the number of people on DSP simply results in larger numbers of long-term unemployed people ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>519</RecNum><Pages>13</Pages><DisplayText>(Brown 2010, p.13)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650087031">519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessica Brown</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defeating Dependency: Moving Disability Support Pensioners Into Jobs</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>16th April 2022</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Issue Analysis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cis.org.au/publication/defeating-dependency-moving-disability-support-pensioners-into-jobs/v</url></related-urls></urls><custom1>2022</custom1><custom2>16th April 2022</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown 2010, p.13).
The move to limit expenditure growth saw a decline in the number of people on DSP and the number of applications granted. However, there has been an increase in expenditure on unemployment benefits as these recipients have instead been moved to JobSeekers Payment ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Collie</Author><Year>2022</Year><RecNum>505</RecNum><Pages>152</Pages><DisplayText>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.152)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>505</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649910282">505</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Collie, Alex</author><author>Sheehan, Luke R.</author><author>Lane, Tyler J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Changes in Access to Australian Disability Support Benefits During a Period of Social Welfare Reform</title><secondary-title>Journal of Social Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Social Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>132-154</pages><volume>51</volume><number>1</number><edition>2021/02/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Disability support pension</keyword><keyword>Social policy</keyword><keyword>Unemployment benefits</keyword><keyword>Work disability</keyword><keyword>Mental health conditions</keyword><keyword>Musculoskeletal conditions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2022</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>0047-2794</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/changes-in-access-to-australian-disability-support-benefits-during-a-period-of-social-welfare-reform/23028F447E9D2E4DF87CBBDB367F860D</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S0047279420000732</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>Cambridge Core</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>Cambridge University Press</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>(Collie, Sheehan & Lane 2022, p.152). In the 2020/21 financial year 96,000 claims were finalised with 57,000 claims being rejected and only 39,000 claims granted ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>531</RecNum><Pages>36</Pages><DisplayText>(Australian Government 2021, p.36)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>531</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650244707">531</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Services Australia</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Annual report 202021</title></titles><dates><year>2021</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>Services Australia</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Government 2021, p.36). Despite this DSP is the third largest social security payment with a total expenditure of $18.37 billion in 2020/21 up from $8.5 billion in 2008/09 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Government</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>532</RecNum><Pages>59</Pages><DisplayText>(Australian Government 2021, p.59)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>532</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650246165">532</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Government Document">46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Government,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Annual Report 202021</title></titles><dates><year>2021</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>Department of Social Services, Services Australia, and the National Disability Insurance Agency </publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Government 2021, p.59). This is largely explained by population growth, the aging population and increases in the retirement age for women ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>535</RecNum><DisplayText>(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2021; McVicar & Wilkins 2013, p.345)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>535</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650257851">535</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Disability Support Pension and Carer Payment</title></titles><dates><year>2021</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>AIHW</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/disability-support-pension-and-carer-payment</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>McVicar</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>494</RecNum><Pages>345</Pages><record><rec-number>494</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1649814216">494</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McVicar, Duncan</author><author>Wilkins, Roger</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Explaining the Growth in the Number of Recipients of the Disability Support Pension in Australia</title><secondary-title>Australian Economic Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Australian Economic Review</full-title></periodical><pages>345-356</pages><volume>46</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>0004-9018</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2013.12028.x</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2013.12028.x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2021; McVicar & Wilkins 2013, p.345).
Aligning neoliberal principles with DSP has resulted in people with disabilities facing abject poverty because they are reliant on JobSeeker rather than the more generous DSP pension ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Council of Social Services</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>517</RecNum><Pages>1</Pages><DisplayText>(Australian Council of Social Services 2021, p.1)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>517</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1650084971">517</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Council of Social Services,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purpose, Intent and Adequacy of the Disability Support Pension: Submission to Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs </title></titles><keywords><keyword>Labour force participation, %K Pensions, %K Welfare recipients, %K People with disability</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2021</year></dates><pub-location>Strawberry Hills NSW</pub-location><publisher>ACOSS</publisher><work-type>Report</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>https://apo.org.au/node/316581</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Council of Social Services 2021, p.1). This is compounded by the fact that people with a disability spend more per week on basic living costs including accessible housing, health and transport ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Federation of Disability Organisations</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>554</RecNum><DisplayText>(Australian Federation of Disability Organisations 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>554</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1653715321">554</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Federation of Disability Organisations,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Disability Support Pension Review</title></titles><volume>2022</volume><number>28th May 2022</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><pub-location>North Mebourne, Victoria</pub-location><publisher>AFDO</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>https://www.afdo.org.au/disability-support-pension-review/</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Australian Federation of Disability Organisations 2019). They are more likely to experience poor health, including mental health, lower levels of social support, and increases in violence, abuse and discrimination PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LYXZhbmFnaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMjA8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kavanagh 2020, p.263).
