This is example from other group
This is example from other group
Introduction Awareness Malaysian Consumer towards Green Purchase Intention
Chapter 1 (30%)
Research background (5%)
Problem Statement (which includes research gaps). (10%)
Research Objectives and any information related to the objectives (10%)
Significance of the research (5%)
1.5 definition of the main term=> add this to have a better mark
Chapter 1: Introduction
This research aims to investigate the level of awareness among Malaysian consumers regarding green purchase intentions, focusing on the social, consumer individual characteristics and cognitive factors that influence their green purchase intentions. This chapter will provide an overview of the research, including the research background, problem statement, research questions, objectives, and significance. Lastly, a chapter outline will be provided to enhance understanding of this research's overall progression and structure.
Research Background mention the ivs and dvexplain in brief one sentence
The increasing global concern for environmental sustainability has sparked interest in understanding consumer behavior toward green purchase intentions. As environmental concerns are of utmost importance in today's world. Major environmental issues, such as climate change, pollution, overpopulation, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion, demand immediate attention. In Malaysia, similar environmental challenges arise from rapid urbanization, industrialization, and excessive resource consumption. Protecting the environment is crucial due to its potential long-term adverse effects on human survival. It is widely acknowledged that consumer behavior, driven by economic, social, and political factors, contributes significantly to environmental problems (Hale, 2010). Therefore, motivating consumers to adopt green purchasing behavior is essential.
The concept of consumers' intention to purchase green products has been widely discussed among researchers (Suki, 2016; Paul et al., 2016). Green purchase intention signifies consumers' willingness to choose environmentally friendly options over conventional alternatives. It refers to individuals who consider the environmental impact of their consumption choices and aim to change their buying and consumption behavior to reduce environmental harm (Chan, 2001). However, previous studies have shown a gap between consumers' attitudes toward green purchasing and their actual buying habits (Joshi & Rahman, 2015). While consumers may express positive attitudes towards environmentally friendly products, their actions often do not align with their beliefs. Hence, this suggests a gap between consumers' thoughts and feelings about the environment and their actual purchasing decisions. Various factors, such as economic, institutional, social, and cultural influences, can contribute to this gap (Wiederhold & Martinez, 2018).
put it in problem statement and add 2 more
Furthermore, previous studies have emphasized the importance of attitudes in motivating consumers to purchase green products while downplaying the significance of behavioral intention. In developed countries, there has been a positive trend in consumer behavior toward buying green products, and this trend is also spreading in developing countries like India due to increasing awareness of environmental protection (Yadav and Pathak, 2017). However, research on young consumers' attitudes towards green products in developing countries is still limited (Khare, 2015). Understanding the perspectives of younger generations toward purchasing green products is crucial. The younger generation plays a vital role in addressing environmental challenges as they will be responsible for the sustainability of our existence in the future (Verma and Chandra, 2018). However, there is a distinction between Western and Eastern consumer behavior. Many theories also identify the predictors of green purchase intention. Still, this study is focused on the Malaysian context to test the consistency of social factors, individual consumer characteristics, and cognitive factors with the Theory of Consumer Behavior. expand it to 2 paragraph ,
Problem Statement - what is happening in Malaysia? 2 paragraph
Despite the increasing global consciousness of environmental sustainability, there is a notable discrepancy in the application and understanding of green purchase intentions, especially within the Malaysian context (Chen & Chai, 2010). Studies have predominantly explored this concept in developed nations, leaving a substantial knowledge gap in the consumer behavior landscape of emerging markets like Malaysia (Gao & Mattila, 2014).
Previous investigations in Malaysia have concentrated more on green marketing strategies or corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives rather than the individual consumer's intent toward green purchasing (Tan, John, & Zailani, 2016). Furthermore, previous studies have been conducted in Malaysia to examine green consumerism. These studies have focused on identifying factors that can predict consumers' behaviors, including their demographic profiles, environmental attitudes, perceived environmental threats, perceived consumer effectiveness, and perceived behavioral controls (Tan and Lau, 2010; Punitha and Azmawani Abd, 2011; Tan and Lau, 2011; Teng et al., 2011). This scarcity of focused research is particularly concerning since consumers' green purchase intentions significantly influence their purchasing habits, which can shape the market dynamics for environmentally friendly products and services (Kumar & Ghodeswar, 2015).
