PUBH102: Foundations of Health Promotion, 2023 Semester 1 Assessment Task 2: Addressing health determinants

PUBH102: Foundations of Health Promotion, 2023 Semester 1 Assessment Task 2: Addressing health determinants

An individuals alcohol consumption is a behavioural determinant of health that has a large impact on an individuals overall health. Responsible alcohol consumption, in line with health guidelines is an important health promotion priority which has benefits for individuals and population groups. Advocating for promotion strategies to further promote responsible alcohol consumption allows for a focus on health benefits, reduced risk factors and a positive impact on health outcomes. The World Health Organisation ([WHO], 2019) recommend that individuals consume alcohol in moderation and in accordance with national health guidelines. Further, specific sub-groups may benefit more from the promotion of responsible alcohol consumption. The consumption of alcohol in a responsible and moderate manner can lead to improved public health outcomes, and social responsibility.

Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to various negative health outcomes and is considered a risk factor for many chronic diseases. Excessive consumption of alcohol is linked to significant harms at both an individual and societal level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VTcAl2hs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roche et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Roche et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/5HV5J46T"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"Evidence review: the social determinants of inequities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health outcomes","author":[{"family":"Roche","given":"Ann"},{"family":"Kostadinov","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Fischer","given":"Jane"},{"family":"Nicholas","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roche et al., 2015). At an individual level, alcohol use can lead to severe chronic harm such as injuries, physiological distress and both cardiovascular and liver disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sE6tZoI9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roche et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Roche et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/5HV5J46T"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"Evidence review: the social determinants of inequities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health outcomes","author":[{"family":"Roche","given":"Ann"},{"family":"Kostadinov","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Fischer","given":"Jane"},{"family":"Nicholas","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roche et al., 2015). ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qZe93PlI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roche et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Roche et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":86,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/5HV5J46T"],"itemData":{"id":86,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"Evidence review: the social determinants of inequities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health outcomes","author":[{"family":"Roche","given":"Ann"},{"family":"Kostadinov","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Fischer","given":"Jane"},{"family":"Nicholas","given":"Roger"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Roche et al. (2015) states that at a societal level, alcohol consumption contributes to incidents related to violence, crime, motor vehicle accidents, mental health disorders, and domestic violence. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fQnQ4zRY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(de Goeij et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(de Goeij et al., 2015)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":59,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/9IT2D99N"],"itemData":{"id":59,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Economic crises are complex events that affect behavioral patterns (including alcohol consumption) via opposing mechanisms. With this realist systematic review, we aimed to investigate evidence from studies of previous or ongoing crises on which mechanisms (How?) play a role among which individuals (Whom?). Such evidence would help understand and predict the potential impact of economic crises on alcohol consumption. Medical, psychological, social, and economic databases were used to search for peer-reviewed qualitative or quantitative empirical evidence (published January 1, 1990May 1, 2014) linking economic crises or stressors with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems. We included 35 papers, based on defined selection criteria. From these papers, we extracted evidence on mechanism(s), determinant, outcome, country-level context, and individual context. We found 16 studies that reported evidence completely covering two behavioral mechanisms by which economic crises can influence alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems. The first mechanism suggests that psychological distress triggered by unemployment and income reductions can increase drinking problems. The second mechanism suggests that due to tighter budget constraints, less money is spent on alcoholic beverages. Across many countries, the psychological distress mechanism was observed mainly in men. The tighter budget constraints mechanism seems to play a role in all population subgroups across all countries. For the other three mechanisms (i.e., deterioration in the social situation, fear of losing one's job, and increased non-working time), empirical evidence was scarce or absent, or had small to moderate coverage. This was also the case for important influential contextual factors described in our initial theoretical framework. This realist systematic review suggests that among men (but not among women), the net impact of economic crises will be an increase in harmful drinking. Such a different net impact between men and women could potentially contribute to growing gender-related health inequalities during a crisis.","container-title":"Social Science & Medicine","DOI":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025","ISSN":"0277-9536","journalAbbreviation":"Social Science & Medicine","language":"en","page":"131-146","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review","title-short":"How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems","volume":"131","author":[{"family":"Goeij","given":"Moniek C. M.","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Suhrcke","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Toffolutti","given":"Veronica"},{"family":"Mheen","given":"Dike","non-dropping-particle":"van de"},{"family":"Schoenmakers","given":"Tim M."