Neoliberal reforms with an increased focus on individual responsibility are most acutely felt among Indigenous Australians with disabilities. They experience the highest rate of disability among all groups with disability prevalence at around 24 per cent and are most likely to succumb to persistent exclusion from the workforce. However, their uptake of DSP payments remains critically low PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Tb2xkYXRpYzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Soldatic 2018, pp.224-225; Soldatic et al. 2017, p.2343). Indigenous inequality is compounded even further with neoliberal disability restructuring and has led to an increase in their experience of stigmatisation and discrimination ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>542</RecNum><Pages>2355</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic et al. 2017, p.2355)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651887892">542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Somers, Kelly</author><author>Spurway, Kim</author><author>van Toorn, Georgia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Emplacing Indigeneity and Rurality in Neoliberal Disability Welfare Reform: The lived Experience of Aboriginal People with Disabilities in the West Kimberley, Australia</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space</full-title></periodical><pages>2342-2361</pages><volume>49</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>Aboriginal,disability,Indigenous,Australia,neoliberalism,welfare,rural,remote</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0308518X17718374</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0308518x17718374</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic et al. 2017, p.2355). The inclusion of mutual obligations reduces the ability of Indigenous Australians to fulfil various cultural expressions and responsibilities, negatively impacting their social wellbeing and relational networks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Soldatic</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>542</RecNum><Pages>2355</Pages><DisplayText>(Soldatic et al. 2017, p.2355)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ztw5pv2x32va05efe065900dvexpvrppzw09" timestamp="1651887892">542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Soldatic, Karen</author><author>Somers, Kelly</author><author>Spurway, Kim</author><author>van Toorn, Georgia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Emplacing Indigeneity and Rurality in Neoliberal Disability Welfare Reform: The lived Experience of Aboriginal People with Disabilities in the West Kimberley, Australia</title><secondary-title>Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space</full-title></periodical><pages>2342-2361</pages><volume>49</volume><number>10</number><keywords><keyword>Aboriginal,disability,Indigenous,Australia,neoliberalism,welfare,rural,remote</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0308518X17718374</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/0308518x17718374</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Soldatic et al. 2017, p.2355). If Australian social policy aims to close this gap it needs to encompass the lived experience of Indigenous Australians with disabilities in order to address the longstanding structural inequity preventing further harm PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Tb2xkYXRpYzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Soldatic 2018, p.2355; Soldatic et al. 2017, p.235).
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Parliamentary Budget Office 2018, Disability Support Pension: Historical and Projected Trends, Parliamentary Budget Office, Canberra.
Podger, A, Stanton, D & Whiteford, P 2014, 'Designing Of Social Security Systems: Learning From Australia and Other Countries', Public Administration and Development, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 231-250.
Redden, G 2019, 'John Howards Investor State: Neoliberalism and the Rise of Inequality in Australia', Critical Sociology, vol. 45, no. 4-5, pp. 713-728.
Soldatic, K & Pini, B 2012, 'Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government', Social Policy and Society, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 183-196.
Soldatic, K, Somers, K, Spurway, K & van Toorn, G 2017, 'Emplacing Indigeneity and Rurality in Neoliberal Disability Welfare Reform: The lived Experience of Aboriginal People with Disabilities in the West Kimberley, Australia', Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2342-2361.
Soldatic, K 2018, 'Disability Poverty and Ageing in Regional Australia: The Impact of Disability Income Reforms for Indigenous Australians', Australian Journal of Social Issues, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 223-238.