Further, the existing literature presents inconsistent findings regarding the factors influencing green purchase intentions. While some studies highlight environmental concerns as a significant determinant (Chen, 2010), others argue its effects are negligible (Roberts, 1996). This inconsistency suggests an underlying problem necessitating a more nuanced exploration tailored explicitly to the Malaysian context. However, studies to unveil the relationships between subjective norm, collectivism, green trust, environmental knowledge, green perceived risk, and green perceived quality are still relatively less in Malaysia. The need for conducting this research in Malaysia was further justified by the cultural differences noted in the previous section, as Western culture cannot be fully generalized to the Malaysian consumer. Therefore, this research seeks to delve deeper into the awareness levels of Malaysians concerning green purchase intentions and unravel the influencing factors within this demographic.
Significance of Study meta analysis (they didnt run spss they just do it with secondary data ) so ours one still have contribution , their limitation rephrase and put in
The primary significance of this study lies in its potential to fill a crucial gap in the existing body of knowledge. Current research has predominantly explored green purchasing intentions within developed nations, with emerging markets like Malaysia often overlooked (Paul, Modi, & Patel, 2016). This research will uniquely focus on the Malaysian context, providing a richer understanding of how variables such as subjective norms, collectivism, green trust, environmental knowledge, perceived quality, and perceived risk shape green purchase intentions within this demographic. Hence, this study will contribute valuable insights into the literature on consumer behavior in emerging markets.
mention the factor, who say no one done this before. what special of our research?for example: no one done this bla bla bla...., more specific, at least 2 paragraph for practical
Beyond scholarly contributions, the findings from this study hold significant practical implications. Government and corporate entities can leverage these insights to design more effective policies and marketing strategies. As D'Souza, Taghian, and Khosla (2007) argue, understanding key factors that motivate or deter consumers from making green purchases can inform initiatives to foster a more environmentally conscious consumer culture. Therefore, the results of this research could have a far-reaching impact on how businesses and governments approach sustainable development and marketing in Malaysia.
Moreover, the existing literature presents a notable lack of consensus regarding the factors influencing green purchase intentions. Some studies underscore the role of environmental concern (Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002), while others suggest its impact is marginal (Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006). By investigating a broad set of variables, this study aims to reconcile these discrepancies, providing a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of what drives green purchase intentions. In essence, it will bridge the knowledge gap and clarify an otherwise contradictory field of study.
Need to be align
Research Questions
Do subjective norms have an impact on green purchase intention?
Does collectivism have an impact on green purchase intention?
Does the green trust have an impact on green purchase intention?
Does environmental knowledge have an impact on green purchase intention?
Does green perceived risk have an impact on green purchase intention?
Does green perceived quality have an impact on green purchase intention?
Which of the factors is the most influential factor in influencing green purchase intention?
Research Objectives
To investigate the impact of subjective norms on green purchase intention.
To investigate the impact of collectivism on green purchase intention.
To investigate the impact of green trust on green purchase intention.
To investigate the impact of environmental knowledge on green purchase intention.
To investigate the green perceived risk on green purchase intention.
To investigate the green perceived quality on green purchase intention.
To determine the most influential factor in influencing green purchase intention.
Summary
This chapter serves as an introductory section to the research, offering a glimpse into the overall scope and content that will be further explored in subsequent chapters. It initiates with the research background, highlighting the problem statement, articulating the research objectives, and outlining the significance of study. The next chapter will undertake a critical analysis of relevant literature and formulate a conceptual framework specific to this research.
Hale, S. (2010). The new politics of climate change: Why we are failing and how we will succeed. Environmental Politics, 19(2), 255275.
Suki, N.M. (2016). Green product purchase intention: impact of green brands, attitude, and knowledge. British Food Journal, 118(12), 2893-291
Paul, J., Modi, A., & Patel, J. (2016). Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser. 2015.11.006
Chan, R.Y.K. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers green purchase behavior. Psychology and Marketing, 18(4), 389-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.1013
Joshi, Y., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors Affecting Green Purchase Behaviour and Future Research Directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1-2), 128-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ism.2015.04.001
Wiederhold, M., & Martinez, L.F. (2018). Ethical consumer behaviour in Germany: The attitude-behaviour gap in the green apparel industry. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(4), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ijcs.12435
Yadav, R., & Pathak, G. S. (2017). Determinants of consumers green purchase behavior in a developing nation: Applying and extending the theory of planned behavior. Ecological Economics, 134, 114122.