},{"family":"Kunst","given":"Anton E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",4,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} De Goeij et al. (2015) highlight excessive alcohol consumption has a considerable effect on overall public health and welfare as it is casually linked to various chronic conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. WHO (2019) states that the harmful consumption of alcohol resulted in roughly 3 million deaths in 2016, with a higher mortality rate than those of both tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lNBGRXuG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shield et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Shield et al., 2014)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":64,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/JRPVSINC"],"itemData":{"id":64,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and conditions. The average volume of alcohol consumed, consumption patterns, and quality of the alcoholic beverages consumed likely have a causal impact on the mortality and morbidity related to chronic diseases and conditions. Twenty-five chronic disease and condition codes in the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 are entirely attributable to alcohol, and alcohol plays a component-risk role in certain cancers, other tumors, neuropsychiatric conditions, and numerous cardiovascular and digestive diseases. Furthermore, alcohol has both beneficial and detrimental impacts on diabetes, ischemic stroke, and ischemic heart disease, depending on the overall volume of alcohol consumed, and, in the case of ischemic diseases, consumption patterns. However, limitations exist to the methods used to calculate the relative risks and alcohol-attributable fractions. Furthermore, new studies and confounders may lead to additional diseases being causally linked to alcohol consumption, or may disprove the relationship between alcohol consumption and certain diseases that currently are considered to be causally linked. These limitations do not affect the conclusion that alcohol consumption significantly contributes to the burden of chronic diseases and conditions globally, and that this burden should be a target for intervention.","container-title":"Alcohol Research : Current Reviews","ISSN":"2168-3492","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Alcohol Res","note":"PMID: 24881324nPMCID: PMC3908707","page":"155-171","source":"PubMed Central","title":"Chronic Diseases and Conditions Related to Alcohol Use","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Shield","given":"Kevin D."},{"family":"Parry","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Rehm","given":"Jrgen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Shield et al. (2014) found alcohol consumption is casually associated with the risk of several cancers, these include breast, colon, liver, and throat cancer. Similarly, ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WDAq3Azu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Griswold et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Griswold et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":67,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/D7MPDAJX"],"itemData":{"id":67,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The Lancet","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","ISSN":"0140-6736, 1474-547X","issue":"10152","journalAbbreviation":"The Lancet","language":"English","note":"publisher: ElseviernPMID: 30146330","page":"1015-1035","source":"www.thelancet.com","title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 19902016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","title-short":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 19902016","volume":"392","author":[{"family":"Griswold","given":"Max G."},{"family":"Fullman","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Hawley","given":"Caitlin"},{"family":"Arian","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Zimsen","given":"Stephanie R. 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N."},{"family":"Rezai","given":"Mohammad Sadegh"},{"family":"Roever","given":"Leonardo"},{"family":"Ronfani","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Room","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Roshandel","given":"Gholamreza"},{"family":"Rostami","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Roth","given":"Gregory A."},{"family":"Roy","given":"Ambuj"},{"family":"Sabde","given":"Yogesh Damodar"},{"family":"Saddik","given":"Basema"},{"family":"Safiri","given":"Saeid"},{"family":"Sahebkar","given":"Amirhossein"},{"family":"Salama","given":"Joseph S."},{"family":"Saleem","given":"Zikria"},{"family":"Salomon","given":"Joshua A."},{"family":"Salvi","given":"Sundeep Santosh"},{"family":"Sanabria","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Sanchez-Nio","given":"Maria Dolores"},{"family":"Santomauro","given":"Damian Francesco"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Itamar S."},{"family":"Milicevic","given":"Milena M. M. 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D."},{"family":"Soriano","given":"Joan B."},{"family":"Sreeramareddy","given":"Chandrashekhar T."},{"family":"Steckling","given":"Nadine"},{"family":"Stein","given":"Dan J."},{"family":"Sufiyan","given":"Mu'awiyyah Babale"},{"family":"Sur","given":"Patrick J."},{"family":"Sykes","given":"Bryan L."},{"family":"Tabars-Seisdedos","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Tabuchi","given":"Takahiro"},{"family":"Tavakkoli","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Tehrani-Banihashemi","given":"Arash"},{"family":"Tekle","given":"Merhawi Gebremedhin"},{"family":"Thapa","given":"Subash"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Nihal"},{"family":"Topor-Madry","given":"Roman"},{"family":"Topouzis","given":"Fotis"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Bach Xuan"},{"family":"Troeger","given":"Christopher E."},{"family":"Truelsen","given":"Thomas Clement"},{"family":"Tsilimparis","given":"Nikolaos"},{"family":"Tyrovolas","given":"Stefanos"},{"family":"Ukwaja","given":"Kingsley Nnanna"},{"family":"Ullah","given":"Irfan"},{"family":"Uthman","given":"Olalekan A."},{"family":"Valdez","given":"Pascual R."},{"family":"Boven","given":"Job F. M. Van"},{"family":"Vasankari","given":"Tommi Juhani"},{"family":"Venketasubramanian","given":"Narayanaswamy"},{"family":"Violante","given":"Francesco S."},{"family":"Vladimirov","given":"Sergey Konstantinovitch"},{"family":"Vlassov","given":"Vasily"},{"family":"Vollset","given":"Stein Emil"},{"family":"Vos","given":"Theo"},{"family":"Wagnew","given":"Fasil Wagnew Shiferaw"},{"family":"Waheed","given":"Yasir"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuan-Pang"},{"family":"Weiderpass","given":"Elisabete"},{"family":"Weldegebreal","given":"Fitsum"},{"family":"Weldegwergs","given":"Kidu Gidey"},{"family":"Werdecker","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Westerman","given":"Ronny"},{"family":"Whiteford","given":"Harvey A."},{"family":"Widecka","given":"Justyna"},{"family":"Wijeratne","given":"Tissa"},{"family":"Wyper","given":"Grant M. A."