Shared execution of mobility, parking and transport
Shared execution of mobility, parking and transport
for the City of Perth (SMPT)
A Research Report
Title
Give your report a unique title (Times New Roman Bold Font size 14)
Tahiatul Jannath Bhuiyan
tbhuiyan@our.ecu.edu.au
Student Number: 10637997
Kusam Lata
kusamlat@our.ecu.edu.au
Student Number: 10620204
Nayana Thankachan
Nthankac@our.ecu.edu.au
Student Number: 10626231
Changqian Cao
ccao1@our.ecu.edu.auStudent Number: 10642990
Table of Contents
TOC o "1-3" h z u Introduction and Background PAGEREF _Toc163339340 h 3Research and Review of the Literature PAGEREF _Toc163339341 h 3Identification of trusted solutions(s) PAGEREF _Toc163339342 h 4Intelligent parking system: PAGEREF _Toc163339343 h 4Smart transportation system: PAGEREF _Toc163339344 h 5Accessible smart assistant: PAGEREF _Toc163339345 h 5Privacy and Security: PAGEREF _Toc163339346 h 6A Data Driven Approach PAGEREF _Toc163339347 h 6Deficit Issues PAGEREF _Toc163339348 h 71. Mobility of Homeless People: PAGEREF _Toc163339349 h 72. Challenges for Older People: PAGEREF _Toc163339350 h 83. Challenges for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: PAGEREF _Toc163339351 h 84. Illegal parking: PAGEREF _Toc163339352 h 8Summary and Conclusions PAGEREF _Toc163339353 h 8References PAGEREF _Toc163339354 h 8
Introduction and BackgroundTo address the shared execution of mobility, parking, and transport for the City of Perth, a comprehensive and inclusive solution must be identified. We tried to encompass several key aspects. Firstly, we strive to create a seamless and efficient transport system by integrating various modes of transport. This will enable individuals to easily navigate the city and access transportation options that suit their needs. Secondly, we prioritize user-friendly technology, such as mobile apps and websites, to provide clear and accessible information on parking, transport options, and mobility services. The interface intuitive and inclusive to accommodate users of all ages and technological backgrounds. Accessibility for all is another important consideration, ensuring equal access to transportation and mobility services for older, disable West Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, and other diverse groups CITATION A2020 l 2057 (A. (2020). Diversity, access and inclusion. Wa.gov.au., 2020). We tried to involve implementing features like accessibility options, Intelligent parking system, smart transportation system, Accessible smart assistant and Privacy and security solution with IOS standard. Robust data security measures like encryption and secure authentication protocols will be implemented. Safety for shop owners and employees are also prioritized, with features like emergency assistance buttons and real-time monitoring. A universal digital app id proposed to provide a single platform for comprehensive information on parking availability, real-time transport schedules, and mobility services. We also focused on collaboration through public-private partnerships with the government, the City of Perth, and key stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive approach that leverages expertise, resources, and responsibilities. By addressing these aspects, the City of Perth can successfully overcome the challenges associated with shared execution of mobility, parking, and transport, resulting in a more efficient and accessible transportation network for residents, visitors, and businesses based on the geography. CITATION Ric15 l 2057 (Ricciardi, 2015)Research and Review of the LiteratureOur research will involve gathering flows that affect the transport and movement of people and build solution to assist people who feel confused or afraid of existing technology information systems and analysing relevant data from various sources, such as parking systems, transportation providers, and user feedback. Furthermore, building a single digital app solution that can be accessed by all people.
It is needless to say that Sustainable Mobility Public Transport (SMPT) has several key challenges that need to be addressed and overcome to gain effectiveness and sustainability.