Soldatic, K & Fitts, M 2020, 'Sorting Yourself Out Of The System: Everyday Processes of Elusive Social Sorting in Australias Disability Social Security Regime for Indigenous Australians', Disability & Society, vol. 35, no. 3, 2020/03/15, pp. 347-365.
Soldatic, K, Bowman, D, Mupanemunda, M & McGee, P 2021, Dead Ends: How our Social Security System is Failing People With Partial Capacity to Work, Brotherhood of St. Laurence, Fitzroy, Victoria.
Justice & Society
Australian Social Policy POLI1012
Assessment : Policy Analysis Paper
Student:
Graduate Qualities assessed are: GQ1, GQ2, GQ6 and GQ7.
Key components of this assessment Comments
Outline of historical development of the policy highlighting major issues and issue drivers.
Critical discussion incorporating scholarly literature of:
Selected key issues and issue drivers of the policy
Core values, beliefs and assumptions underpinning the policy.
Discussion of key findings from evaluation(s) of the policy including government and non-government reviews/evaluations highlighting strengths and weakness.
Adequacy of documentation and referencing
Summary comment:
Grade:
Policy Analysis: Age pension
History
Australia's Age Pension which was introduced in 1908 is a notable social policy that offers economic support to the elderly whohave reached theage of retirement.
The implementation of means testing was a significant milestone in the Age Pension's history (Kewley, 1943). This policy was intended to provide aid to those who needed it the most, but it also led to the denial of assistance to some retirees. Kewley (1943) argues that this sparked massive demonstrations and demands for pension system reform.
Throughout the history of the Age Pension, the issue of payment sufficiency has been raised. In order to improve payment sufficiency, the Australian government reviewed the pension system in 2009 and implemented a number of adjustments (Australian Government, 2009). There is, nevertheless, continuous discussion regarding whether the payment is sufficient to address the needs of seniors, as stated by Saunders and Wong (2011).
The history of the policy has been shaped by the demographic change towards the elderly population. According to Kudrna et al. (2019), the ageing of the population has put a strain on the pension system's viability, and proposals for change have been made to safeguard this. Due to longer life expectancies, the eligibility age was raised to 65. (Hugo, 2005). The Howard Government established the Pension Bonus Scheme in 1998 with the goal of encouraging older individuals to continue working for extended periods of time by providing a monetary incentive to put off applying for a pension (Department of Social Services, 2021).
The Age Pension has been significantly impacted by the introduction of superannuation in the 1990s by the Hawke Government. Bateman and Piggott (1997) pointed out that the goal of the implementation of mandatory superannuation was to lessen dependency on the pension system. But it has also resulted in intricate linkages between the two systems, and there have been continuous discussions about how to guarantee that the pension system continues to be fair for all Australians.
Sources
Bateman, H., & Piggott, J. (1997).Private Pensions in OECD Countries. https://doi.org/10.1787/774368522640
Department of Social Services. (2009, Feb 27). Pension Review Report. Australian Government.
https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/05_2012/pensionreviewreport.pdf
Department of Social Services. (2021). Pension Bonus Scheme. Australian Government. https://www.dss.gov.au/seniors-benefits-payments/pension-bonus-scheme#:~:text=The%20Pension%20Bonus%20Scheme%20(the,and%20receive%20the%20Age%20Pension.
Hugo, G. (2005). Demographic Trends in Australia's Academic Workforce.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,27(3), 327343. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600800500283627
Kewley, T. H. (1943). Social security in Australia.Public Affairs: A Maritime Quarterly for Discussion of Public Affairs.
https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/75185/publicaffairs_vol7_iss1_pp14_17.pdf?sequence=1
Kudrna, G., Tran, C., & Woodland, A. (2019). FACING DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES: PENSION CUTS OR TAX HIKES?Macroeconomic Dynamics,23(2), 625673. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100516001292
Saunders, P., & Wong, M. (2011). Pension adequacy and the pension review.The Economic and Labour Relations Review: ELRR,22(3), 726. https://doi.org/10.1177/103530461102200302
Issues analysis
Issue/Issue driver 1: Ageing population
The aging population puts a tremendous burden on the age pension. Age pension users are anticipated to grow dramatically as the baby boomer generation approaches retirement age (Productivity Commission, 2013). The sustainability of the age pension system will be greatly affected by this change in demographics, which will lead to a rise in the need for services and spending by the government. Additionally, as people have higher life expectancies, the cost of the age pension system rises (Chomik & Piggott, 2012).