},{"family":"Xu","given":"Gelin"},{"family":"Yamada","given":"Tomohide"},{"family":"Yano","given":"Yuichiro"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Pengpeng"},{"family":"Yimer","given":"Ebrahim M."},{"family":"Yip","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Yirsaw","given":"Biruck Desalegn"},{"family":"Yisma","given":"Engida"},{"family":"Yonemoto","given":"Naohiro"},{"family":"Yoon","given":"Seok-Jun"},{"family":"Yotebieng","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Younis","given":"Mustafa Z."},{"family":"Zachariah","given":"Geevar"},{"family":"Zaidi","given":"Zoubida"},{"family":"Zamani","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xueying"},{"family":"Zodpey","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Mokdad","given":"Ali H."},{"family":"Naghavi","given":"Mohsen"},{"family":"Murray","given":"Christopher J. L."},{"family":"Gakidou","given":"Emmanuela"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",9,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Griswold et al., 2018) highlights excessive alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for the global burden of disease in 2016. A significant health outcome in association to excessive consumption of alcohol is liver disease. Research has concluded that the most impactful risk factor of liver disease is excessive alcohol consumption ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I899fi2d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mann et al., 2003)","plainCitation":"(Mann et al., 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":70,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/JPLCUG8X"],"itemData":{"id":70,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"This article describes the various forms of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), with particular emphasis on cirrhosis, the form of liver disease that often is most associated with alcohol abuse and about which the most information is available. Epidemiological research has evaluated the prevalence of ALD and the factors that often contribute to the disease. Although the most potent factor in ALD is the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, gender and ethnic differences also account for some important variations in rates of liver disease. Mortality rates from cirrhosis have declined in the United States and some other countries since the 1970s. A number of factors may have contributed to this decline, including increased participation in treatment for alcohol problems and Alcoholics Anonymous membership, decreases in alcohol consumption, and changes in the consumption of certain types of alcoholic beverages.","container-title":"Alcohol Research & Health","ISSN":"1535-7414","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Alcohol Res Health","note":"PMID: 15535449nPMCID: PMC6668879","page":"209-219","source":"PubMed Central","title":"The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"27","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Robert E."},{"family":"Smart","given":"Reginald G."},{"family":"Govoni","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mann et al., 2003). The consumption of alcohol affects many aspects within the cardiovascular system. Excessive consumption of alcohol is linked to an increased risk of hypertension, abnormalities in the electrical signals within the heart, cardiovascular disease and stroke ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NLNylk3b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shield et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Shield et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":64,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/JRPVSINC"],"itemData":{"id":64,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and conditions. The average volume of alcohol consumed, consumption patterns, and quality of the alcoholic beverages consumed likely have a causal impact on the mortality and morbidity related to chronic diseases and conditions. Twenty-five chronic disease and condition codes in the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 are entirely attributable to alcohol, and alcohol plays a component-risk role in certain cancers, other tumors, neuropsychiatric conditions, and numerous cardiovascular and digestive diseases. Furthermore, alcohol has both beneficial and detrimental impacts on diabetes, ischemic stroke, and ischemic heart disease, depending on the overall volume of alcohol consumed, and, in the case of ischemic diseases, consumption patterns. However, limitations exist to the methods used to calculate the relative risks and alcohol-attributable fractions. Furthermore, new studies and confounders may lead to additional diseases being causally linked to alcohol consumption, or may disprove the relationship between alcohol consumption and certain diseases that currently are considered to be causally linked. These limitations do not affect the conclusion that alcohol consumption significantly contributes to the burden of chronic diseases and conditions globally, and that this burden should be a target for intervention.","container-title":"Alcohol Research : Current Reviews","ISSN":"2168-3492","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Alcohol Res","note":"PMID: 24881324nPMCID: PMC3908707","page":"155-171","source":"PubMed Central","title":"Chronic Diseases and Conditions Related to Alcohol Use","volume":"35","author":[{"family":"Shield","given":"Kevin D."},{"family":"Parry","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Rehm","given":"Jrgen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shield et al., 2014). Harmful patterns of alcohol consumption have an association with a multitude of harms. Excessive consumption of alcohol can impair an individuals judgement and coordination emphasising a higher risk of accidents. Further, excessive drinking occasions may lead to injuries both intentional and unintentional, resulting from incidents such as violent behaviour, suicide and, traffic accidents ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u173YUVI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(de Goeij et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(de Goeij et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":59,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/9IT2D99N"],"itemData":{"id":59,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Economic crises are complex events that affect behavioral patterns (including alcohol consumption) via opposing mechanisms. With this realist systematic review, we aimed to investigate evidence from studies of previous or ongoing crises on which mechanisms (How?) play a role among which individuals (Whom?). Such evidence would help understand and predict the potential impact of economic crises on alcohol consumption. Medical, psychological, social, and economic databases were used to search for peer-reviewed qualitative or quantitative empirical evidence (published January 1, 1990May 1, 