Khare, A. (2015). Antecedents to green buying behavior: A study on consumers in an emerging economy. Marketing Intelligence and Planning., 33(3), 309329.
Verma, V. K., & Chandra, B. (2018). An application of the theory of planned behavior to predict young Indian consumers green hotel visit intention. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 11521162.
Tan, B.C. and T.C. Lau, 2010. Attitude towards the environment and green products: Consumers perspective. Management Science & Engineering, 4(2): 27-39.
Punitha, S. and R. Azmawani Abd, 2011. Antecedents of green purchasing behaviour among Malaysian consumers. International Business Management, 5(3): 129-139. DOI 10.3923/ibm.2011.129.139.
Tan, B.C. and T.C. Lau, 2011. Green purchase behaviour: Examining the influence of green environmental attitude, perceived consumer effectiveness and specific green purchase attitude. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(8): 559-567.
Teng, P.K., G. Rezai, M. Zainalabidin and S. Mad Nasir, 2011. Consumers Intention to purchase green foods in Malaysia, 2011 International Conference on Innovation, Management and Service,14: 112-118. Available from http://www.ipedr.com/vol14/21-ICIMS2011S00035.pdf.
Chen, Y. S., & Chai, L. T. (2010). Attitude towards the environment and green products: Consumers perspective. Management science and engineering, 4(2), 27.
Gao, Y., & Mattila, A. S. (2014). Improving consumer satisfaction in green hotels: The roles of perceived warmth, perceived competence, and CSR motive. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 42, 20-31.
Kumar, P., & Ghodeswar, B. M. (2015). Factors affecting consumers' green product purchase decisions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning.
Roberts, J. A. (1996). Green consumers in the 1990s: profile and implications for advertising. Journal of Business Research, 36(3), 217-231.
Tan, B. C., John, R., & Zailani, S. (2016). Green marketing: a study of consumers' buying behavior in relation to green products in Malaysia. Information, 19(7(A)), 2789-2795.
Paul, J., Modi, A., & Patel, J. (2016). Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 123-134.
D'Souza, C., Taghian, M., & Khosla, R. (2007). Examination of environmental beliefs and its impact on the influence of price, quality and demographic characteristics with respect to green purchase intention. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 15(2), 69-78.
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to
Vermeir, I., & Verbeke, W. (2006). Sustainable food consumption: Exploring the consumer attitudebehavioral intention gap. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), 169-194.
Gleim, M. R., Smith, J. S., Andrews, D., & Cronin Jr, J. J. (2013). Against the green: A multi-method examination of the barriers to green consumption. Journal of Retailing, 89(1), 44-61.
Proposed Research Scope: Marketing
Research Topic: Awareness of Malaysian Consumers toward Green Purchase Intention.
Note:
No word limit-completed
Definition expected until 30 years ago, 5 years for literature article support (2019-2023)
No article limits
Research Topic: Awareness Malaysian Consumer towards Green Purchase Intention
6 Independent Variables
Cognitive factor
Green Perceived Quality
Green Perceived Risk
Environmental Knowledge
Green Perceived Value
Consumer Individual characteristics
Green Trust
Social Factor
Subjective Norm
Collectivism
1 Dependent Variable
Green Purchase Intention
Theory: Theory of consumer behavior
Target respondents
Malaysian Consumer
Scope: Green Product/Sustainable product/Eco-friendly product
This is what I am writing currently
1.0 Introduction
This paper analyzes the influence of factors on the Awareness of Malaysian Consumers toward Green Purchase Intention. We will start this chapter with a short study's problem Statement which includes research gaps, research objectives, and information related to the objectives as well as the significance of the research.
1.1 Research background
Today, the demand for sustainable consumption is becoming more common in daily life and more strongly promoted than ever after the COVID-19 pandemic.=> Continue to explain
Sustainable consumption is understood as the use of products and services that meet essential needs to improve the quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and hazardous materials while limiting emissions of pollutants throughout the product's lifecycle with the goal of not causing harm to future generations (UNEP, 2017).
What are green products???
Why important?
Why need to purchase intention?