The first thing we need to concentrate on Accessibility and Inclusivity, one of the most important elements of equitable urban mobility is making public transportation networks accessible and inclusive for everyone, including people with disabilities and people with mobility issues as from a recent study we have found out of 4.4 million 17.7% people are disable, 15.9% was aged 65 years and over CITATION Int22 l 2057 (Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Master Plan. (2022), 2022). Parking systems can be more efficient and user-friendly with the help of smart parking technologies. Sensor-based parking guidance, mobile payment apps and real time availability updates can help drivers find available parking spaces more quickly, avoid circling for parking and simplify payment processes, improving overall parking management. On the other hand, in this SMPT research report, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a key role in driving the development of transport infrastructure and services in Perth. Given the scale and complexity of transport projects, public-private partnerships (PPPs) provide a strategic way to leverage investment, leverage innovation, and provide sustainable mobility solutions effectively. PPPs leverage private sector expertise across areas such as funding, construction, operation, and technology to drive the development and deployment of sustainable mobility initiatives while mitigating risk and optimising resource allocation. PPPs also foster collaboration between government bodies, private companies and other stakeholders to drive a more holistic and integrated approach to planning and delivering urban mobility solutions.
Identification of trusted solutions(s)
In response to the public transport and parking system challenges facing the City of Perth, this report proposes a range of solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart city concepts. These solutions aim to improve urban mobility equity, accessibility, privacy protection and provide safe and reliable transportation options for all residents, including seniors, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and people with disabilities.
Intelligent parking system
The system will widely deploy IoT sensing devices, such as pressure sensors, cameras, etc., to monitor the usage of parking lots and roadside parking spaces in real-time, and upload the data to edge nodes through wireless transmission technology.1 The edge nodes will perform preliminary processing on the original data, remove invalid and redundant information, and apply machine learning algorithms to identify traffic flow patterns to make dynamic assessments and predictions of parking supply.CITATION Alsil l 2057 (Alsafery, 2018, April) The processed data will be transmitted to the cloud, where demand peaks and congestion-prone areas will be determined through big data analysis, and combined with real-time traffic information, guide routes will be planned for car owners to reduce blind search and detour time. At the same time, the cloud server can also predict the parking supply and demand relationship at different time periods and locations based on historical data, providing a decision-making basis for the government to formulate parking charging and guidance strategies. At the same time, the system will also use cameras and optical license plate recognition technology to ensure that accessible parking spaces are only used by authorized persons. Once an illegal vehicle is found to have been occupied for a long time, the system will automatically identify the license plate number and issue a ticket to the owner. The introduction of this function will effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of people with disabilities and the elderly. Moreover, To ensure safe parking for shop owner and employees, the system is also a transparent, easy and secure parking system. Simple operation and clear information provide users with a seamless experience, including clear instructions, multiple cashless payment options, and real-time parking space inquiry. At the same time, the system will comprehensively strengthen the security of the parking area, add intelligent lighting, video surveillance and other facilities, and equip professional security personnel to quickly respond to security incidents, eliminate parking hazards to the greatest extent, ensure the personal and property safety of employees and the public, and win public trust.
Smart transportation system
Drawing on the successful experience of the "511 system" in the United States, CITATION Che20 l 2057 (Cheng, 2020) Perth will build an integrated intelligent transportation system. The system will collect traffic flow, road conditions and weather data in real-time through a variety of sensing devices (such as roadside cameras, GPS, weather monitoring stations, etc.), and use big data analysis and traffic simulation technology to process and model these data.
On this basis, the system can provide citizens with customized travel guidance services, recommending the best means of transportation, departure time and route. At the same time, the system can also intelligently dispatch freight vehicles and public transportation vehicles to avoid congested road sections. For government departments, the system will provide multi-dimensional traffic data support, which will help formulate temporary and long-term congestion control measures, CITATION Che20 l 2057 (Cheng, 2020) such as implementing dynamic congestion charges, expanding gap sections, optimizing bus lines, etc.