2014) linking economic crises or stressors with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems. We included 35 papers, based on defined selection criteria. From these papers, we extracted evidence on mechanism(s), determinant, outcome, country-level context, and individual context. We found 16 studies that reported evidence completely covering two behavioral mechanisms by which economic crises can influence alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems. The first mechanism suggests that psychological distress triggered by unemployment and income reductions can increase drinking problems. The second mechanism suggests that due to tighter budget constraints, less money is spent on alcoholic beverages. Across many countries, the psychological distress mechanism was observed mainly in men. The tighter budget constraints mechanism seems to play a role in all population subgroups across all countries. For the other three mechanisms (i.e., deterioration in the social situation, fear of losing one's job, and increased non-working time), empirical evidence was scarce or absent, or had small to moderate coverage. This was also the case for important influential contextual factors described in our initial theoretical framework. This realist systematic review suggests that among men (but not among women), the net impact of economic crises will be an increase in harmful drinking. Such a different net impact between men and women could potentially contribute to growing gender-related health inequalities during a crisis.","container-title":"Social Science & Medicine","DOI":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025","ISSN":"0277-9536","journalAbbreviation":"Social Science & Medicine","language":"en","page":"131-146","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review","title-short":"How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems","volume":"131","author":[{"family":"Goeij","given":"Moniek C. M.","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Suhrcke","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Toffolutti","given":"Veronica"},{"family":"Mheen","given":"Dike","non-dropping-particle":"van de"},{"family":"Schoenmakers","given":"Tim M."},{"family":"Kunst","given":"Anton E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",4,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (de Goeij et al., 2015). Among a recent study of people who drink, 6.7% have injured either themselves or another individual due to alcohol consumption within their lifetime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dtcfBEW2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({i{}National Alcohol Strategy 2019uc0u8211{}2026}, 2019)","plainCitation":"(National Alcohol Strategy 20192026, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":63,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/ZYP6GP78"],"itemData":{"id":63,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"National Alcohol Strategy 20192026","contributor":[{"literal":"Australian Department of Health and Aged Care"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Alcohol Strategy 20192026, 2019). In addition, high alcohol consumption can lead to signs and symptoms of many mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and psychosis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xrxNCsmi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({i{}Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":75,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/3TU5IQ9I"],"itemData":{"id":75,"type":"webpage","title":"Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders","URL":"https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-2/90-98.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2023",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders, n.d.). Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption can have harmful effects on social and economic wellbeing including alcohol related violence, loss of productivity and increases to healthcare costs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j2bIoeY9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bouchery et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Bouchery et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":82,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/8VUEFIEH"],"itemData":{"id":82,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"BackgroundnExcessive alcohol consumption causes premature death (average of 79,000 deaths annually); increased disease and injury; property damage from fire and motor vehicle crashes; alcohol-related crime; and lost productivity. However, its economic cost has not been assessed for the U.S. since 1998.nPurposenTo update prior national estimates of the economic costs of excessive drinking.nMethodsnThis study (conducted 20092010) followed U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines to assess the economic cost of excessive alcohol consumption in 2006. Costs for health care, productivity losses, and other effects (e.g., property damage) in 2006 were obtained from national databases. Alcohol-attributable fractions were obtained from multiple sources and used to assess the proportion of costs that could be attributed to excessive alcohol consumption.nResultsnThe estimated economic cost of excessive drinking was $223.5 billion in 2006 (72.2% from lost productivity, 11.0% from healthcare costs, 9.4% from criminal justice costs, and 7.5% from other effects) or approximately $1.90 per alcoholic drink. Binge drinking resulted in costs of $170.7 billion (76.4% of the total); underage drinking $27.0 billion; and drinking during pregnancy $5.2 billion. The cost of alcohol-attributable crime was $73.3 billion. The cost to government was $94.2 billion (42.1% of the total cost), which corresponds to about $0.80 per alcoholic drink consumed in 2006 (categories are not mutually exclusive and may overlap).nConclusionsnOn a per capita basis, the economic impact of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S. is approximately $746 per person, most of which is attributable to binge drinking. Evidence-based strategies for reducing excessive drinking should be widely implemented.","container-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","DOI":"10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.045","ISSN":"0749-3797","issue":"5","journalAbbreviation":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","language":"en","page":"516-524","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006","volume":"41","author":[{"family":"Bouchery","given":"Ellen E."},{"family":"Harwood","given":"Henrick J."},{"family":"Sacks","given":"Jeffrey J."},{"family":"Simon","given":"Carol J."},{"family":"Brewer","given":"Robert D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",11,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bouchery et al., 2011). High levels of alcohol consumption are a significant health risk factor for many diseases and conditions and has a negative impact on health outcomes.