Understanding this urgent issue, a part of society not only in Malaysia but all over the world has been changing awareness and behavior towards green consumption. In catching up with the trend of sustainable development practices, Malaysia's Office's Economic Planning Unit also announced the National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) in July 2009. The goal is to provide direction and motivation for Malaysians to continue to enjoy a good quality of life and a healthy environment by reducing carbon emissions without compromising economic growth, (Colombo Plan Staff College, n.d.). The legal basis can reduce the environmental impacts related to green production activities of enterprises but does not address the impacts related to the intentions, selection, use, and disposal of consumer products (Fuchs and Loreck, 2005). Therefore, choosing green products to protect health and the environment is becoming a trend that many consumers are interested in. This study has important practical implications for green product businesses, non-governmental organizations as well as state agencies and public organizations in communicating to promote intentions and spread green purchase behavior in consumerism. The study also emphasizes the importance of considering customer needs, expectations, and perceptions when developing green products, and green purchase intention.
Problem Statement (which includes research gaps)
Explain about the substanable how many % malaysian awaeres of this?
What is the issue currently? including research gap ( example: no one include the ID variable?
The report of (Al-Kumaim et al., 2021) said that over the years, Malaysias consumers show a high level of environmental awareness but show moderate results in green purchase intention. The problem that needs to be addressed in this study is the lack of understanding of Malaysian consumers' perception of green purchase intention, especially related to perceived factors. knowledge such as environmental knowledge and green perceived values, in addition to consumers' personal green beliefs and social factors such as subjective norms and collectivism, are also mentioned.
Consumers lacking knowledge about environmental issues will be less friendly because knowledge is the biggest predictor of environmentally friendly behavior. The UNCED (1992) statement that "Education is critical for promoting sustainable development and improving the capacity of the people to address sustainable development issues" is also echoed in Agenda 21 (United Nations This study is part of the Sustainable Development in the 21st century ( SD21 ) project, 2012). Consumers can acquire product knowledge and a lack of product knowledge can lead to gaps in attitudes and behaviors, and related research implies that product knowledge is a variable antecedent of purchase intention or purchase behavior (Zheng, Tang, and Xu, 2023).
Although the influence of these issues has been investigated by many researchers, further exploration of certain principles and determining their impact in the context is needed in Malaysia. The problem this report also highlights the research gap in understanding the specific factors affecting the green purchase intention of Malaysian consumers and the need to apply the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theoretical lens to investigate this problem.
Research Objectives and any information related to the objectives
The objective of the study is to find the factors affecting the green purchase intention of consumers in Malaysia.
The research was conducted on the dependent variable is green purchase intention. The results show that there are 6 factors affecting green purchase intention such as (i) Subjective Norm (ii) Collectivism (iii) Green Perceived Quality (iv) Green Perceived Risk (v) Environmental Knowledge (vi) Green Trust. From there, the author proposes policy implications for businesses to produce and trade in green products to better meet user needs. The theory of consumer behavior is a theory method to support the independent variables. In addition, by applying the theory of consumer behavior as a theoretical framework, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the factors that form the intention to engage in green purchasing intention of Malaysian consumers.
1.4 Significance of the research
The significance of the research lies in its contribution to understanding consumer behavior and how awareness as well as promotion of sustainable consumption practices, specifically in the context of green purchase intention in Malaysia.
Chapter 2 (30%)-wordcount 50% (2000 word count)- See Eng, Kai Chun, Hui Yee
2.0 Introduction what is in chapter 2
2.1 Theory of
1 paragraph- history of the theory
1 paragraph why you use this theory
1 paragraph how you fit in this theory
2.2 Discussions based on related literature
1.Green Purchase Intention (history and defi 1; linkage with other variable)
Social Factor short paragraph(1-2) to explain each factor.
2.Subjective Norm
3.Collectivism
Consumer Individual Characteristic
4.Green Trust
Cognitive Factor short paragraph(1-2) to explain each factor.