Accessible smart assistant
The system will develop barrier-free and friendly intelligent assistant applications for three special groups: the elderly, the disabled and indigenous residents. CITATION deO18 l 2057 (de Oliveira Neto, 2018) Based on the actual needs of users, this application provides one-stop travel services including parking navigation, transportation, and barrier-free route planning. The application will extensively use speech recognition and speech synthesis technology to ensure that even people with limited vision or thumb operation abilities can conveniently use various functions through voice commands. In addition, the application will also provide versions that support local indigenous languages to eliminate language barriers. In order to help special groups use the application smoothly, dedicated personnel will also provide on-site guidance. CITATION deO18 l 2057 (de Oliveira Neto, 2018)Privacy and Security
Privacy security is the core pillar of the entire solution. In the data collection and transmission process, the system will use anonymization and data desensitization technologies to cut off the connection between personal identity information and behavioral data, thereby avoiding the risk of privacy leaks. CITATION Bra01 l 2057 (Braun, 2018/03/01) All data will also be secured with end-to-end encryption while in transit. In the cloud, a role-based access control mechanism is adopted, and only authorized service providers and data analysts can access relevant data. CITATION Kit12 l 2057 (Kitchin, 2017/12/12) All data analysis results will also be filtered to remove personally identifiable details before being released publicly. In addition, the design, development, and operation and maintenance of the entire system will follow the "security-oriented" concept, and comprehensive threat modeling and risk assessment will be conducted on each link from the system architecture level. CITATION Kit12 l 2057 (Kitchin, 2017/12/12) Before the system goes online, the robustness of the system will be ensured through multiple methods such as penetration testing and fuzz testing, and a multiple protection system will be formed. CITATION Kit12 l 2057 (Kitchin, 2017/12/12)Overall, this integrated smart city travel solution will bring an unprecedented travel experience to Perth. Intelligent parking systems will reduce car-finding time and traffic congestion; intelligent transportation systems will improve the efficiency of road network traffic; barrier-free assistants will ensure the travel rights of disadvantaged groups; privacy and security protection mechanisms will also protect the trustworthy operation of the entire system. The solution will ultimately promote the optimal allocation of transportation resources in a digital and intelligent manner, bringing a fair, efficient, and comfortable travel experience to Perth citizens.
A Data Driven ApproachIn the above research we focused on Intelligent parking system, smart transportation system, and Accessible smart assistant, in order to build all those things we will implement On-street parking information (OSPI) systems to alleviate urban traffic by reducing the amount of time it takes to search for a parking spot.
This study is to train and evaluation of the model and verification of collected data. One of the main targets of our proposal is the feature extraction from parking event (PE) data. The parking events data are collected from the car fleet and are stored at cars backend data centre, which is why there is a bias towards those users. All the parking events are anonymized according to Western Australian defined data privacy standards and are generated when the car engine turns off or on, which corresponds to parked-in events and parked-out events respectively. The PE event has also been post-processed to only contain events within the vicinity of a street. For more details on the type of parking events dataset, please refer to and. Unlike ground-based studies, which only cover specific parts of a city, this study aims to use parking events as a floating sensor. CITATION SGO22 l 2057 (GOMARI, 2022)Furthermore, the data-driven approach will address the concerns of older West Australians and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders by considering their unique requirements and increasing accessibility. By analysing data related to their usage patterns and preferences, the project can develop inclusive solutions that cater to their specific needs. Privacy and security will be paramount throughout the data collection and analysis process, with measures in place to protect citizens' personal information and address concerns regarding privacy.
To protect shop owners and employees, the data-driven approach will consider their concerns and develop a trusted system that is both easy to use and reliable. By analysing data on foot traffic, customer behaviour, and employee safety, the project can design features and protocols that enhance security and convenience for businesses.(Optimize Your Parking Garage with Smart Parking Technology and Data Analytics, n.d.
The goal of the data-driven approach is to find a solution in the form of a single digital app that can be accessed by all people. By integrating data from various stakeholders, including public transport, car parking areas, private transport companies, and other relevant entities, the project can provide a comprehensive and unified platform for mobility, parking, and transport information. CITATION Tre14 l 2057 (Tree, 2023, July 14)Lastly, the data-driven approach recognizes the importance of public and private partnerships (PPPs) in the successful implementation of the project. By collaborating with major businesses and stakeholders, the project can leverage their expertise, resources, and technologies to develop a robust and sustainable solution that addresses the fears and concerns of the government, industry, and the community at large. CITATION Eri20 l 2057 (Erik A. Nevland, September 2020)Deficit Issues1. Mobility of Homeless People:Deficit: People specially the Indigenous (69% compared to 43%) are experiencing homelessness for lack of affordable housing, they often face affordability, accessibility, and safety issue during they tried to navigate the city. CITATION Cit181 l 2057 (Citation Kaleveld, (2018))Opportunities: Here we need to impose customized solution. Distributing free/discounted/ buy one get one tickets among to encourage to get to know about the services, in that case transportation services and shelters provider can work collaboratively by offering a discount in weekly rent if they follow transportation rules.