Issue/Issue driver 2: Changing work patterns and superannuation challenges
The capacity of older Australians to earn enough superannuation for retirement is being impacted by rapidly shifting work patterns. Even though the 1992 implementation of mandatory employer payments to superannuation has helped to solve this problem, many elderly Australians have not had the ability to access superannuation for the duration of their employment (Productivity Commission, 2018). In addition, many older Australians are unable to build up enough superannuation due to the prevalence of insecure work, especially among older workers (Australian Council of Social Service, 2018). Therefore, the age pension system would be under more strain as they will depend more heavily on it once they retire.
Issue/issue driver 3: Insufficient funding
Lack of finance prevents the government from offering a sufficient old-age pension. The cost of the age pension system is already high, and as the aging population grows, the cost will only increase (Saunders & Sinning, 2014). However, the government's budgetary restrictions place funding restrictions on the age pension system, increasing the likelihood that the age pension would gradually become less generous. This could result in older Australians being unable to afford a minimal level of life in retirement, which has important consequences for the effectiveness of the age pension system.
Issue/issue driver 4: Means Testing
The Age Pension is significantly impacted by the means test. Pension eligibility and payout amounts are determined using a means test. Means test, though, has the potential to make retirees less motivated to put money down for their future. This is so that people who have excess assets or a source of income will receive a lower pension payment due to the means test. Retirement financial insecurity can occur from retirees choosing to squander their resources rather than setting money aside for the future (Sefton et al., 2008).
Sources
Australian Council of Social Service. (2018).Poverty in Australia 2018. Australian Council of Social Service with the University of New South Wales.
https://www.acoss.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ACOSS_Poverty-in-Australia-Report_Web-Final.pdf
Chomik, R., & Piggott, J. (2012). Pensions, Ageing and Retirement in Australia: LongTerm Projections and Policies.Australian Economic Review,45(3), 350-361.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2012.00696.x
Productivity Commission. (2013, Nov 18). An ageing Australia: Preparing for the future (Commission Research Paper). Australian Government.
https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/ageing-australia/ageing-australia.pdf
Productivity Commission. (2018, Dec 21). Superannuation-assessing efficiency and competitiveness: Productivity Commission inquiry report. Australian Government.
https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2019-01/apo-nid214676_1.pdf
Sefton, J., Van De Ven, J., & Weale, M. (2008). Means testing retirement benefits: fostering equity or discouraging savings?.The Economic Journal,118(528), 556-590.
https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/118/528/556/5088800?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Evaluation and review
According to Harmer (2009), the Age Pension programme has been beneficial in reducing poverty and improving the quality of life of retired people. Age pension policy has also contributed to the reduction of wage gaps.
Even though some reports suggest that modifications are necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the age pension policy, according to The Adequacy of the Age Pension in Australia (2016), authors have identified the need for reforms to address inflation rates and the increasing number of retirees. The report recommends that the policy should be targeted to ensure that it benefits those who are most in need of it.
In the Retirement Income Review (2020), it is mentioned that a comprehensive retirement income system must include Age Pension, superannuation, and other sources of income. The review also suggested revising policies to address concerns such as inadequate payment rates, the influence of the pension on retirement choices, and the impact of means testing on the policy.
In a review report produced by the Treasury (2020), it was said that the policy needed to be modified to suit the changing requirements of a growing elderly population. To adapt to changes in the labour market and economy, the review recommends a flexible and responsive strategy.
Sources
Harmer, J. (2009). Pension review report. Department of Social Services.
https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2009-05/apo-nid14435.pdf
Submission to the Retirement Income Review. (2020, Feb). National Seniors Australia.
https://nationalseniors.com.au/uploads/Retirement-Review-Submission-Feb-2020-Final1.pdf
The Adequacy of the Age Pension in Australia. (2016). The Benevolent Society
https://www.benevolent.org.au/ArticleDocuments/340/Pension%20Adequacy_Final.pdf.aspx
The Treasury. (2020, July). Retirement Income Review: Final Report. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-02/p2020-100554-udcomplete-report.pdf