5.Enviromental Knowledge
Environmental knowledge, which involves a comprehensive understanding of factual information, concepts, and interrelationships related to the natural environment and its ecosystems, is a crucial factor in promoting the comprehension and adoption of pro-environmental behaviours (Fryxell & Lo, 2003). Acquiring such knowledge plays a pivotal role in motivating individuals to modify their behaviour and actively participate in actions that benefit the environment. Notably, environmental knowledge is widely acknowledged as a significant driver for sustainable consumption, as it encompasses the cognitive aspects of individuals and their understanding of the environment (Kang et al., 2013). In the realm of environmental knowledge literature, researchers commonly employ various concepts to forecast individual green behaviour, including general or specific environmental knowledge, as well as subjective or objective environmental knowledge (Lee, 2017). Within the scope of this study, environmental knowledge is defined as an individual's subjective perception of their own comprehension of broader environmental issues.
6.Green Perceived Value
The concept of perceived value has a long-standing presence in consumer and marketing literature, demonstrating its significance. From the consumers' standpoint, it embodies the evaluation made when they receive the desired quality and attributes in exchange for the amount they have paid (Zeithaml, 1988). Drawing from this discussion, we can define perceived green value as an individual's conscientiousness in recognizing the value of engaging in pro-environmental actions that yield benefits in terms of reducing both environmental damage and energy expenses. Research has demonstrated the substantial influence of green value on consumers' inclination to purchase hybrid and electric vehicles (Lin and Wu, 2018). Perceived value, being connected to how consumers perceive the value of a product, plays a vital role in driving positive word-of-mouth effects and elevating purchase intentions, making it a crucial factor for marketing success as companies can influence consumers' purchase intentions through their perception of value (Zhuang et al., 2010). When consumers believe that hybrid technology is in harmony with their environmentally conscious values, it increases their likelihood of intending to adopt this technology (Wang et al., 2018). This highlights the importance of the alignment between consumers' environmental values and their adoption decisions.
7.Green Perceived Risk
According to Schiffman and Wisenblit (2019), perceived risk refers to the uncertainty experienced by consumers when they are unable to foresee the consequences of their purchasing decisions. This uncertainty encompasses various risks, including physical, financial, and psychological aspects. Understanding perceived risk plays a pivotal role in establishing consumer confidence, as it pertains to consumers' evaluation of the level of risk associated with purchasing a product and the extent to which it aligns with their expectations (Kakkos, N., Trivellas, P., & Sdrolias, 2015).
8. Green Perceived Quality
Perceived quality plays a crucial role in determining satisfaction and behavioral intention among consumers, as it represents their assessment of the superiority of a specific product or service (Kim et al., 2008). In Zeithaml's research findings, perceived quality is defined as a consumer's evaluation of the overall advantages offered by a product compared to other available alternatives (Zeithaml, 1988). According to Nekmahmud and Fekete-Farkas (2020), perceived quality significantly influences consumers' purchasing decisions. Recognizing the impact of perceived quality is essential for businesses seeking to understand and cater to consumer preferences in order to drive sales and enhance competitiveness.
2.3 Hypotheses (10%)
Subjective Norm has significant relationship with Green Purchase Intention
H1: Subjective Norm has not/significant relationship influence green purchase intention
Collectivism has significant relationship with green purchase intention
H2: Collectivism has not/significant relationship influence green purchase intention
Green Trust and Green Purchase Intention
H3: Green Trust has not/significant relationship influence green purchase intention
Environmental Knowledge and Green Purchase Intention
Environmental knowledge serves as a key determinant of an individual's commitment to social and environmental sustainability, playing a vital role in influencing their inclination to purchase green products (Bhattacharya, 2019). According to Ghahtarani et al. (2020), knowledge plays a crucial role in transforming consumers' purchase intentions, particularly in the context of environmental awareness. As individuals gradually acquire environmental knowledge, their attitudes toward green purchases undergo subtle shifts. Consequently, customers' attitudes toward their intention to make environmentally conscious purchases are likely to be influenced by their level of environmental knowledge. In their study, Cheung and To (2019) found that individuals who possess knowledge about green products are conscious of the environmental implications of their actions. Therefore, this section posits that consumers' environmental knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping their subjective norms. Additionally, environmental knowledge plays a significant role in shaping consumers' purchase intentions toward green products. Prior studies have indicated that consumer intention and behavior in purchasing green products can be influenced by their level of environmental knowledge (Wang, et al., 2019). A similar study, Le Tan & Quang (2023) found a positive and significant relationship between environmental knowledge and green purchase intention among the target audience of Gen Z in Vietnam. The efforts to provide consumers with increasing environmental knowledge have been evident. The importance of environmental issues in human existence is widely recognized, highlighting the key role of environmental knowledge in educating individuals to lead more environmentally friendly lives.