Alcohol consumption has a significant role within Australian culture. It is reported that 1 in 3 individuals exceed guideline recommendations in relation to single sitting alcohol consumption ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"A4cLxMp6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({i{}National Alcohol Strategy 2019uc0u8211{}2026}, 2019)","plainCitation":"(National Alcohol Strategy 20192026, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":63,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/ZYP6GP78"],"itemData":{"id":63,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"National Alcohol Strategy 20192026","contributor":[{"literal":"Australian Department of Health and Aged Care"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Alcohol Strategy 20192026, 2019). However, a population sub-group who would significantly benefit from health promotion strategy in relation to reduction of alcohol consumption, in line with guidelines is Indigenous Australians. The Australian Institute of Health and Wellbeing ([AIHW], 2023) state Indigenous Australians have a higher likelihood than non-Indigenous Australians to report consuming alcohol at a level in which is considered high risk. These high rates of alcohol consumption among Indigenous Australians can be correlated to varying social and cultural determinants including social disadvantage, trauma in relation to historical events, and reduced access to healthcare services (AIHW, 2023). Reducing alcohol consumption within Indigenous Australians may have a significant benefit on overall health. AIHW (2023) states Indigenous Australians have higher rates of chronic disease then non-Indigenous people, therefore using the guidelines to responsibly and moderately consume alcohol allows for a reduced risk within Indigenous Australian individuals of developing these chronic diseases. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9J339IZ7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({i{}National Alcohol Strategy 2019uc0u8211{}2026}, 2019)","plainCitation":"(National Alcohol Strategy 20192026, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":63,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/ZYP6GP78"],"itemData":{"id":63,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"National Alcohol Strategy 20192026","contributor":[{"literal":"Australian Department of Health and Aged Care"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",12]]}},"label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Alcohol Strategy 20192026, 2019) shows that Indigenous Australians were more likely to experience injury related to alcohol consumption than non-Indigenous Australians. For promotion of responsible alcohol consumption, in line with guidelines among Indigenous Australians health promotion strategies are needed. Intervention strategies that have proven to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption among Indigenous Australians include community led programs, and culturally appropriate education ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FeuNnoCf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Wilson et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":78,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/B988A5GU"],"itemData":{"id":78,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","source":"Zotero","title":"The harmful use of alcohol amongst Indigenous Australians","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Mandy"},{"family":"Stearne","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Gray","given":"Dennis"},{"family":"Saggers","given":"Sherry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson et al., 2010). An example is the Strong Spirit Strong Mind program which is a culturally appropriate and evidence based strategy aimed to help educate Indigenous Australians on responsible consumption in relation to the guidelines ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gbq56Myg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({i{}Strong Spirit Strong Mind}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Strong Spirit Strong Mind, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":79,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/K4nE8rOO/items/FQQPC3UA"],"itemData":{"id":79,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Find out more what is alcohol, its effects, what harmful drinking looks like, alcohol reduction strategies, standard drinks and where to seek support!","language":"en","title":"Strong Spirit Strong Mind","URL":"https://strongspiritstrongmind.com.au/alcohol/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2023",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Strong Spirit Strong Mind, n.d.). Responsible alcohol consumption is an important health promotion priority for Indigenous Australians as it allows for greater overall health outcomes.