2. Challenges for Older People:Deficit: Though there are a myth older people needs less navigation on the city, but they need more than the rest of the population, they need trip for trips for doctor's appointment, other treatment, and social outingCITATION Mor l 2057 (Morris, 2022). Physical limitations, less familiarity with new technology make adults' life difficult. They usually drive very slowly or can't recall all transportation rules because of cognitive decline. (Older Adults and People with Disabilities RHIhub Transportation Toolkit, n.d.)
Opportunities: Implement clear signage and assigning paid volunteer to assist older users. Develop simplified ticketing options, building smart home technologies and age-friendly public space and provide more home food and medication services like meals-on-wheels.
3. Challenges for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People:Deficit: Historical dispossession and cultural factors are the primary reasons for low SMPT utilisation among Aboriginal and TSTI people. Lack of adequate cultural services and facilities may be a deterrent. In that case we follow how Canada face their indigenous people.
Opportunities: Taking Initiative to understand specific needs and preferences of Indigenous people, building culturally sensitive signage and information materials. More usage of their key words for better understanding. Explore concession fares or integrated ticketing options for community members. Introduce water transportation for them if they are comfortable with it.
4. Illegal parking:Occasionally, inexperienced individuals park in the disabled area, even though they arent disabled, and CCTV cameras dont always catch them. CITATION The l 2057 (The Future Looks Bright for the Parking Industry.)Opportunities: To avoid the above solution Ctrl-Zs Project and solution might be a good solution
Long-Term Challenges: Apart from the above-mentioned issues we need to consider economic stability, growth prospects, and future demand, inadequate revenue generation, economic downturns, tax cuts and unexpected expenses such as natural disasters.
Summary and ConclusionsThe report on the Shared Execution of Mobility, Parking, and Transport (SMPT) offers a comprehensive approach for addressing mobility issues in the City of Perth. A framework of collaboration has been employed to include various stakeholders, such as government agencies, private companies, and community leaders, to develop sustainable solutions. In this report, an analysis of existing mobility infrastructure has been done and its various challenges of parking and limited public transport options are highlighted. Further, innovative shared mobility solutions such as intelligent parking system, smart transportation system, accessible smart assistant, etc, are described resolve the issues of mobility, parking, and transport.
References
A. (2020).Diversity, access and inclusion. Wa.gov.au. https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/aboutus/accessibility-and-mobility.asp
Ricciardi, A. M., Xia, J., & Currie, G. (2015). Exploring public transport equity between separate disadvantaged cohorts: a case study in Perth, Australia.Journal of Transport Geography,43, 111122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.011
S. GOMAR, 2022 Development of a Data-Driven On-Street Parking Information System Using Enhanced Parking Features https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Tree, H. (2023, July 14).Using Data Effectively for Car Park Management. Creative Car Park. https://www.creativecarpark.co.uk/using-data-effectively-for-car-park-management/
Nevland, E. A., Gingerich, K., & Park, P. Y. (2020). A data-driven systematic approach for identifying and classifying long-haul truck parking locations.Transport Policy,96, 4859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.003
Optimize Your Parking Garage with Smart Parking Technology and Data Analytics. (n.d.). Www.linkedin.com. Retrieved April 7, 2024, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/optimize-your-parking-garage-smart-technology-data-analytics-jbwqf?trk=organization_guest_main-feed-card_feed-article-content
Optimize Your Parking Garage with Smart Parking Technology and Data Analytics. (n.d.). Www.linkedin.com. Retrieved April 7, 2024, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/optimize-your-parking-garage-smart-technology-data-analytics-jbwqf?trk=organization_guest_main-feed-card_feed-article-content
Shokouhyar, S.; Shokoohyar, S.; Sobhani, A.; Gorizi, A.J. Shared mobility in post-COVID era: New challenges and opportunities. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2021, 67, 102714
JR. (n.d.).Perth parking. www.transport.wa.gov.au. https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/projects/perth-parking.asp
JR. (n.d.).Perth parking. Www.transport.wa.gov.au. https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/projects/perth-parking.asp
Alsafery, W., Alturki, B., Reiff-Marganiec, S., & Jambi, K. (2018, April). Smart car parking system solution for the internet of things in smart cities. In 2018 1st International
Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. Cheng, Z., Pang, M. S., & Pavlou, P. A. (2020). Mitigating traffic congestion: The role of intelligent transportation systems. Information Systems Research, 31(3), 653-674
de Oliveira Neto, J. S. (2018). Inclusive Smart Cities: theory and tools to improve the experience of people with disabilities in urban spaces (Doctoral dissertation, Universit Paris Saclay (COmUE); Universidade de So Paulo (Brsil)).