H4: Environmental Knowledge has significant relationship influence green purchase intention
Green Perceived Risk and Green Purchase Intention
Tarabieh (2020) has presented a study of the perceived risk that significantly influences consumers' purchasing decisions and subsequently impacts their behaviour. Consequently, when the perceived risk associated with green products decreases, it is likely to lead to an increase in consumers' intention to make green purchases. As the level of perceived risk increases, customers find themselves facing greater uncertainty when making purchasing decisions, questioning whether their choices will be correct or not. This uncertainty frequently acts as a deterrent, causing consumers to hesitate or refrain from purchasing certain products or services (Sun et al., 2018). Based on the study of Juliana et al. (2020), perceived risk involves the evaluation of the likelihood of negative occurrences and the subjective perception of consumers regarding the potential ramifications resulting from making incorrect choices when buying environmentally friendly or "green" products. In other words, it encompasses the assessment of the possible adverse consequences associated with purchasing such products and is influenced by individuals' subjective interpretations and opinions. aspects.
H5: Green Perceived Risk has significant relationship influences green purchase intention.
Green Perceived Quality and Green Purchase Intention
In the study conducted by Gil and Jacob (2018), it was found that the factors of green perceived quality, green satisfaction, and green trust collectively explained a significant portion (57%) of the variation observed in consumers' green purchase intention, implying that a positive perception of quality, satisfaction, and trust enhances the likelihood of consumers intending to purchase environmentally friendly products. According to Suhaily et al. (2019), green perceived quality refers to consumers' perception of the value in terms of quality that environmentally friendly or green products offer compared to competing products that do not incorporate the concept of green products in their product line. The research conducted by Wu and Chen (2014) revealed a positive relationship between green perceived quality and consumers' purchase intention towards green products.
H6: Green Perceived Quality has significant relationship influences green purchase intention.
2.4 Research framework/model
Explain one paragraph
, in this research
3.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the research methodology will examine the research design and provide justifications and explanations for applying the proposed data analysis methods. The subsequent sections will delve deeper into the procedures involved in data collection, data filtering, questionnaire development, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design 2 paragraphs A research design encompasses the procedures involved in gathering, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data in research investigations (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007). It aids in implementing an overarching plan that connects theoretical research questions to practical and relevant empirical studies. This research will adopt a quantitative approach, focusing on testing model hypotheses. According to Aliaga and Gunderson (2000), quantitative research is characterized by collecting numerical data and statistical analysis to explain a phenomenon. Additionally, the proposed model applies to individuals across various professional sectors, and researching a large population will yield a more accurate and noticeable outcome. Furthermore, this study utilizes survey research to investigate the relationship between variables by gathering measurable data through a questionnaire.
3.2 Sampling Design 3 sentences (what is sampling design- definition)
Sampling design includes target population, sampling technique, unit of analysis, and sample size.
3.2.1 Target Population why above 18, cite, they couldnt make decision by themselves
The target population of this study is Malaysian consumers aged 18 and above. This age group is chosen as it represents the legally recognized age for individuals to make independent purchasing decisions and actively participate in economic activities. Also, all respondents possess a certain level of environmental awareness and concern for sustainable practices.
3.2.2 Sampling Technique mention how I going to do snowball , example online and pass it to my friends
Sampling techniques allow researchers to collect data from a subset of a population instead of the entire population, reducing data collection efforts. There are two main types of sampling techniques: probability and non-probability. This study used a non-probability sampling technique called snowball sampling (Zikmund et al., 2012). Snowball sampling involves identifying and recruiting participants through referrals from existing study subjects. This technique is instrumental when the target population is hard to reach or needs a defined sampling frame (Breweton & Millward, 2001). It leverages social networks to gather insights from individuals who may need to be more easily identifiable or readily available (Atkinson & Flint, 2001).
The process begins by selecting a small number of initial participants who meet the study's criteria. These participants are then asked to refer others from their social networks who might also meet the study criteria or have relevant information (Biernacki & Waldorf, 1981). This referral process creates a "snowball" effect, allowing the sample size to grow organically (Goodman, 1961). The sampling continues until data saturation is reached, where new participants contribute little or no additional insights (Biernacki & Waldorf, 1981).