In conclusion, advocating for responsible consumption of alcohol, in accordance with health guidelines is a key health promotion priority. It is highlighted that responsible alcohol consumption allows for a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as liver diseases and cancer, improved mental health and less social harm including intentional and unintentional accidents. Furthermore, the sub-group Indigenous Australians can benefit from these health promotion strategies in relation to moderate intake of alcohol. promotion of responsible alcohol consumption, in line with health guidelines allows for significant health benefits.

Reference List

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved 30 April 2023, from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-2/90-98.htm

Bouchery, E. E., Harwood, H. J., Sacks, J. J., Simon, C. J., & Brewer, R. D. (2011). Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(5), 516524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.045

de Goeij, M. C. M., Suhrcke, M., Toffolutti, V., van de Mheen, D., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015). How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 131, 131146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025

Griswold, M. G., Fullman, N., Hawley, C., Arian, N., Zimsen, S. R. M., Tymeson, H. D., Venkateswaran, V., Tapp, A. D., Forouzanfar, M. H., Salama, J. S., Abate, K. H., Abate, D., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abdulkader, R. S., Abebe, Z., Aboyans, V., Abrar, M. M., Acharya, P., Gakidou, E. (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 19902016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392(10152), 10151035. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2

Mann, R. E., Smart, R. G., & Govoni, R. (2003). The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Alcohol Research & Health, 27(3), 209219.

National Alcohol Strategy 20192026. (2019).

Roche, A., Kostadinov, V., Fischer, J., & Nicholas, R. (2015). Evidence review: The social determinants of inequities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health outcomes.

Shield, K. D., Parry, C., & Rehm, J. (2014). Chronic Diseases and Conditions Related to Alcohol Use. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 35(2), 155171.

Strong Spirit Strong Mind. (n.d.). Retrieved 30 April 2023, from https://strongspiritstrongmind.com.au/alcohol/

Wilson, M., Stearne, A., Gray, D., & Saggers, S. (2010). The harmful use of alcohol amongst Indigenous Australians.

World Health Organization. (2019).Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. World Health Organization.