Braun, T., Fung, B. C., Iqbal, F., & Shah, B. (2018). Security and privacy challenges in smart cities.Sustainable cities and society,39, 499-507.
Kitchin, R., & Dodge, M. (2020). The (in) security of smart cities: Vulnerabilities, risks, mitigation, and prevention. In Smart cities and innovative Urban technologies (pp. 47-65). Routledge
Maresova, P., Ondrej Krejcar, Raihan Maskuriy, Nor, Selamat, A., Zuzana Truhlov, Horak, J., Miroslav Joukl, & Vtkov, L. (2023). Challenges and opportunity in mobility among older adults key determinant identification.BMC Geriatrics,23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04106-7
Recommended Citation Kaleveld, L., Seivwright, A., Box, E., Callis, Z., & Flatau, P. (2018). Homelessness in Western Australia: A review of the research and statistical evidence.Homelessness in Western Australia: A Review of the Research and Statistical Evidence. https://doi.org/10.25916/5b6386ebc913a
Older Adults and People with Disabilities RHIhub Transportation Toolkit. (n.d.). Www.ruralhealthinfo.org. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/transportation/4/population-considerations/older-adults-people-with-disabilities
The Canadian Parking Association The Future Looks Bright for the Parking Industry. (n.d.). https://canadianparking.ca/the-future-looks-bright-for-the-parking-industry/
Template for CSI 6219 Assignment 2 Part 2 Template
Note this is a guide. You are NOT required to follow this template. However, it may serve a useful purpose in ensuring that the key areas of discussion have been covered.
Proposal to the WA Government
Report on Past Lessons Learned, Recent Research, and Preparedness for a Next level Incident involving Covid 19 (or its equivalent) and the use of technology.
Cite the names and student numbers and name of your group
Group Hestias Members Details:
Tahiatul Jannath Bhuiyantbhuiyan@our.ecu.edu.au
Student Number: 10637997
Kusam Latakusamlat@our.ecu.edu.au
Student Number: 10620204
Nayana Thankachan
Nthankac@our.ecu.edu.au
Student Number: 10626231
Changqian Cao
ccao1@our.ecu.edu.auStudent Number: 10642990
Kaiden McLeod
kaidenm@our.ecu.edu.auStudent Number: 10525729
IntroductionExplain what your report covers (and if necessary for clarity - what your report does not cover).
It should include a brief / concise summary of what you are offering for the sum of $25 million. Be specific about what the WA Government will receive for the money. Explain why your proposal ( and not the written proposal of other groups / teams) should be considered as the best team.
Risks
Drawing upon the findings in your Assignment 2, part 1 report describe the various risks for this project, and include how you intend to mitigate against the major risks. You should make reference to a Risk Register that demonstrates a developed list of different types of risk. (Note that the risk register can be a long list so place that in the appendices but refer to it in the body of this proposal). Describe how you decided what the most important 3 or 4 risks are by referring to a Risk matrix. The risk matrix itself can sit in the Appendices if you are worried about word count but make reference to the risk matrix in the body of your proposal here. You should explain who the owner of each MAJOR risk is and what is required to manage and mitigate each of these risks.