Snowball sampling offers the advantage of incorporating diverse link-tracing methodologies and utilizing participants' social networks to expand the pool of potential contacts (Baltar & Brunet, 2012). While snowball sampling may not allow generalizing findings to the entire population, it establishes a connection with respondents through trust. To enhance the external validity of the non-probability sample, the researchers also conducted a probability sample of sites within a defined time frame to mitigate geographical changes over time and minimize sampling biases (Van Meter, 1990).
3.2.3 Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis was working adults who interested in using eco-friendly products. Consequently, respondents were randomly selected from adults in Malaysia to participate in the study.
3.2.4 Sample Size
The sample size is calculated using G*Power 3.1.9.7 software to perform power analysis. With an effect size of 0.15 (medium effect) and a statistical power level of 0.80, this model includes two predictors. The alpha error probability level is 0.05, with a 95% confidence level (Memon et al., 2020). The alpha or significance level represents the likelihood that the observed result is due to chance. A higher confidence level necessitates a larger sample size.
Consequently, a minimum of 98 respondents is required, as shown in Figure 2 below. Previous studies have reported sample sizes falling within the range of 150 to 400 (Alwi et al., 2019a; Alwi et al., 2019b; Gan et al., 2020). However, to ensure data accuracy and account for any erroneous data, a sample size of 300 respondents will be proposed for this research.
3.3 Data collection process explain in detail, how u going to approach the customers, how many mins to complete that for one questionnaire, generate qr code or distribute url
An online questionnaire will be employed to facilitate the data collection process, utilizing survey administration software like Google Forms. The selection of an online instrument is based on its ability to effortlessly create questionnaires and conveniently share them with the targeted respondents through chat or email. This approach is particularly advantageous in Malaysia, considering the substantial number of smartphone users and the widespread availability of internet connectivity. Whether accessing the questionnaire through mobile data or public Wi-Fi, participants can complete it from any location. An electronic questionnaire proves to be a viable method for collecting data.
3.4 Operationalization of constructs find questions from journal , put it in 3.5 is a same thing
For this study, appropriate measurement scales were chosen for each variable. Four fundamental data measurement scales are ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio, used to capture data in the questionnaires. In Section A, the ratio and nominal scales were employed. Section B, 5-point Likert scales and interval scales were applied. The table below shows the measurement scales applied to all variables examined in Sections A and B.
3.5 Research Instrument
In this study, data was using an online questionnaire adapted from established queries found in previous research pertinent to the topic. The choice to use online questionnaires was based on their benefits regarding time, cost-efficiency, and accurate information collection. The data analysis process is streamlined with this method, as platforms like Google Forms automatically summarize and simplify responses. The questionnaire was split into two sections. Section A collected demographic data through multiple-choice queries, whereas Section B investigated the factors influencing consumers' green purchase intention to use eco-friendly products. This section used a 5-point Likert scale, with five signifying 'Strongly Agree,' 4 - 'Agree,' 3 - 'Neutral,' 2 - 'Disagree,' and 1 - 'Strongly Disagree.' The questions were made simple and easily understandable to minimize potential misinterpretation by the respondents.
3.6 Proposed data analysisAfter the data collection process, the next step involves filtering the data to keep only the accurate information and eliminate any irrelevant or erroneous data. The collected data is then assessed to verify the validity of the hypotheses outlined in the literature review. To examine the hypotheses proposed in the conceptual framework, a range of tests will be conducted on the data using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. These tests include descriptive analysis, reliability testing, validity test, bootstrap testing, multicollinearity VIF, and multiple linear regression can be performed using SPSS.
3.6.1 Descriptive Analysis
The data analysis will first begin with a Descriptive Analysis. This phase will include generating measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median), measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation), and graphical displays (histograms, box plots, scatter plots) to provide insights into the dataset's distribution and general behavior (Fink, 2009). For instance, the collected data will undergo descriptive analysis to determine the demographic profile of the respondents, such as age group, gender, employment status, and highest educational attainment. This will serve as the foundation for the subsequent steps in the analysis.
3.6.2 Reliability Test (this first before descriptive)
After the descriptive analysis, the data will be subjected to a Reliability Test. Cronbach's alpha, which measures internal consistency, will be used to assess the reliability of the scales (Tavakol & Dennick, 2011). A value of 0.7 or above is generally accepted as a good reliability coefficient. Bujang et al. (2018) stated that an item's Cronbach's Alpha value reaches a minimum of 0.7, considered reliable data. Bland and Altman (1997) have also stated that 0.7 is an acceptable threshold for survey instruments. A higher Cronbach's Alpha value indicates greater data transferability. In cases where a variable fails to reach 0.7, it can be deemed unreliable, and it should be eliminated to enhance the overall reliability of that specific variable.
3.6.3 Validity Test
To establish Validity, both face and content Validity will be checked. Face validity refers to evaluating the quality of assessment items to ensure they are appropriate for analysis and align with the intended purpose. It is important to note that the quality of face validity impacts the respondents' motivation to engage with the test or questionnaire. When the questionnaires are high quality and engaging, participants are more likely to feel motivated and willing to complete them (Anwar & Rizqi, 2016). Thus, ensuring that our measures assess the intended construct is essential. Content validity refers to compatibility between the assessment drafts and the materials being investigated. It involves ensuring that the content of the assessment aligns appropriately with the subject matter being assessed. This can be accomplished by examining and identifying the developed drafts of the item questions used in the assessment. All aspects of the material being assessed must be adequately represented. In order to analyze content validity, descriptive analysis is commonly employed by comparing the coverage of all the relevant materials that should be included in the analysis with the coverage provided by the developed draft content or grids (Deniz & Alsaffar, 2013). Hence, it is important to verify that our measures fully cover the concept we are studying (Polit & Beck, 2006).
3.7 Summary of Chapter 3
3.6.4 Multicollinearity VIF
Before performing Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, we will test for Multicollinearity using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). Multicollinearity refers to high correlations between predictor variables in a regression model, which can lead to unreliable and misleading results. The VIF is a statistical measure that quantifies the extent of Multicollinearity in the model. VIF values of 5 or above typically suggest high Multicollinearity, suggesting that the corresponding predictor variable is highly correlated with other variables in the model, which can affect the interpretation and reliability of the regression coefficients (OBrien, 2007). Identify the predictor variables with high VIF values and consider addressing the multicollinearity issue. This can be done by removing one or more correlated variables, transforming variables, or using other techniques such as principal component analysis. In this analysis, we will compute the VIF for each predictor variable and examine whether Multicollinearity is present (VIF > 5) or not (VIF < 5) (DeVellis, 2016).
3.6.5 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
The final step will involve Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, where we will develop a model to predict our dependent variable based on several independent variables (Field, 2013). The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is evaluated through a regression test called Multiple Linear Regression (Uyank & Gler, 2013). The significance of the tested variable is determined by the F-value, which examines the causal relationship between the hypotheses. If the P-value of the F-test, conducted at a 95% confidence level, is below 0.05, it indicates that the relationship between the examined variables is statistically significant (Vsquez, 2020).
References:
UNEP. (2017). Nudge to action: Behavioural science for sustainability. [online] Available at: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/nudge-action-behavioural-science-sustainability.
Colombo Plan Staff College. (n.d.). Government of Malaysias Initiative for Green Economy and the TVET Response. [online] Available at: https://www.cpsctech.org/2014/07/government-of-malaysias-initiative-for.html.
Al-Kumaim, N.H., Shabbir, M.S., Alfarisi, S., Hassan, S.H., Alhazmi, A.K., Hishan, S.S., Al-Shami, S., Gazem, N.A., Mohammed, F. and Abu Al-Rejal, H.M. (2021). Fostering a Clean and Sustainable Environment through Green Product Purchasing Behavior: Insights from Malaysian Consumers Perspective. Sustainability, [online] 13(22), p.12585. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212585.
Fuchs and Lorek (2005), Sustainable Consumption Governance: A History of Promises and Failures. Journal of consumer policy, Vol. 3, No. 28, pp. 261-288.
United Nations This study is part of the Sustainable Development in the 21st century ( SD21 ) project (2012). Synthesis. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/641Synthesis_report_Web.pdf.
Zheng, M., Tang, D. and Xu, A. (2023). Attribute-Driven or Green-Driven: The Impact of Subjective and Objective Knowledge on Sustainable Tea Consumption. Foods, [online] 12(1), p.152. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010152.