Note that the majority of your risks will not be individually discussed in depth but rather they will appear in your risk register.
Human Resources
Explain who will be working for your project team for this proposed project. Outline the number of people and include position descriptions and what each description will bring to this proposal. Outline the HR roles, functions and activities. Show headcount to explain if there are multiple people working on the project with the same role ( eg: developers).
Budgeted Intended Works
Describe the costs, salaries, expenses and any bonus payments that are a part of the $25 million dollar budget. If you have costs in a tabular format that is detailed you may wish to put those tables in the appendices and to refer to them in the main body of the proposal
Where necessary explain key areas of innovation or unique elements that make this proposal look attractive.
Notes on what needs to be included in the costs:
Office costs
Utilities
Electricity
Air conditioning
Water
Floorspace (rent)
All equipment costs
General office equipment
Pens
Paper
Printer
Printer ink
Specialised equipment
Computers/Laptops
Server
Monitors
Peripherals
Mouse
Keyboard
Headsets
Licensing fees
Software licenses
Team messaging software such as Slack
Project management software such as Teamwork
Stock image licensing fees?
Legal and accounting consulting costs
Lawyers
Accountants
Insurance
Property
Liability
Salaries and Wages
Project manager(s)
Developers
Testers
Designers
HR
Marketing/advertising (how we are going to educate the public about the new service)
Advertisement campaign
Contingency fund (unexpected costs, fudge factor, aim for approximately 5-10% of the project budget)
Time Management for Intended Works
Here you should outline the key tasks as well as the key milestones. This could be shown in a simple chart or if you want you can attach a separate MS Project mpp file to show the WBS and Gantt features of your intended proposed project.
This section should also show task bars in the GANTT chart, as well as any dependencies that assist in working out the critical path.
Homeless, Older and Indigenous Considerations
Here you should explain the need ( and the scale of the need) for project inclusions that consider homeless, older people, and indigenous ( Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander).
Summary and Conclusions
Here you should explain the key elements of the proposal. Make sure that you do NOT attempt to summarise everything. Instead be clear about the key points ( not ALL the points). Some areas of discussion ( eg 11 specific areas) help to guide your thoughts. Bear in mind that you may have several risks but that that they will not have the same value or impact.
References
Here you should make sure that you are showing an appropriate layout, proofing, format and structure. Where there is a need to use an appendix or to cite reference material make sure that you include the right layout and use the right APA level for referencing.
Appendix
centercenter Student NameWorld population
8820090900 Student NameWorld population
Executive Summary
The Term World Population is the total number of humans living currently in the world. As per March 2020, it is estimated that world population has reached 7800 Crore. It is estimated that the human history took 2 million years for world population to reach 1 billion, whereas only 200 years to reach 7 billion. This statement indicates the depressive and pervasive level of growth of population across the globe.
With the massive increase in worlds population, economic, social and political problems are being faced by the countries and their citizens. Even in developed countries having good financial conditions, many individuals and families are experiencing unhappiness and living a miserable life due to the birth of unwanted children. This can be cured by implementing voluntary control of family size. An optimum family size will lead to satisfaction and a healthier life.
Effective voluntary control of family size essentially depends upon the successful interaction of two variables, i.e. level or intensity of motivation and the availability and utility of procedures. When the motivation to control the fertility is higher, difficult procedures for controlling fertility can be used successfully. When the motivation is weak, even simple procedures are essential. Any programme to control and solve the problem of growing population can be a success only if these two variables are worked upon.
Analysis of the data helps the analysts to demonstrate the problem of increased population of the world and to identify the solutions and techniques to reduce the same in the best interest of the earth. Studying the percentage increase in population across developed, under-developed and developing countries, various kinds of measures are to be implemented in every country to balance the pressure of population on earth and its resources. The approach of family expansion has to be shifted towards family planning and adoptions. Modernized techniques should be used towards economy rather than towards sex identification of fetus.
A better and clear understanding of reproductive process needs to be present in each and every individual of the world to control the world population.
Introduction
Purpose: The reasons of Modern Rise of Population are mainly investigated by British health scientist Thomas McKeown as follows:-
CITATION Kei l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)mainly due to decline in mortality rate particularly infant mortality with the advancement of medical facilities. Mortality rate refers to the death rate. Infant mortality has significantly dropped due to advancement in medical field and proved to be a significant aspect towards increase in population growth.
Rising standards of living followed by improved nutritional status can also be the propose of increase population in the world. Standards of living has been on an upward trend and decrease in contraceptive barriers showed an upliftment of birth rate in each country.
Effective public health measures, sanitary reforms, vaccination and quarantine are some of the aspects that are questionable. Luxurious life, nutritional intakes, artificial lifestyle, immense and vast socialising patterns are some of the reasons of unplanned family expansions.
45720021399500World population is expected to grow at a significant pace in developing regions :
32861251333500
CITATION Nie l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)by 2050 as compared to the developed countries. The reason behind this massive increase is lack of medical facilities in terms of contraception, less education among people, more dependency on agriculture, encouraging barriers on contraception, etc. Developed countries are more concerned on economy rather than on family expansion programme. Huge cost is also being saved by having an optimum family and its living. Half of the problems of the developing countries shall be resolved if they manage to control the population. It would take lesser number of years to become a developed country. Accordingly, the developing countries should actively work towards the controlling population by any means. The respective government and powering authorities should implement and introduce such kind of incentives so that every individual is compelled to follow the same diligently. Every citizen is responsible for the upliftment of the nation.
063500
Analysis Data
As per the census records, the top ten populous countries are:-
Top Ten highly populated countries
Rank Country 2020 Population Density per KM
1 China 1,39,40,15,977 19392.94
2 India 1,32,60,93,247 440.96
3 United States 32,98,77,505 35.14
4 Indonesia 26,70,26,366 142.18
5 Pakistan 23,35,00,636 245.08
6 Nigeria 21,40,28,302 200.05
7 Brazil 21,17,15,973 24.87
8 Bangladesh 16,26,50,853 1236.81
9 Russia 14,17,22,205 8.8
10 Mexico 12,86,49,565 65.34
Mostly populated country being China is working on controlling the birth by implementing certain government techniques, incentives to families having one child. The similar techniques are to be used by all the countries to control the problem of population across the world. It is observed that in every 8 seconds, there is a new birth of an individual and in every 12 seconds, one person dies. It shows that the number of births in a country are much more than the number of deaths.
As per the data available from the year 1960- 2015, it is found that only few countries are densely populated and other have very less population per square kilometre.
CITATION htt3 l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)From the above data, it is observed that China being the most densely populated country with 19392.97 persons per sq.km followed by Monaco with 18865.5 persons living per sq.km. Sint Maarten (Dutch Part) being the least densely populated country with 1141.67 persons per sq.km. The densely populated countries face problems like less space for living, low living conditions, poverty, less space for agriculture, etc.
CITATION htt4 l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)Population across the world is growing at 1 percent per annum. It showed a peak of 2.1 percent in the year 1968. Though the annual growth rate is expected to decline continuously reaching 0.5 percent by mid-century but the efforts should be increased to control the same effectively.
At present, current growth rate of India is estimated as double that of China. India is expected to overtake China by the year 2027. The growth of population is extra-ordinary in poorer countries i.e. developing and under-developed countries. About half of the countries, it is projected to see the populations growing more than double which includes Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Uganda, etc.
Conclusion and recommendation
It is concluded that the demographic trends are essential to resolve numerous problems relating to population growth. Government and business planners are required to implement certain programmes and awareness sessions in developing and under developed countries to educate people about the negative impacts of the unplanned children and costs associated with their lives. As the population of the world is ahead of what was projected, extra-ordinary measures are to be taken before it is proved as curse for the globe. Increase in dependency on urban life is also expected to reach 70% by the year 2050. This will lead to continuous growth in less developed areas as rural areas. Reduction in fertility rate and using birth control techniques can be proved effective in this regard.
Moreover, the sex composition across the globe is 100 females to 102 males showing a balanced and stable ratio over the past few years. Exceptions to stable sex ratio are the countries like China and India. The main reason for such instability is the use of sex-selective abortions of female fetus due to much dependency and trust on males. This pessimistic approach has to be changed to attain the stability in the sex ratios. Countries like India are promoting certain Yojanas to encourage birth of girl child so that the sex ratio is maintained at par with boys. This has also been a success because of more population living in urban areas and less in rural areas. It can only be curbed by educating people about the gender equality. Megacities are marked with huge population shift from rural areas to raise their living standards.
Top Ten Contributed with higest changes these years
Country Name % change from 1961 United Arab Emirates 8968% Qatar 4253% Kuwait 1221% Djibouti 903% Jordan 714% Oman 695% Saudi Arabia 648% Cayman Islands 647% Bahrain 635% St. Martin (French part) 613%
Over the past few years, the life expectancy has increased by 28 years showing less deaths as compared to more births across the globe. The main reason for high life expectancy is availability of advanced medical facilities. Increase in life expectancy is bane and boon for the globe as it shows an upward trend in population growth. Advance medical facilities also proved to be a measure for less infant mortality rates which led to worlds infant mortality rate decline by 80%. With the day to day advancement of technologies, it is expected that these trends will continue throughout the twenty First century. And it is expected to reach 82 years by the year 2100. Life expectancy will tend to increase as the technology advancements are on an upward trend. But the birth rate has to be in a controlled position for the betterment of resources and human life. CITATION htt6 l 1033 (Anon., n.d.) CITATION Lut1 l 1033 (Anon., n.d.)Decline in fertility rate is also proved to be a welcoming change towards less growth in population. In todays date, couples are shifting towards adoption of children rather than having their own child. Its an improvement for the population to be increased at decreasing rates. Lower population growth also proves to be a boon for the environment sustainability. Accordingly, it is important to control the population at a rapid speed to save the environment.
The main challenges facing humanity like water shortages, poverty, housing problems, and international migration are the reasons responsible due to immense growth in population across the globe. It needs to be controlled to revive humanity and the natural resources of the earth. Increase in population also creates huge pressure on the land and earth loses its originality.
The solutions to the problem of increase in population can be summarized as CITATION htt5 l 1033 (Anon., n.d.):-
Empowering women: Gender equality should be encouraged to empower women in every aspect of life so that they are not being dominated by males anymore.
Promoting family programme: Family planning programmes is a welcoming trend towards resolving the problem of huge increase in population.
Promoting education: Education from childhood about optimum family should be encouraged and education about the reproduction process also reduces the chances of unplanned pregnancies.
Ensuring and encouraging government incentives: Government incentives for controlling births in a country also poses a positive impact on the reduction in population.
Promoting one-child legislation: It is being promoted in China and now the country is somewhere closer to control the population level. This legislation should be encouraged.
Removing barriers to contraceptive techniques: Contraception techniques should be encouraged and barriers should be removed.
Accordingly, it is inferred that the world is currently facing immense pressure in terms of increasing population growth, certain steps are to be taken timely to reduce this pressure otherwise future generations will be in troublesome situations.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.census.gov/popclock/print.php?component=counter
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.census.gov/popclock/print.php?component=counter
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.census.gov/popclock/print.php?component=counter
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: Lutz, W., Butz, W.P. and Samir, K.C. eds., 2017. World population & human capital in the twenty-first century: an overview. Oxford University Press.
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: Lutz, W., Butz, W.P. and Samir, K.C. eds., 2017. World population & human capital in the twenty-first century: an overview. Oxford University Press.
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: Nielsen, R.W., 2016. Growth of the world population in the past 12,000 years and its link to the economic growth. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 3(1), pp.1-12.
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: Keilman, N., 2019. Erroneous population forecasts. Old and New Perspectives on Mortality Forecasting, p.95.
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.census.gov/popclock/print.php?component=counter
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.positive.news/society/5-possible-solutions-overpopulation/
Anon., n.d. [Online] Available at: https://populationmatters.org/solutions
